Rapid Discrimination and Prediction of Ginsengs from Three Origins Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with SVM
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Development of Analysis Method of Ginsengs from Different Origins
2.1.1. Optimization of UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Analysis Conditions
2.1.2. Validation of the UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Analysis Method
2.2. Rapid Screening and Identification of Characteristic Ginsenosides in Ginsengs from Different Regions
2.3. Classification and Prediction of Ginsengs from Different Origins by Multivariate Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Traditional Multivariate Statistical Analysis
2.3.2. SVM Analysis
2.4. Discovery of Quality Markers of Ginsengs from Three Different Origins
2.5. Verification of This Strategy for Ginseng Identification from Different Origins Using Test Samples
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Ginseng Samples
3.2. Chemicals and Reagents
3.3. Preparation of Samples
3.4. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Analysis of Ginseng Samples
3.5. Data Processing and Analysis
3.5.1. Normalization Methods
3.5.2. PCA Algorithm
3.5.3. PLS-DA Algorithm
3.5.4. SVM Algorithm
3.5.5. Permutation Importance Algorithm
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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No. | RT (min) | Compound | Formula | Mass Ion (m/z) | Type of Ion | Error (ppm) | Fragment Ions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.07 | Quinquenoside L9 or its isomer | C42H74O15 | 863.4940 | [M+HCOO]- | −6.80 | / | [22] |
2 | 1.07 | Ginsenoside Re2 or its isomer | C48H82O19 | 1007.5422 | [M+HCOO]- | 0.05 | / | [16] |
3 | 4.23 | Ginsenoside Re2 or its isomer | C48H82O19 | 1007.5422 | [M+HCOO]- | 0.05 | 961.5401; 799.4824; 781.4713 | [16] |
4 | 4.74 | (B4-b)-glc-xyl | C41H70O14 | 831.4737 | [M+HCOO]- | −0.01 | 785.4677; 653.4273; 491.3746 | [22] |
5 | 5.18 | Notoginsenoside R8 or its isomer | C36H62O10 | 699.4315 | [M+HCOO]- | 0.13 | / | [22] |
6 | 5.73 | Ginsenoside Re4 or its isomer | C47H80O18 | 977.5353 | [M-H]- | 3.79 | 977.5353; 931.5271; 637.4358; 457.3784 | [23] |
7 | 6.13 | Ginsenoside Re2 or its isomer | C48H82O19 | 1007.5438 | [M+HCOO]- | 1.71 | 961.5419; 799.4876; 637.4357; 475.3806 | [16] |
8 | 6.97 | Notoginsenoside R1 | C47H80O18 | 931.5260 | [M-H]- | −1.28 | 931.5220; 799.4836; 638.4292; 475.3696 | [23] |
9 | 7.37 | Ginsenoside Re4 | C47H80O18 | 977.5330 | [M+HCOO]- | 1.43 | 931.5302; 637.4335; 475.3784 | [23] |
10 | 8.11 | Ginsenoside Rc or its isomer | C53H90O22 | 1077.5829 | [M-H]- | −2.06 | 945.5438; 719.3460; 433.5658 | [21] |
11 | 8.40 | Ginsenoside Re3 | C48H82O19 | 961.5365 | [M-H]- | −1.33 | 799.4859; 637.4300 | [23] |
12 | 9.37 | Ginsenoside Re4 or its isomer | C47H80O18 | 977.5308 | [M+HCOO]- | −0.81 | 931.5203; 637.4289; 475.3736 | [23] |
