From Tradition to Health: Chemical and Bioactive Characterization of Five Traditional Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Identification of the Main Phenolic Composition
2.1.1. O-Glycosylated Flavonoids
2.1.2. Phenolic Acids
2.1.3. Isoflavonoids
2.1.4. C-Glycosylated Flavonoids
2.1.5. Flavan-3-Ols
2.1.6. Phenylethanoid Glycosides
2.1.7. Iridoid Glycosides
2.2. Biological Properties
2.2.1. Antioxidant Studies
2.2.2. Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Studies
2.2.3. Antibacterial and Antifungal Studies
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Samples
3.2. Preparations
3.3. Phenolic Compound Composition
3.4. Bioactive Evaluation
3.4.1. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
3.4.2. Evaluation of the Cytotoxic and Hepatotoxic Activity
3.4.3. Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.4.4. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Peak | Rt (min) | λmax (nm) | [M-H] −(m/z) | MS2 (m/z) | Tentative Identification | Infusion | EtOH:W |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calluna vulgaris | |||||||
1 cv | 4.64 | 316 | 353 | 191(100),179(45),173(3),135(5) | cis 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 1.01 ± 0.06 * | 0.65 ± 0.01 * |
2 cv | 4.91 | 319 | 353 | 191(100),179(38),173(5),135(5) | trans 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 2.04 ± 0.1 * | 0.46 ± 0.01 * |
3 cv | 5.34 | 282 | 305 | 219(68),179(100),125(25) | (Epi)gallocatechin | 2.5 ± 0.1 * | 0.516 ± 0.02 * |
4 cv | 6.29 | 297 | 337 | 191(7),173(5),163(100),155(5) | 3-O-p-Coumaroylquinic acid | 0.63 ± 0.03 * | 0.27 ± 0.01 * |
5 cv | 7.26 | 314 | 325 | 163(100),145(71),119(8) | p-Coumaric acid hexoside | 0.62 ± 0.03 * | 0.17 ± 0.01 * |
6 cv | 8.47 | 305 | 337 | 191(7),173(100),163(15),155(5) | cis 4-O-p-Coumaroylquinic acid | 1.08 ± 0.03 * | 0.29 ± 0.01 * |
7 cv | 9.52 | 311 | 337 | 191(6),173(100),163(12),155(5) | trans 4-O-p-Coumaroylquinic acid | 2.783 ± 0.001 * | 1.828 ± 0.004 * |
8 cv | 10.97 | 279 | 863 | 739(92),713(59),695(100),577(69),575(49),425(14),407(10),289(6),287(12) | β-type (Epi)catechin trimer | 2.9 ± 0.2 * | 1.23 ± 0.03 * |
9 cv | 11.77 | 279 | 479 | 317(100) | Myricetin-O-hexoside | 5.3 ± 0.1 * | 5.36 ± 0.03 * |
10 cv | 12.82 | 279 | 591 | 573(19),465(62),451(5),439(100),421(33),289(12) | A-Type proanthocyanidin | 2.72 ± 0.01 * | 0.56 ± 0.04 * |
11 cv | 14.4 | 281 | 863 | 739(92),713(59),695(100),577(69),575(49),425(14),407(10),289(6),287(12) | β-type (Epi)catechin trimer | 3.2 ± 0.2 * | 0.89 ± 0.01 * |
12 cv | 15.16 | 270/310 | 479 | 317(100) | Myricetin-O-hexoside | 5.9 ± 0.1 * | 5.8 ± 0.1 * |
13 cv | 15.93 | 287/310 | 449 | 287(100) | Eriodictyol-O-hexoside | 0.9 ± 0.1 * | 0.33 ± 0.03 * |
14 cv | 17.63 | 348 | 463 | 317(100) | Myricetin-O-deoxyhexoside | 5.97 ± 0.01 * | 6.7 ± 0.2 * |
