LC-HRMS Profiling and Antidiabetic, Anticholinergic, and Antioxidant Activities of Aerial Parts of Kınkor (Ferulago stellata)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Plant Materials
3.2. Preparation of the Water and Ethanol Extracts
3.3. Reducing Ability Assays
3.4. Radical Scavenging Activities
3.5. Anticholinergic Assay
3.6. Antidiabetic Assay
3.7. Determination of Inhibition Parameters
3.8. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents
3.9. Preparation of Samples for LC-HRMS Analysis
3.10. Instruments and Chromatographic Conditions of LC-HRMS
3.11. Optimization of LC-HRMS Procedure
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Antioxidants | Fe3+ Reducing | Cu2+ Reducing | Fe3+-TPTZ Reducing | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
λ700 | r2 | λ450 | r2 | λ593 | r2 | |
α-tocopherol | 0.990 ± 0.007 | 0.9942 | 0.785 ± 0.061 | 0.9986 | 0.755 ± 0.075 | 0.9867 |
Ascorbic acid | 1.520 ± 0.028 | 0.9970 | 1.069 ± 0.007 | 0.9722 | 1.624 ± 0.015 | 0.9930 |
BHT | 1.269 ± 0.005 | 0.9880 | 1.561 ± 0.089 | 0.9978 | 0.909 ± 0.006 | 0.9874 |
EEFS | 0.985 ± 0.013 | 0.9199 | 0.830 ± 0.022 | 0.9869 | 0.873 ± 0.012 | 0.9553 |
WEFS | 1.058 ± 0.021 | 0.9973 | 0.456 ± 0.034 | 0.9742 | 0.424 ± 0.016 | 0.9510 |
Compounds | DPPH• Scavenging | ABTS•+ Scavenging | Fe2+ Chelating | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IC50 * | r2 | IC50 * | r2 | IC50 * | r2 | |
α-tocopherol | 23.1 ± 0.032 | 0.9825 | 15.4 ± 0.03 | 0.9866 | 33.0 ± 0.17 | 0.9109 |
Ascorbic acid | 16.1 ± 0.03 | 0.9566 | 23.1 ± 0.01 | 0.9998 | 99.0 ± 0.36 | 0.9985 |
BHT | 31.5 ± 0.01 | 0.9754 | 26.7 ± 0.08 | 0.9717 | 14.8 ± 0.56 | 0.9646 |
EEFS | 34.7 ± 0.22 | 0.9965 | 7.8 ± 0.01 | 0.9844 | 31.5 ± 0.13 | 0.903 |
WEFS | 57.8 ± 0.07 | 0.9993 | 19.3 ± 0.04 | 0.9419 | - * | - * |
No | Compounds | WEFS | EEFS | U (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ascorbic acid | 47.41 | 172.44 | 3.94 |
2 | (−)-Epigallocatechin | <LOD | <LOD | 3.09 |
3 | (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate | 1.59 | <LOD | 3.76 |
4 | Chlorogenic acid | 10103.18 | 44642.39 | 3.58 |
5 | Fumaric acid | <LOD | 3109.11 | 2.88 |
6 | Verbascoside | 6.59 | 225.72 | 2.93 |
7 | Orientin | 491.59 | 15329.03 | 3.67 |
8 | Caffeic acid | 24.41 | 126.39 | 3.74 |
9 | (+)-trans taxifolin | <LOD | 2.10 | 3.35 |
10 | Luteolin-7-rutinoside | <LOD | <LOD | 3.06 |
11 | Naringin | <LOD | <LOD | 4.20 |
12 | Luteolin 7-glucoside | <LOD | <LOD | 4.14 |
13 | Rutin | 14013.35 | 156907.40 | 3.07 |
14 | Rosmarinic acid | 26.88 | 134.22 | 3.77 |
15 | Hyperoside | 105.94 | 2633.75 | 3.46 |
16 | Dihydrokaempferol | <LOD | 2.33 | 2.86 |
17 | Quercitrin | 3.82 | 105.78 | 3.78 |
18 | Myricetin | <LOD | 0.47 | 4.18 |
19 | Quercetin | 30.82 | 197.18 | 2.95 |
20 | Salicylic acid | 27.53 | 130.76 | 1.89 |
21 | Naringenin | <LOD | 23.12 | 4.20 |
22 | Luteolin | <LOD | 11.06 | 3.42 |
23 | Nepetin | <LOD | <LOD | 2.19 |
24 | Apigenin | <LOD | 8.60 | 2.87 |
25 | Hispidulin | <LOD | 66.12 | 3.41 |
26 | Isosakuranetin | <LOD | <LOD | 3.98 |
27 | Caffeic acid phenethyl ester | <LOD | 0.23 | 3.13 |
28 | Chrysin | 6.47 | 1.38 | 3.24 |
29 | Acacetin | 5.53 | 9.92 | 3.98 |
30 | Emodin | <LOD | 1.56 | 4.27 |
Compounds | RT | m/z | δ ppm | Ionization Mode | Linear Range | Linear Regression Equation | LOD/LOQ | R2 | Recovery |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascorbic acid | 1.99 | 175.0248 | −0.81 | Negative | 0.5–10 | y = 0.00347x − 0.00137 | 0.39/1.29 | 0.9988 | 96.20 |
(−)-Epigallocatechin | 2.15 | 307.0812 | −1.07 | Positive | 0.3–5 | y = 0.00317x + 0.000443 | 0.17/0.57 | 0.9947 | 102.22 |
Chlorogenic acid | 2.21 | 353.0878 | −0.91 | Negative | 0.05–10 | y = 0.00817x + 0.000163 | 0.02/0.06 | 0.9994 | 96.68 |
Verbascoside | 2.43 | 623.1981 | −0.61 | Negative | 0.1–10 | y = 0.00758x + 0.000563 | 0.03/0.1 | 0.9995 | 96.19 |
Orientin | 2.45 | 447.0933 | −0.45 | Negative | 0.1–10 | y = 0.00757x + 0.000347 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9993 | 96.22 |