13 | 10.83 | Ginsenoside Rg1 | C42H72O14 | 845.4912 | [M+HCOO]- | 2.27 | 799.4852; 637.4337; 619.4215; 475.3802 | [23] |
14 | 11.70 | Ginsenoside Re | C48H82O18 | 945.5426 | [M-H]- | −0.21 | 799.4880; 783.4926; 637.4346; 475.3818 | [23] |
15 | 11.70 | Ginsenoside Re2 or its isomer | C48H82O19 | 961.5377 | [M-H]- | −0.11 | / | [16] |
16 | 12.95 | Vinaginsenoside R13 or its isomer | C48H84O20 | 979.5454 | [M-H]- | −2.94 | / | [22] |
17 | 14.51 | Vinaginsenoside R13 or its isomer | C48H84O21 | 979.5470 | [M-H]- | −1.38 | / | [22] |
18 | 14.59 | AcO-ginsenoside Re or its isomer | C50H84O19 | 987.5527 | [M-H]- | −0.74 | 945.5519; 927.5335; 783.4923; 765.5022; 637.4373 | [23] |
19 | 14.71 | AcO-ginsenoside Rf or its isomer | C44H74O15 | 841.4946 | [M-H]- | −1.12 | 637.4308; 619.4205; 475.3759 | [22] |
20 | 15.43 | Notoginsenoside G or its isomer | C48H80O19 | 1005.5209 | [M+HCOO]- | −5.57 | / | [22] |
21 | 15.71 | Notoginsenoside R2 | C41H70O13 | 815.4791 | [M+HCOO]- | 0.31 | / | [23] |
22 | 16.29 | Ginsenoside F5 | C41H70O13 | 815.4789 | [M+HCOO]- | 0.16 | / | [22] |
23 | 16.19 | Notoginsenoside C or its isomer | C54H92O25 | 1139.5831 | [M-H]- | −2.08 | 961.5606; 785.8238; 584.0663 | [22] |
24 | 17.06 | Notoginsenoside M or its isomer | C42H70O14 | 843.4734 | [M+HCOO]- | −0.40 | / | [22] |
25 | 16.92 | Ginsenoside Re2 or its isomer | C48H82O19 | 1007.5416 | [M+HCOO]- | −0.51 | 961.5419; 799.4876; 637.4357; 475.3806 | [16] |
26 | 17.39 | Ginsenoside Re2 or its isomer | C48H82O19 | 1007.5419 | [M+HCOO]- | −0.20 | 961.5314; 799.4734 | [16] |
27 | 18.65 | Ginsenoside Rf | C42H72O14 | 799.4858 | [M-H]- | 1.14 | 637.4327; 475.3796 | [21] |
28 | 18.90 | Ginsenoside Re6 or its isomer | C46H76O15 | 913.5158 | [M+HCOO]- | 0.27 | 830.6457; 765.8931; 620.4240; 475.3751 | [22] |
29 | 19.24 | Notoginsenoside D or its isomer | C64H108O31 | 1371.6754 | [M-H]- | −3.49 | 1273.1482; 1031.7337; 875.6615; 597.4910; 415.6329 | [22] |
30 | 19.62 | Notoginsenoside D or its isomer | C64H108O31 | 1371.6777 | [M-H]- | −1.84 | / | [22] |
31 | 19.88 | AcO-ginsenoside Rg1 | C44H74O15 | 841.4953 | [M-H]- | −0.26 | 799.4865; 679.4467; 637.4326; 619.4224; 571.3972; 475.3799 | [23] |
32 | 20.00 | Notoginsenoside R4 or its isomer | C59H100O27 | 1239.6365 | [M-H]- | −1.15 | 1107.5904; 1077.5822; 946.5432; 945.5391; 783.4854; 621.4298; 459.3820 | [23] |
33 | 20.53 | Yesanchinoside J or its isomer | C61H102O28 | 1281.6480 | [M-H]- | −0.37 | / | [22] |
34 | 20.98 | 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh1 | C36H62O9 | 683.4372 | [M+HCOO]- | 1.08 | 475.3815 | [24] |
35 | 20.90 | Quinquenoside V | C60H102O28 | 1269.6463 | [M-H]- | −1.76 | 1107.6007 | [22] |
36 | 21.20 | 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rg2 | C42H72O13 | 829.4967 | [M+HCOO]- | 2.74 | 783.4923; 637.4372; 619.4248; 475.3808 | [24] |
37 | 21.33 | Ginsenoside Rg5 or its isomer | C42H70O12 | 811.4842 | [M+HCOO]- | 0.54 | / | [22] |
