Nontoxic Levels of Se-Containing Compounds Increase Survival by Blocking Oxidative and Inflammatory Stresses via Signal Pathways Whereas High Levels of Se Induce Apoptosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Selenium Compounds and Their Metabolism
3. Signaling Pathways and Molecular Targets Pertinent to Biological Selenium
4. Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Immune Functions of Selenium Addition
5. The Role of Selenium in Senescence and Ferroptosis
6. Benefits of COVID-19 Se Treatment and Related Sepsis Conditions
7. Clinical Applications of High Doses of Sodium Selenite (Cancer Studies)
8. Conclusions and Outlook
- Medicinal and Small molecule
- There are small molecule chemistry studies that can be tested as cocktails.
- How chemical cocktails of synthetic Se-containing compounds can be prepared (chemical synthesis) and formulations and their synthesis, which contain selenium, are of research interest.
- A host of combinations of both reduced and oxidized forms of selenium can be tested in combination in cocktail form.
- New small synthetic molecules of selenium can be used in biological testing as fluorescent probes in biological studies. The molecules could be natural products in which the selenium is taking the place of the O or S atom, which is an isosteric position.
- How other trace elements or main group elements can be involved in facilitating the treatment of cancer and aging—elements such as fluorine, boron, gallium, etc.—is of interest. Compounds that are fluorescent, phosphorescent, or luminescent can be tested for their efficacy and for their ability to serve as chemosensors with proper selectivity and sensitivity; moreover, their biological activity can be determined.
- A deeper understanding of tellurium-containing compounds in which the tellurium center is isosteric with that of selenium and sulfur is of importance because the tellurium stays away from sulfur metabolism because Te is comparatively more metallic. The understanding of tellurium compounds will impact further understanding of selenium-containing compounds and their capacity. As a warning, the Te–C bonds are weaker, and, therefore, the research is more challenging.
- Biophysical and Pharmacological
- The field shall require more biophysical chemistry studies, protein-related studies in the form of mutation studies with selenium-containing proteins, and novel unnatural selenium-containing AAs.
- As mentioned above, the assessment of the pharmacokinetics of new compounds will be essential and helps quantify the performance of the compounds.
- Biology and Biochemistry
- Further exploration of the (side) effects of Se and Se-containing small molecules on biology is required. One goal of these medicinal studies would be to check the relationship between the induction of Akt activity and the reduction of the ASK1 complex.
- The pro/antioxidant effect of selenite molecular action can be better defined and more clearly researched under a variety of biological conditions.
- How metabolic engineering can be used to help prepare further synthetic compounds of selenium is an important branch of this study.
- Clinical and Animal Testing
- It will be incredibly important to carry out further in vivo studies of MSeC.
- MSeC studies that can help assess the maximum tolerable dose and the half-life of the concentration of MSeC in human biology will be greatly welcomed by the community.
- Because MSeC is commercially available as a readily available over-the-counter supplement form, the application of efficacy of treating cancer in humans with this chemical would be an interesting investigation.
- As mentioned above, the NRF2 activators and Keap1 modification incurred by NF-κB activation would be a great focus of study. An exact understanding of selenium involvement in these processes would be important to investigate to ascertain whether selenium-containing compounds may be involved in altering NRF2 activity; this could be achieved by reducing NF-κB or modifying Keap1.
- GPX3 from the blood of cancer patients should be monitored, as well as the influence of selenium supplementation can be better defined in clinical studies.
- During the hospital stays (intensive care unit stay duration), the duration of ventilation by mechanical means and the overall survival rate were not altered by selenium intervention so far. Therefore, the possible positive clinical effectiveness can be observed upon completing, summarizing, and analyzing more clinical trials when they become available [105].
- High research standards will have to be involved in intervention studies that better scrutinize a proposed underlying feed-forward mechanism because of our observed association of Se deficiency with mortality risk. Safety and limited expenses are suitable for adjuvant treatments.
- Se supplementation with patients enduring ARDS can be sought, as well as other clinical applications which might be applicable and accessible. Hypothetical mechanisms can be proposed for Se supplements that would then prevent COVID-19 [123].
