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Article

Analysis of VOCs in Urine Samples Directed towards of Bladder Cancer Detection

by
Tomasz Ligor
1,2,*,
Przemysław Adamczyk
3,
Tomasz Kowalkowski
1,2,
Ileana Andreea Ratiu
4,
Anna Wenda-Piesik
5 and
Bogusław Buszewski
1,2,*
1
Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
2
Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
3
Department of General and Oncologic Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus Hospital in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
4
“Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele, RO-400239 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
5
Department of Agronomics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(15), 5023; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155023
Submission received: 31 May 2022 / Revised: 30 July 2022 / Accepted: 1 August 2022 / Published: 7 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)
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Abstract

Bladder cancer is one of most common types of cancer diagnosed in the genitourinary tract. Typical tests are costly and characterized by low sensitivity, which contributes to a growing interest in volatile biomarkers. Head space solid phase microextraction (SPME) was applied for the extraction of volatile organic compounds from urine samples, and gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC TOF MS) was used for the separation and detection of urinary volatiles. A cohort of 40 adult patients with bladder cancer and 57 healthy persons was recruited. Different VOC profiles were obtained for urine samples taken from each group. Twelvecompounds were found only in the samples from theBC group.The proposed candidate biomarkers are butyrolactone; 2-methoxyphenol; 3-methoxy-5-methylphenol; 1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one; nootkatone and 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-2-buten-1-one.Since most of the studies published in the field are proving the potential of VOCs detected in urine samples for the screening and discrimination of patients with bladder cancer from healthy, but rarely presenting the identity of proposed biomarkers, our study represents a novel approach.
Keywords: bladder cancer; urine analyses; volatile organic compounds; GC×GC TOF MS bladder cancer; urine analyses; volatile organic compounds; GC×GC TOF MS

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ligor, T.; Adamczyk, P.; Kowalkowski, T.; Ratiu, I.A.; Wenda-Piesik, A.; Buszewski, B. Analysis of VOCs in Urine Samples Directed towards of Bladder Cancer Detection. Molecules 2022, 27, 5023. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155023

AMA Style

Ligor T, Adamczyk P, Kowalkowski T, Ratiu IA, Wenda-Piesik A, Buszewski B. Analysis of VOCs in Urine Samples Directed towards of Bladder Cancer Detection. Molecules. 2022; 27(15):5023. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155023

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ligor, Tomasz, Przemysław Adamczyk, Tomasz Kowalkowski, Ileana Andreea Ratiu, Anna Wenda-Piesik, and Bogusław Buszewski. 2022. "Analysis of VOCs in Urine Samples Directed towards of Bladder Cancer Detection" Molecules 27, no. 15: 5023. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155023

APA Style

Ligor, T., Adamczyk, P., Kowalkowski, T., Ratiu, I. A., Wenda-Piesik, A., & Buszewski, B. (2022). Analysis of VOCs in Urine Samples Directed towards of Bladder Cancer Detection. Molecules, 27(15), 5023. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155023

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