15 cv | 18.51 | 353 | 463 | 301(100) | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | 1.34 ± 0.02 * | 1.81 ± 0.02 * |
16 cv | 18.87 | 353 | 463 | 301(100) | Quercetin-O-hexoside | 1.09 ± 0.03 * | 1.43 ± 0.05 * |
17 cv | 20.48 | 282 | 433 | 271(100) | Naringenin-O-hexoside | 0.316 ± 0.002 | tr |
18 cv | 21.33 | 353 | 463 | 301(100) | Quercetin-O-hexoside | 0.937 ± 0.003 * | 1.13 ± 0.01 * |
19 cv | 22.41 | 349 | 447 | 301(100) | Quercetin-O-deoxyhexoside | 4.104 ± 0.006 * | 4.9 ± 0.1 * |
20 cv | 25.33 | 348 | 505 | 445(34),315(100) | Isorhamnetin derivative | 1.03 ± 0.01 * | 1.13 ± 0.01 * |
21 cv | 27.02 | 343 | 431 | 285(100) | Kaempferol-O-deoxyhexoside | 1.64 ± 0.03 * | 1.94 ± 0.02 * |
22 cv | 28.31 | 347 | 489 | 447(31),301(100) | Quercetin-acyl-O-deoxyhexoside | 1.25 ± 0.03 * | 1.27 ± 0.02 * |
23 cv | 30.04 | 348 | 489 | 447(31),301(100) | Quercetin-acyl-O-deoxyhexoside | 1.4 ± 0.1 * | 1.79 ± 0.05 * |
Total Phenolic Acids (TPA) | 8.2 ± 0.2 * | 3.67 ± 0.05 * | |||||
Total Flavan-3-ols (TF3O) | 11.3 ± 0.5 * | 3.20 ± 0.05 * | |||||
Total Isoflavonoids (TiF) | 18.4 ± 0.2 | 18.2 ± 0.3 | |||||
Total O-glycosylated Flavonoids (TOF) | 12.79 ± 0.03 * | 15.3 ± 0.3 * | |||||
Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) | 51 ± 1 * | 40.4 ± 0.6 * | |||||
Extraction Yield (η, %) | 9.5 | 27.72 | |||||
Genista tridentata | |||||||
1 g | 4.29 | 291/344sh | 465 | 447(12),375(19),357(5),345(100),327(6),317(5),167(8) | Dihydroquercetin 6-C-hexoside isomer I | 8.5 ± 0.3 * | 10.5 ± 0.1 * |
2 g | 4.81 | 292/345sh | 465 | 447(11),375(15),357(10),345(100),327(8),317(5),167(8) | Dihydroquercetin 6-C-hexoside isomer II | 12 ± 1 * | 14.5 ± 0.2 * |
3 g | 6.76 | 286 | 479 | 359(100),341(9),221(10),167(9) | Myricetin-C-hexoside | 9.8 ± 0.2 * | 15.04 ± 0.49 * |
4 g | 9.66 | 259 | 593 | 431(100),269(13) | Genistein-O-dihexoside | 0.77 ± 0.04 * | 1.004 ± 0.056 * |
5 g | 12.85 | 363 | 413 | 311(100),269(5) | Genistein derivative | tr | tr |
6 g | 13.57 | 333 | 413 | 311(100),269(5) | Genistein derivative | 0.049 ± 0.002 * | 0.081 ± 0.001 * |
7 g | 14.61 | 261/286 | 431 | 311(100),283(32) | Hydroxy-puerarin | 1.2 ± 0.1 * | 1.9 ± 0.1 * |
8 g | 17.48 | 347 | 609 | 301(100) | Quercetin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 1.12 ± 0.01 * | 1.39 ± 0.02 * |
9 g | 17.64 | 350 | 609 | 301(100) | Quercetin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 1.24 ± 0.05 * | 1.56 ± 0.04 * |
10 g | 18.48 | 354 | 463 | 301(100) | Quercetin-O-hexoside | 2.5 ± 0.1 * | 7.3 ± 0.1 * |
11 g | 18.84 | 354 | 463 | 301(100) | Quercetin-O-hexoside | 1.9 ± 0.1 * | 5.03 ± 0.07 * |
12 g | 19.67 | 260/331 | 463 | 301(100), 256(5),185(12) | Ellagic acid hexoside | 5.1 ± 0.4 * | 10.2 ± 0.4 * |
13 g | 20.79 | 261/298 | 461 | 299(100) | Chrysoeriol-O-hexoside | 1.14 ± 0.03 * | 1.3 ± 0.1 * |
14 g | 21.22 | 335 | 463 | 301(100) | Quercetin-O-hexoside | 1.08 ± 0.01 * | 1.5 ± 0.1 * |
