Utilizing Black Soldier Fly Larvae to Improve Bioconversion and Reduce Pollution: A Sustainable Method for Efficient Treatment of Mixed Wastes of Wet Distiller Grains and Livestock Manure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. BSFL Treatment Efficiency for WDG-Added Livestock Manures
2.2. The Reduction in N-Relevant Harmful Gas Emission with the Addition of WDG in Livestock Manures Treated by BSFL
2.3. Effect of Adding WDG in Livestock Manures on the Organic Matter
2.3.1. EEM Spectra
2.3.2. UV–Vis Spectra
2.4. Phytotoxicity Study and Micronutrient Composition of Residues
3. Discussion
3.1. Enhancement in BSFL Bioconversion and Livestock Manures’ Reduction Rates
3.2. The Reduction in NH3 and N2O Emission
3.3. Identification of the Composition of Organic Matter
3.4. Non-Phytotoxicity and Rich Micronutrients of Residues
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Raw Materials
4.2. Experimental Design
4.3. Survival and Growth of BSFLs on Livestock Manures
4.4. DOM Extraction and Spectral Analysis
4.5. Analysis of TP, TN, and δ15N/14N
4.6. Phytotoxicity Anlysis
4.7. Micronutrient Composition Anlysis
5. Data Analysis
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Availability of Data and Materials
Sample Availability
References
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Treatment | Sample Rate | Total Weight (Dry Weight) | Survival Rate (%) | Growth Rate Index (mg/Days) | Substrate Reduction Rate (%) | Bioconversion Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COM | 100%COM | 150 g | 65.42 ± 0.29 a | 0.27 ± 0.03 b | 43.85 ± 0.74 a | 1.20 ± 0.02 b |
COM + WDG | 55%COM + 45%WDG | 89.08 ± 0.14 c | 1.22 ± 0.02 c | 73.41 ± 2.12 c | 10.54 ± 0.06 c | |
PM | 100%PM | 66.58 ± 0.14 b | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 42.70 ± 2.43 a | 0.92 ± 0.02 a | |
PM + WDG | 55%PM + 45%WDG | 94.00 ± 0.25 d | 1.11 ± 0.06 d | 67.11 ± 2.52 b | 10.05 ± 0.11 d |
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Li, T.; Khan, S.; Wei, M.; Li, H.; Wen, T.; Guo, J.; Jin, D. Utilizing Black Soldier Fly Larvae to Improve Bioconversion and Reduce Pollution: A Sustainable Method for Efficient Treatment of Mixed Wastes of Wet Distiller Grains and Livestock Manure. Molecules 2023, 28, 5735. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155735
Li T, Khan S, Wei M, Li H, Wen T, Guo J, Jin D. Utilizing Black Soldier Fly Larvae to Improve Bioconversion and Reduce Pollution: A Sustainable Method for Efficient Treatment of Mixed Wastes of Wet Distiller Grains and Livestock Manure. Molecules. 2023; 28(15):5735. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155735
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Tao, Samiullah Khan, Mao Wei, Haiyin Li, Tingchi Wen, Jianjun Guo, and Daochao Jin. 2023. "Utilizing Black Soldier Fly Larvae to Improve Bioconversion and Reduce Pollution: A Sustainable Method for Efficient Treatment of Mixed Wastes of Wet Distiller Grains and Livestock Manure" Molecules 28, no. 15: 5735. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155735