Innovative Freeze-Dried Snacks with Sodium Alginate and Fruit Pomace (Only Apple or Only Chokeberry) Obtained within the Framework of Sustainable Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. The Dry Matter Content and Water Activity of Freeze-Dried Bars with Fruit Pomace
2.2. The Structure of Freeze-Dried Bars with Fruit Pomace
2.3. The Colour of Freeze-Dried Bars with Fruit Pomace
2.4. The Mechanical Properties of Freeze-Dried Bars with Fruit Pomace
2.5. The Organoleptic Evaluation of Freeze-Dried Bars with Fruit Pomace
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Material
Characteristics of Ingredients
- Golden Delicious apples from one production batch purchased in November 2020 constituted the basic raw material for obtaining freeze-dried food products. The fruits had been stored at the temperature of about 4 °C until the tests were carried out. Apple pulp served as the basic ingredient of the bars. Some of the apples were used for obtaining apple juice.
- In order to enrich the taste of snacks and to use by-products from fruit and vegetable processing, dried chokeberry or apple pomace were used after having been purchased from Greenherb Company (Wysoka, Poland) in 2021.
- Sodium alginate (Agnex, Białystok, Poland) and calcium lactate (Hortimex, Konin, Poland) were used as binders to initiate gelation.
3.2. Methodology
3.2.1. Technological Methods
Preparation of Bars
Freeze-Drying
3.2.2. Analytical Methods
Determination of Physical Properties of Obtained Snacks
- s.s—dry matter content [%],
- w1—the mass of the empty vessel [g],
- w2—weight of the sample dish before drying [g],
- w3—weight of the sample dish after drying [g].
- a*—red colour coefficient [dimensionless value]
- b*—yellow colour coefficient [dimensionless value]
Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Sample Symbol | Apple Pomace | Chokeberry Pomace | Apple Pulp | Apple Juice | Water | Calcium Lactate | Sodium Alginate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2_3A | 3% | - | 50% | 22.5% | 22.4% | 0.1% | 2% |
2_3C | - | 3% | |||||
2_6A | 6% | - | 50% | 21% | 20.9% | 0.1% | 2% |
2_6C | - | 6% | |||||
2_9A | 9% | - | 50% | 19.5% | 19.4% | 0.1% | 2% |
2_9C | - | 9% | |||||
1.5_3A | 3% | - | 50% | 22.7% | 22.7% | 0.1% | 2% |
1.5_3C | - | 3% | |||||
1.5_6A | 6% | - | 50% | 1.2% | 21.2% | 0.1% | 2% |
1.5_6C | - | 6% | |||||
1.5_9A | 9% | - | 50% | 19.7% | 19.7% | 0.1% | 2% |
1.5_9C | - | 9% | |||||
1_2A | 2% | - | 50% | 23.6% | 23.4% | 0.1% | 2% |
1_2C | - | 2% |
Freeze-Dried Samples | Samples before Freeze-Drying | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sample | Average Dry Matter Content | Average Water Activity | Average Water Content |
1.5_3A | 98.23% ± 0.013 a,b | 0.14 ± 0.002 d | 77.12% ± 0.086 c,d |
1.5_6A | 98.40% ± 0.055 b,c | 0.12 ± 0.001 b | 74.74% ± 0.036 b,c |
1.5_9A | 98.56% ± 0.013 c | 0.099 ± 0.001 a | 71.92% ± 0.006 a |
2_3A | 97.99% ± 0.009 a | 0.148 ± 0.003 e | 77.26% ± 0.057 c,d |
2_6A | 98.07% ± 0.01 a | 0.126 ± 0.002 b | 75.00% ± 0.03 a,b |
2_9A | 98.17% ± 0.087 a,b | 0.102 ± 0.003 a | 71.31% ± 0.314 a |
1_2A | 99.46% ± 0.28 d | 0.132 ± 0.001 c | 81.07% ± 1.078 d |
1.5_3C | 97.11% ± 0.00 A | 0.15 ± 0.001 E | 79.572% ± 0.411 C |
1.5_6C | 97.90% ± 0.014 C | 0.116 ± 0.002 C | 73.178% ± 0.317 B |
1.5_9C | 98.04% ± 0.034 D | 0.106 ± 0.001 A | 70.98% ± 0.192 A |
2_3C | 97.28% ± 0.038 B | 0.159 ± 0.001 F | 76.90% ± 0.063 C |
2_6C | 98.00% ± 0.022 D | 0.126 ± 0.000 D | 71.65% ± 0.526 B |
2_9C | 98.11% ± 0.046 E | 0.112 ± 0.001 B | 70.32% ± 1.298 A |
1_2C | 98.29% ± 0.000 F | 0.116 ± 0.001 B,C | 78.087% ± 0.376 C |
Sample Symbol | Samples with Chokeberry Pomace [C] | Samples with Apple Pomace [A] |
---|---|---|
1.5_3 | 21.9 ± 0.33 d | 29.6 ± 0.37 c |
1.5_6 | 18.2 ± 0.78 b,c | 29.0 ± 1.38 b,c |
1.5_9 | 15.3 ± 0.18 a | 29.5 ± 0.77 c |
2_3 | 18.8 ± 0.35 c | 28.2 ± 0.49 b |
2_6 | 17.8 ± 0.43 b | 28.9 ± 0.26 b,c |
2_9 | 15.6 ± 0.63 a | 28.6 ± 1.54 b,c |
1_2 | 22.3 ± 0.81 d | 26.6 ± 0.24 a |
Sample Symbol | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1_2A | 1.5_3A | 2_3A | 1_2C | 1.5_3C | 2_3C | |
Color | ||||||
Aroma | ||||||
Taste | ||||||
Crisspness | ||||||
General impression | ||||||
Average | 4.4 | 3.84 | 3.72 | 4.36 | 3.8 | 3.66 |
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Ciurzyńska, A.; Popkowicz, P.; Galus, S.; Janowicz, M. Innovative Freeze-Dried Snacks with Sodium Alginate and Fruit Pomace (Only Apple or Only Chokeberry) Obtained within the Framework of Sustainable Production. Molecules 2022, 27, 3095. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103095
Ciurzyńska A, Popkowicz P, Galus S, Janowicz M. Innovative Freeze-Dried Snacks with Sodium Alginate and Fruit Pomace (Only Apple or Only Chokeberry) Obtained within the Framework of Sustainable Production. Molecules. 2022; 27(10):3095. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103095
Chicago/Turabian StyleCiurzyńska, Agnieszka, Paulina Popkowicz, Sabina Galus, and Monika Janowicz. 2022. "Innovative Freeze-Dried Snacks with Sodium Alginate and Fruit Pomace (Only Apple or Only Chokeberry) Obtained within the Framework of Sustainable Production" Molecules 27, no. 10: 3095. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103095