15 g | 22.96 | 260/286 | 461 | 299(100) | Chrysoeriol-O-hexoside | 0.97 ± 0.01 * | 1.3 ± 0.1 * |
16 g | 23.99 | 260/286 | 473 | 311(13),269(100) | O-acetylgenistein | tr | 0.32 ± 0.02 |
Total Phenolic Acids (TPA) | 5.1 ± 0.4 * | 10.2 ± 0.4 * | |||||
Total Isoflavonoids (TiF) | 2.1 ± 0.1 * | 3.3 ± 0.1 * | |||||
Total O-glycosylated Flavonoids (TOF) | 41 ± 1 * | 59 ± 1 * | |||||
Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) | 48 ± 2 * | 73 ± 1 * | |||||
Extraction Yield (η, %) | 9.09 | 21.90 | |||||
Cytisus multiflorus | |||||||
1 cm | 13.6 | 354 | 625 | 463(100),301(50) | Quercetin-O-dihexoside | 7.2 ± 0.3 | 7.01 ± 0.17 |
2 cm | 14.35 | 348 | 579 | 459(23),429(73),357(71),327(100),309(66) | 2’’-O-Pentosyl-8-C-hexoside luteolin | 59 ± 1 * | 62 ± 1 * |
3 cm | 15.48 | 340 | 563 | 443(5),413(100),323(6),311(7),293(86) | 2″-O-Pentosyl-8-C-hexoside apigenin isomer I | 8.7 ± 0.2 * | 7.9 ± 0.2 * |
4 cm | 16.07 | 336 | 563 | 443(4),413(100),323(5),311(11),293(79) | 2″-O-Pentosyl-8-C-hexoside apigenin isomer II | 9.8 ± 0.4 * | 9.3 ± 0.3 * |
5 cm | 17.69 | 353 | 609 | 301(100) | Quercetin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 1.9 ± 0.1 * | 7.1 ± 0.4 * |
6 cm | 18.94 | 249 | 463 | 301(100) | Quercetin-O-hexoside | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 6.04 ± 0.03 |
7 cm | 20.32 | 340 | 707 | 563(34),413(43),293(10) | 6’’-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)-2’’-O-pentosyl-C-hexosyl-apigenin | 10.6 ± 0.4 * | 3.6 ± 0.2 * |
8 cm | 22.18 | 342 | 623 | 315(100) | Isorhamnetin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 1.9 ± 0.1 * | 1.5 ± 0.1 * |
9 cm | 23.33 | 335 | 477 | 315(100) | Isorhamnetin-O-hexoside | 2.1 ± 0.1 * | 1.35 ± 0.02 * |
10 cm | 23.13 | 334 | 431 | 269(00) | Apigenin-O-hexoside | 2.5 ± 0.1 * | 2.7 ± 0.1 * |
11 cm | 23.98 | 346 | 533 | 489(100),285(26) | Luteolin-O-malonyl-hexoside | 1.39 ± 0.05 * | 2.7 ± 0.1 * |
12 cm | 24.7 | 347 | 533 | 489(100),285(26) | Luteolin-O-malonyl-hexoside | 2.6 ± 0.1 * | 1.461 ± 0.1 * |
13 cm | 28.33 | 333 | 473 | 269(100) | Apigenin-O-acylhexoside | 2.05 ± 0.02 * | 1.9 ± 0.1 * |
Total O-glycosylated Flavonoids (TOF) | 28 ± 1 * | 32 ± 1 * | |||||
Total C-glycosylated Flavonoids (TCF) | 88.7 ± 0.4 * | 83 ± 2 * | |||||
Total Flavonoid Compounds (TFC) | 116 ± 1 | 115 ± 3 | |||||
Extraction Yield (η, %) | 11.86 | 31.73 | |||||
Verbascum sinuatum | |||||||
1 vs | 4.63 | 275 | 191 | 173(100),111(15) | Quinic acid | 1.02 ± 0.01 * | 1.25 ± 0.03 * |
2 vs | 5.21 | 328 | 341 | 179(100),161(14) | Caffeic acid hexoside | 0.112 ± 0.003 * | 0.281 ± 0.004 * |
3 vs | 16.58 | 325 | 623 | 461(100),315(34),179(8),161(9),153(10) | Verbascoside | 12.4 ± 0.4 * | 13.1 ± 0.3 * |
4 vs | 17.7 | 327 | 623 | 461(100),315(34),179(11),161(8),153(13) | Isoverbascoside | 2.5 ± 0.1 * | 2.41 ± 0.03 * |