38 | 21.36 | Notoginsenoside D or its isomer | C64H108O31 | 1371.6762 | [M-H]- | −2.95 | 1145.2550; 838.4987; 652.4940; 438.2765 | [22] |
39 | 21.41 | Quinquenoside L1 or its isomer | C48H80O18 | 989.5313 | [M+HCOO]- | −0.29 | / | [22] |
40 | 21.80 | Ginsenoside Ra1/Ra2 or its isomer | C58H98O26 | 1209.6252 | [M-H]- | −1.83 | 1077.5829; 945.5368; 783.4866; 621.7380 | [23] |
41 | 21.96 | Notoginsenoside R4 or its isomer | C59H100O27 | 1239.6356 | [M-H]- | −1.85 | 1077.5843; 916.9001; 621.4288 | [23] |
42 | 22.08 | Quinquenoside I or its isomer | C52H86O19 | 1059.5727 | [M+HCOO]- | −0.63 | / | [22] |
43 | 22.11 | Ginsenoside Ro or its isomer | C48H76O19 | 955.4896 | [M-H]- | −1.29 | / | [23] |
44 | 22.35 | Ginsenoside Ra1/Ra2 or its isomer | C58H98O26 | 1209.6274 | [M-H]- | 0.03 | 1077.5874; 945.5440; 783.4925; 621.4390; | [23] |
45 | 22.55 | Ginsenoside F1 or its isomer | C36H62O9 | 683.4380 | [M+HCOO]- | 2.25 | / | [22] |
46 | 22.70 | Ginsenoside Rb1 | C54H92O23 | 1153.6013 | [M+HCOO]- | 1.00 | 1107.5980; 945.5438; 783.4904; 621.4370; 323.0986 | [21] |
47 | 22.78 | Notoginsenoside R4 or its isomer | C59H100O27 | 1239.6366 | [M-H]- | −1.09 | 1209.6298; 1077.5874; 945.5440; 783.4928; 621.4390 | [23] |
48 | 22.98 | Ginsenoside Ra1/Ra2 or its isomer | C58H98O26 | 1209.6188 | [M-H]- | −7.10 | 1077.5826; 945.5420 | [23] |
49 | 23.58 | Ginsenoside Ro | C48H76O19 | 955.4924 | [M-H]- | 1.63 | 793.4392; 569.3860; 455.3534; | [23] |
50 | 24.01 | Ginsenoside Rc | C53H90O22 | 1123.5915 | [M+HCOO]- | 1.77 | 1077.5879; 945.5412; 915.5334 | [21] |
51 | 24.46 | Ginsenoside Ra1/Ra2 or its isomer | C58H98O26 | 1209.6282 | [M-H]- | 0.68 | 1077.5846; 945.5437; 915.5327; 783.4863 | [23] |
52 | 25.04 | Ginsenoside F1 or its isomer | C36H62O9 | 683.4371 | [M+HCOO]- | 0.94 | / | [22] |
53 | 25.04 | AcO-ginsenoside Ro | C50H78O20 | 997.5001 | [M-H]- | −1.30 | / | [22] |
54 | 25.19 | Ginsenoside Ra1/Ra2 or its isomer | C58H98O26 | 1209.6254 | [M-H]- | −1.69 | 1077.5842; 783.4910; 621.4377 | [23] |
55 | 25.62 | Ginsenoside Ra1/Ra2 or its isomer | C58H98O26 | 1209.6226 | [M-H]- | −3.94 | 1077.5856; 621.3146 | [23] |
56 | 25.67 | Ginsenoside Rb2 | C53H90O22 | 1123.5918 | [M+HCOO]- | 2.04 | 1077.5824; 945.5402; 915.5279; 783.4881; 765.4772; 621.4359; | [21] |
57 | 26.24 | Ginsenoside Rb3 | C53H90O22 | 1123.5902 | [M+HCOO]- | 0.66 | 1077.5892; 945.5474; 915.5364; 783.4912; 621.4374; 459.3830 | [23] |
58 | 26.77 | Quinquenoside L1 or its isomer | C48H80O18 | 943.5262 | [M-H]- | −1.04 | / | [22] |
59 | 26.90 | m-Ginsenoside Rc/Rb2 or m-Ginsenoside Rb3 | C56H92O25 | 1163.5858 | [M-H]- | 0.23 | 1119.6012; 1077.5910; 1059.5793; 915.5332; 765.4795 | [23] |
60 | 27.00 | Ginsenoside Ra1/Ra2 or its isomer | C58H98O26 | 1209.6257 | [M-H]- | −1.38 | / | [23] |
61 | 27.37 | Notoginsenoside O or its isomer | C52H88O21 | 1093.5787 | [M+HCOO]- | −0.15 | / | [22] |