Caffeic acid | 2.89 | 179.0350 | 1.72 | Negative | 0.3–10 | y = 0.0304x + 0.00366 | 0.08/0.27 | 0.9993 | 94.51 |
Luteolin-7-rutinoside | 3.09 | 593.1512 | −0.26 | Negative | 0.1–10 | y = 0.00879x + 0.000739 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9988 | 93.05 |
Naringin | 3.17 | 579.1719 | −0.07 | Negative | 0.05–10 | y = 0.00576x − 0.000284 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9991 | 101.91 |
Luteolin 7-glucoside | 3.85 | 447.0933 | −0.32 | Negative | 0.1–7 | y = 0.0162x + 0.00226 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9961 | 96.31 |
Hesperidin | 3.85 | 609.1825 | 0.29 | Negative | 0.05–10 | y = 0.00423x + 0.0000138 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9994 | 96.14 |
Rutin | 4.12 | 609.1461 | 0.12 | Negative | 0.05–10 | y = 0.00329x − 0.00005576 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.999 | 96.97 |
Syringic acid | 4.24 | 197.0456 | −0.26 | Negative | 0.5–10 | y = 0.0000831x + 0.000024 | 0.1/0.3 | 0.9991 | 97.29 |
Rosmarinic acid | 4.48 | 359.0772 | 0.01 | Negative | 0.05–10 | y = 0.00717x − 0.0003067 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9992 | 99.85 |
Hyperoside | 4.66 | 463.0882 | −0.17 | Negative | 0.05–10 | y = 0.0072x − 0.00003096 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9995 | 96.62 |
Apigenin 7-glucoside | 4.58 | 431.0984 | −0.06 | Negative | 0.3–7 | y = 0.0246x + 0.00306 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9962 | 96.07 |
Quercitrin | 4.88 | 447.0933 | −0.18 | Negative | 0.05–10 | y = 0.0179 + 0.0003331 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.999 | 97.00 |
Quercetin | 5.13 | 301.0354 | −0.32 | Negative | 0.1–10 | y = 0.0509x + 0.00467 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9978 | 96.41 |
Salicylic acid | 5.15 | 137.0244 | −0.44 | Negative | 0.3–10 | y= 0.0361x + 0.00245 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9982 | 92.88 |
Naringenin | 5.68 | 271.0612 | −0.12 | Negative | 0.1–10 | y = 0.0281x + 0.00182 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9995 | 86.65 |
Luteolin | 5.72 | 285.0405 | 0.46 | Negative | 0.1–10 | y = 0.117x + 0.00848 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9981 | 96.98 |
Apigenin | 5.74 | 269.0456 | −0.25 | Negative | 0.3–10 | y = 0.104x + 0.0199 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9998 | 81.55 |
Hispidulin | 5.84 | 301.0707 | −0.18 | Positive | 0.05–10 | y = 0.02614x + 0.0003114 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9993 | 98.36 |
Isosakuranetin | 5.86 | 285.0769 | −0.21 | Negative | 0.05–10 | y = 0.0235x + 0.000561 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9992 | 96.56 |
Chrysin | 6.20 | 253.0506 | −0.29 | Negative | 0.05–7 | y = 0.0964x − 0.0002622 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.999 | 87.92 |
Acacetin | 6.24 | 283.0612 | −1.08 | Negative | 0.05–7 | y = 0.046x + 0.0001875 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.9995 | 87.52 |
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Kızıltaş, H.; Bingol, Z.; Gören, A.C.; Kose, L.P.; Durmaz, L.; Topal, F.; Alwasel, S.H.; Gulcin, İ. LC-HRMS Profiling and Antidiabetic, Anticholinergic, and Antioxidant Activities of Aerial Parts of Kınkor (Ferulago stellata). Molecules 2021, 26, 2469. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092469
Kızıltaş H, Bingol Z, Gören AC, Kose LP, Durmaz L, Topal F, Alwasel SH, Gulcin İ. LC-HRMS Profiling and Antidiabetic, Anticholinergic, and Antioxidant Activities of Aerial Parts of Kınkor (Ferulago stellata). Molecules. 2021; 26(9):2469. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092469
Chicago/Turabian StyleKızıltaş, Hatice, Zeynebe Bingol, Ahmet Ceyhan Gören, Leyla Polat Kose, Lokman Durmaz, Fevzi Topal, Saleh H. Alwasel, and İlhami Gulcin. 2021. "LC-HRMS Profiling and Antidiabetic, Anticholinergic, and Antioxidant Activities of Aerial Parts of Kınkor (Ferulago stellata)" Molecules 26, no. 9: 2469. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092469