5 vs | 19.57 | 314 | 637 | 475(100)309(71),205(8) | p-Coumaroyl-6-O-rhamnosyl aucubin isomer I | 2.7 ± 0.1 * | 6.4 ± 0.1 * |
6 vs | 20.01 | 312 | 637 | 475(100)309(65),205(10) | p-Coumaroyl-6-O-rhamnosyl aucubin Isomer II | 1.29 ± 0.03 * | 2.3 ± 0.1 * |
Total Phenolic Acids (TPA) | 1.14 ± 0.01 * | 1.53 ± 0.03 * | |||||
Total Iridoid Glycosides (TiG) | 4.01 ± 0.11 * | 8.7 ± 0.2 * | |||||
Total Phenylethanoid Glycosides (TpG) | 14.9 ± 0.4 * | 15.4 ± 0.3 * | |||||
Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) | 25.2 ± 0.2 * | 36 ± 1 * | |||||
Extraction Yield (η, %) | 20.29 | 34.34 | |||||
Carpobrotus edulis | |||||||
1 ce | 6.27 | 308 | 337 | 191(10),163(100),119(13) | 3-O-p-Coumaroylquinic acid | 0.31 ± 0.01 * | 1.49 ± 0.01 * |
2 ce | 7.16 | 324 | 353 | 191(100),179(14),135(10) | cis 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 0.57 ± 0.02 * | 1.91 ± 0.01 * |
3 ce | 7.59 | 324 | 353 | 191(100),179(14),135(10) | trans 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 0.49 ± 0.02 * | 1.8 ± 0.1 * |
4 ce | 8.61 | 326 | 355 | 193(100),175(34),149(5) | Feruloyl-hexoside | 0.108 ± 0.003 * | 0.38 ± 0.01 * |
5 ce | 11.78 | 308 | 337 | 191(100),163(10),119(13) | cis 5-O-p-Coumaroylquinic acid | 0.11 ± 0.01 * | 0.57 ± 0.03 * |
6 ce | 12.66 | 310 | 337 | 191(100),163(10),119(13) | trans 5-O-p-Coumaroylquinic acid | 0.09 ± 0.01 * | 0.56 ± 0.01 * |
7 ce | 13.48 | 314 | 367 | 193(5),191(100),173(8) | 5-O-Feruloylquinic acid | 0.097 ± 0.0001 * | 0.357 ± 0.003 * |
8 ce | 16.22 | 325 | 771 | 639(92),330(100),315(32),287(8) | Laricitrin-O-pentosyl-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 0.87 ± 0.01 * | 1.01 ± 0.01 * |
9 ce | 17.3 | 322 | 769 | 623(23),315(100) | Isorhamnetin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexosyl-O-deoxyhexoside | 0.863 ± 0.004 * | 0.99 ± 0.01 * |
10 ce | 18.06 | 349 | 639 | 331(100),315(23),287(10) | Laricitrin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 0.95 ± 0.01 * | 1.37 ± 0.02 * |
11 ce | 18.63 | 349 | 639 | 331(100),315(23),287(10) | Laricitrin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hesxoside | 0.88 ± 0.01 * | 1.109 ± 0.002 * |
12ce | 19.02 | 357 | 623 | 315(100) | Isorhamnetin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 0.881 ± 0.003 * | 1.12 ± 0.03 * |
13 ce | 19.43 | 271/353 | 785 | 653(34),345(100),330(35),287(21) | Syringetin-O-pentosyl-O-deoxyhexosylhexoside | 0.95 ± 0.01 * | 1.22 ± 0.01 * |
14 ce | 20.26 | 275/348 | 785 | 653(34),345(100),330(35),287(21) | Syringetin-O-pentosyl-O-deoxyhexosylhexoside | 0.867 ± 0.002 * | 1.08 ± 0.02 * |
15 ce | 20.99 | 276/347 | 639 | 345(100),330(34),287(3) | Syringetin-O-pentosyl-hexoside | 0.865 ± 0.002 * | 1.04 ± 0.01 * |
16 ce | 21.51 | 272/344 | 623 | 315(100) | Isorhamnetin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 0.855 ± 0.004 * | 1.053 ± 0.004 * |