62 | 27.57 | Yesanchinoside J or its isomer | C61H102O28 | 1281.6451 | [M-H]- | −2.62 | / | [22] |
63 | 27.87 | Vinaginsenoside R3 or its isomer | C48H82O17 | 975.5511 | [M+HCOO]- | −1.22 | 739.7635; 576.8463; 481.3275; 324.4059 | [22] |
64 | 28.76 | Ginsenoside Rd | C48H82O18 | 991.5497 | [M+HCOO]- | 2.55 | 945.5477; 783.4920; 765.480; 621.4385; 459.3882 | [21] |
65 | 30.28 | AcO-ginsenoside Rd or its isomer | C50H84O19 | 987.5526 | [M-H]- | −0.84 | 987.5518; 945.5420; 927.5342; 783.4925; 765.4773; 621.4397; 459.3808 | [23] |
66 | 31.41 | Quinquenoside L14 or its isomer | C47H80O17 | 961.5370 | [M+HCOO]- | 0.27 | 915.5347; 783.4907; 709.1200; 621.4368; 434.0248 | [22] |
67 | 31.43 | Ginsenoside Re2 or its isomer | C48H82O19 | 961.5403 | [M-H]- | 2.60 | / | [16] |
68 | 31.55 | Quinquenoside I or its isomer | C52H86O19 | 1059.5731 | [M+HCOO]- | −0.27 | 915.5271; 783.4907; 621.4369; 459.3846 | [22] |
69 | 31.68 | Quinquenoside I or its isomer | C52H86O19 | 1059.5852 | [M+HCOO]- | 11.10 | / | [22] |
Raw Data (Accuracy = 83%) | Normalized Data (Accuracy = 100%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Actual | Recognized | Sample | Actual | Recognized | Sample | Actual | Recognized | Sample | Actual | Recognized |
S1 | LN | JL | S17 | JL | JL | S1 | LN | LN | S17 | JL | JL |
S2 | LN | LN | S18 | JL | JL | S2 | LN | LN | S18 | JL | JL |
S3 | LN | JL | S19 | JL | JL | S3 | LN | LN | S19 | JL | JL |
S4 | LN | JL | S20 | JL | JL | S4 | LN | LN | S20 | JL | JL |
S5 | HLJ | HLJ | S21 | JL | JL | S5 | HLJ | HLJ | S21 | JL | JL |
S6 | HLJ | HLJ | S22 | JL | JL | S6 | HLJ | HLJ | S22 | JL | JL |
S7 | HLJ | HLJ | S23 | JL | JL | S7 | HLJ | HLJ | S23 | JL | JL |
S8 | HLJ | JL | S24 | JL | JL | S8 | HLJ | HLJ | S24 | JL | JL |
S9 | JL | JL | S25 | JL | JL | S9 | JL | JL | S25 | JL | JL |
S10 | JL | JL | S26 | JL | JL | S10 | JL | JL | S26 | JL | JL |
S11 | JL | JL | S27 | JL | JL | S11 | JL | JL | S27 | JL | JL |
S12 | JL | JL | S28 | JL | JL | S12 | JL | JL | S28 | JL | JL |
S13 | HLJ | HLJ | S29 | JL | JL | S13 | HLJ | HLJ | S29 | JL | JL |
S14 | HLJ | HLJ | S30 | JL | JL | S14 | HLJ | HLJ | S30 | JL | JL |
S15 | HLJ | JL | S31 | JL | JL | S15 | HLJ | HLJ | S31 | JL | JL |
S16 | HLJ | HLJ | S16 | HLJ | HLJ |
Sample | Actual | Recognized |
---|---|---|
S32 | LN | LN |
S33 | HLJ | HLJ |
S34 | JL | JL |
S35 | JL | JL |
S36 | JL | JL |
S37 | JL | JL |
S38 | JL | JL |
S39 | JL | JL |
No. | Origin | Age | Batch Code | No. | Origin | Age | Batch Code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | Dandong City, Liaoning Province | 4 | 20200901 | S21 | Changbai County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20190901 |
S2 | Dandong City, Liaoning Province | 4 | 20200902 | S22 | Changbai County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20190902 |
S3 | Dandong City, Liaoning Province | 4 | 20200903 | S23 | Changbai County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20190903 |