- Environmental
- The effect on human health (possibly positive) of the prevalence of selenium-containing material in common environmental and commercial forms such as CdSe can be explored. In particular, there are different forms (crystal forms, bulk, and nanocrystalline) of, e.g., CdSe, that could be studied for their biological activity. Their ability and mechanism to enter the biological system and the rate at which it can do it and also later be eliminated would be important biological data for the community.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAs | Amino acids |
AIDS | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
Akt | Ak strain transforming |
ALL | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia |
AML | Acute myeloid leukemia |
ARDS | Acute respiratory distress syndrome |
ARE | Antioxidant response element |
ASK1 | Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 |
ATM | Ataxia telangiectasia mutated |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
Bcl-2 | B-cell lymphoma 2 |
CD4+T | Cluster of differentiation 4-positive T lymphocyte |
CD8+ | Cluster of differentiation 8-positive |
COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
COVID-19 | Coronavirus disease 2019 |
CRL-1790 | Line of normal colon fibroblasts |
CT | Computed tomography |
Cys | Cysteine |
DMF | Dimethyl fumarate |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
EXM | Extracellular matrix |
FN | Fibronectin |
FRAP | Ferric-reducing antioxidant power |
GPX | Glutathione peroxidase |
GPX1 | Glutathione peroxidase 1 |
GPX3 | Glutathione peroxidase 3 |
GPX4 | Glutathione peroxidase 4 |
GSH | Glutathione (γ-Glutamylcysteinylglycine) |
HCT-116 | Line of colon cancer cells |
H2Se | Hydrogen selenide |
HT1080 | HT-1080 human cells |
IFN | Interferon |
IgG | Immunoglobulin G |
IκBα | Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor |
IL-2 | Interleukin-2 |
JNK | Jun N-terminal kinase |
Keap1 | Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 |
MMP-2 | Matrix metalloproteinase-2 |
MMP-9 | Matrix metalloproteinase-9 |
MRC-5 | Line of normal lung fibroblasts |
MSeA | Methylseleninic acid |
MSeC | Methylselenocysteine |
MSeCN | Methylselenocyanate |
MSeH | Methylselenol |
MT1-MMP | Membrane-type I matrix metalloproteinase |
NAC | N-Acetylcysteine |
NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
NFAT | Nuclear factor of activated T cells |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa B |
NOX2 | NADPH oxidase 2 |
NRF2 | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
8-OHdG | 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine |
PARP | Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
PC-3 | Line of prostate cancer cells |
PDI | Protein disulfide isomerase |
p65 | Transcription factor p65 |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
S/G2 Phase | S Phase/G2 Phase |
SARS-CoV-2 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
SeM | Selenomethionine |
SeM-METase | Methioninase |
TCR | T-cell receptor |
TM | Transaction Monitoring |
TMPRSS2 | Transmembrane serine protease 2 |
Trx | Thioredoxin |
TrxR | Thioredoxin reductase |
VN | Vitronectin |
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Criteria | Values | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|
Normal range of blood selenium | 120–160 μg/L | “The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for selenium for all adults 19+ years of age and pregnant and lactating women is 400 micrograms daily; a UL is the maximum daily intake unlikely to cause harmful effects on health.” | [3] |
Tolerable intake, upper level(s) | 400 μg per day | [3] | |
Daily required intake for human | See notes | 0–3 years of age: 10–20 micrograms (mcg) per day. 4–6 years of age: 20 mcg per day. 7–10 years of age: 30 mcg per day. Adolescent or adult males: 40–70 mcg per day. Adolescent or adult females: 45–55 mcg per day. | [4] |
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An, J.-K.; Chung, A.-S.; Churchill, D.G. Nontoxic Levels of Se-Containing Compounds Increase Survival by Blocking Oxidative and Inflammatory Stresses via Signal Pathways Whereas High Levels of Se Induce Apoptosis. Molecules 2023, 28, 5234. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135234
An J-K, Chung A-S, Churchill DG. Nontoxic Levels of Se-Containing Compounds Increase Survival by Blocking Oxidative and Inflammatory Stresses via Signal Pathways Whereas High Levels of Se Induce Apoptosis. Molecules. 2023; 28(13):5234. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135234
Chicago/Turabian StyleAn, Jong-Keol, An-Sik Chung, and David G. Churchill. 2023. "Nontoxic Levels of Se-Containing Compounds Increase Survival by Blocking Oxidative and Inflammatory Stresses via Signal Pathways Whereas High Levels of Se Induce Apoptosis" Molecules 28, no. 13: 5234. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135234