17 ce | 22.14 | 275/357 | 653 | 345(100),330(35),287(21) | Syringetin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 0.992 ± 0.004 * | 1.81 ± 0.01 * |
18 ce | 23.41 | 276/350 | 653 | 345(100),330(35),287(21) | Syringetin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 0.859 ± 0.002 * | 1.03 ± 0.01 * |
19 ce | 25.02 | 279/339 | 947 | 771(34),639(92),331(100),315(32),287(8) | Laricitrin-O-hexuronosyl-O-pentosyl-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 0.854 ± 0.001 * | 1.021 ± 0.002 * |
20 ce | 25.82 | 272/362 | 549 | 345(100),330(28),287(5) | Syringetin-O-acetyl-hexoside | 0.855 ± 0.001 * | 1.01 ± 0.02 * |
21 ce | 27.33 | 275/341 | 961 | 799(34),345(100),330(23),287(10) | Syringetin-O-hexosyl-O-dideoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 0.8811 ± 0.0004 * | 1.28 ± 0.01 * |
22 ce | 28.69 | 279/348 | 815 | 653(23),345(100),330(30),287(10) | Syringetin-O-hexosyl-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside | 0.846 ± 0.003 * | 1.011 ± 0.002 * |
Total Phenolic Acids (TPA) | 1.77 ± 0.04 * | 7.1 ± 0.1 * | |||||
Total O-glycosylated Flavonoids (TOF) | 13.27 ± 0.04 * | 17.2 ± 0.1 * | |||||
Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) | 15.04 ± 0.08 * | 24.3 ± 0.3 * | |||||
Extraction Yield (η, %) | 36.67 | 16.67 |
C. vulgaris | G. tridentata | C. multiflorus | V. sinuatum | C. edulis | Positive control | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | EtOH:W | I | EtOH:W | I | EtOH:W | I | EtOH:W | I | EtOH:W | ||
Antioxidant (IC50, µg/mL) | Trolox | ||||||||||
TBARS | 18 ± 1 * | 10.2 ± 0.3 * | 5.3 ± 0.1 * | 3.19 ± 0.02 * | 51 ± 3 * | 3.7 ± 0.1 * | 17.4 ± 0.9 * | 4.2 ± 0.2 * | 24.0 ± 0.8 * | 1.20 ± 0.05 * | 23 ± 2 |
OxHLIA | n.a | n.a | 78 ± 6 | 76 ± 5 | 109 ± 9 | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | 132 ± 6 | 85 ± 2 |
Cytotoxic and hepatotoxicity activity (GI50, µg/mL) | Ellipticine | ||||||||||
NCI H460 | 334.6 ± 9.1 * | 219.7 ± 10.8 * | 142.7 ± 5.3 * | 160.5 ± 5.3 * | 246.8 ± 5.6 * | 314.3 ± 8.7 * | 92.1 ± 3.9 * | 140.0 ± 5.8 * | 272.1 ± 24.9 | 256.4 ± 10.9 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
Hela | 270.3 ± 8.2 * | 69.6 ± 6.6 * | 83.2 ± 6.5 | 102.9 ± 10.6 | 133.3 ± 9.6 | 147.9 ± 5.1 | 59.1 ± 3.1 * | 101.1 ± 4.9 * | 341.7 ± 15.1 * | 295.5 ± 16.2 | 1.91 ± 0.06 |
MCF-7 | 322.1 ± 4.3 * | 205.3 ± 9.6 * | 129.1 ± 6.3 * | 146.8 ± 6.5 * | 235.8 ± 8.5 * | 278.7 ± 8.1 * | 74.8 ± 3.7 * | 125.9 ± 6.5 * | 289.7 ± 12.3 * | 260.5 ± 7.9 * | 0.91 ± 0.04 |
HepG2 | 296.4 ± 22.2 * | 79.4 ± 4.5 * | 123.1 ± 19.1 | 132.4 ± 8.5 | 216.1 ± 11.8 * | 263.4 ± 21.2 * | 65.4 ± 2.9 * | 172.2 ± 22.7 * | 306.3 ± 27.1 * | 210.1 ± 16.7 * | 1.1 ± 0.2 |
PLP2 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | 223.1 ± 15.4 | >400 | >400 | >400 | 3.2 ± 0.7 |
Anti-inflammatory activity (IC50, µg/mL) | DX | ||||||||||
229.2 ± 7.9 | >400 | 144.4 ± 2.2 * | 207.4 ± 15.5 * | 293.2 ± 11.8 | >400 | 121.1 ± 3.9 * | 130.1 ± 2.8 * | >400 | 237.9 ± 5.8 | 6 ± 1 |