S4 | Dandong City, Liaoning Province | 4 | 20200904 | S24 | Changbai County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20190904 |
S5 | Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province | 5 | RS180321-2 | S25 | Ji’an City, Jilin Province | 5 | 20180421-1 |
S6 | Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province | 5 | RS180322-2 | S26 | Ji’an City, Jilin Province | 5 | 20180421-2 |
S7 | Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province | 5 | RS180323-2 | S27 | Ji’an City, Jilin Province | 5 | 20180421-3 |
S8 | Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province | 5 | RS180324-2 | S28 | Ji’an City, Jilin Province | 5 | 20180421-4 |
S9 | Tonghua City, Jilin Province | 5 | RS180311 | S29 | Fusong County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20180911-1 |
S10 | Tonghua City, Jilin Province | 5 | RS180312 | S30 | Fusong County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20180911-3 |
S11 | Tonghua City, Jilin Province | 5 | RS180313 | S31 | Fusong County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20180911-4 |
S12 | Tonghua City, Jilin Province | 5 | RS180314 | T1 | Liaoning Province | / | / |
S13 | Heilongjiang Province | 5 | RS180321 | T2 | Heilongjiang Province | / | / |
S145 | Heilongjiang Province | 5 | RS180322 | T3 | Jilin Province | / | / |
S15 | Heilongjiang Province | 5 | RS180323 | T4 | Heilongjiang Province | / | / |
S16 | Heilongjiang Province | 5 | RS180324 | T5 | Jilin Province | / | / |
S17 | Jingyu County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20190901 | T6 | Jilin Province | / | / |
S18 | Jingyu County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20190902 | T7 | Jilin Province | / | / |
S19 | Jingyu County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20190903 | T8 | Jilin Province | / | / |
S20 | Jingyu County, Jilin Province | 5 | 20190904 |
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Zhang, C.; Liu, Z.; Lu, S.; Xiao, L.; Xue, Q.; Jin, H.; Gan, J.; Li, X.; Liu, Y.; Liang, X. Rapid Discrimination and Prediction of Ginsengs from Three Origins Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with SVM. Molecules 2022, 27, 4225. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134225
Zhang C, Liu Z, Lu S, Xiao L, Xue Q, Jin H, Gan J, Li X, Liu Y, Liang X. Rapid Discrimination and Prediction of Ginsengs from Three Origins Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with SVM. Molecules. 2022; 27(13):4225. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134225
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Chi, Zhe Liu, Shaoming Lu, Liujun Xiao, Qianqian Xue, Hongli Jin, Jiapan Gan, Xiaonong Li, Yanfang Liu, and Xinmiao Liang. 2022. "Rapid Discrimination and Prediction of Ginsengs from Three Origins Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with SVM" Molecules 27, no. 13: 4225. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134225