C. edulis | G. tridentata | V. sinuatum | C. multiflorus | C. vulgaris | Controls | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | EtOH:W | I | EtOH:W | I | EtOH:W | I | EtOH:W | I | EtOH:W | St | Kt | |||||||||||||
Bacteria | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC |
Staphylococcus aureus | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | - |
Bacillus cereus | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.025 | 0.05 | - | - |
Micrococcus flavus | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.05 | 0.1 | - | - |
Listeria monocytogenes | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.2 | 0.3 | - | - |
Enterobacter cloacae | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.025 | 0.05 | - | - |
Salmonella Typhimurium | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | - |
Fungi | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC |
Aspergillus fumigatus | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | - | - | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Aspergillus versicolor | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | - | - | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Aspergillus niger | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | - | - | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Penicillium funiculosum | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.12 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | - | - | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Penicillium aurantiogriseum | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | - | - | 0.2 | 0.5 |
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Garcia-Oliveira, P.; Carreira-Casais, A.; Pereira, E.; Dias, M.I.; Pereira, C.; Calhelha, R.C.; Stojković, D.; Sokovic, M.; Simal-Gandara, J.; Prieto, M.A.; et al. From Tradition to Health: Chemical and Bioactive Characterization of Five Traditional Plants. Molecules 2022, 27, 6495. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196495
Garcia-Oliveira P, Carreira-Casais A, Pereira E, Dias MI, Pereira C, Calhelha RC, Stojković D, Sokovic M, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA, et al. From Tradition to Health: Chemical and Bioactive Characterization of Five Traditional Plants. Molecules. 2022; 27(19):6495. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196495
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcia-Oliveira, Paula, Anxo Carreira-Casais, Eliana Pereira, Maria Inês Dias, Carla Pereira, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Dejan Stojković, Marina Sokovic, Jesus Simal-Gandara, Miguel A. Prieto, and et al. 2022. "From Tradition to Health: Chemical and Bioactive Characterization of Five Traditional Plants" Molecules 27, no. 19: 6495. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196495