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Article

Box–Behnken Design (BBD)-Based Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Parthenolide from the Stems of Tarconanthus camphoratus and Cytotoxic Analysis

by
Perwez Alam
1,*,
Nasir Ali Siddiqui
1,
Md. Tabish Rehman
1,
Afzal Hussain
1,
Ali Akhtar
2,
Showkat R. Mir
3 and
Mohamed Fahad Alajmi
1,*
1
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
2
IT & Quality Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
3
Phyto-Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(7), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071876
Submission received: 25 February 2021 / Revised: 18 March 2021 / Accepted: 22 March 2021 / Published: 26 March 2021
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Abstract

Parthenolide, a strong cytotoxic compound found in different parts of Tarchonanthus camphoratus which motivated the authors to develop an optimized microwave-assisted extraction (MEA) method using Box–Behnken design (BBD) for efficient extraction of parthenolide from the stem of T. camphoratus and its validation by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and cytotoxic analysis. The optimized parameters for microwave extraction were determined as: 51.5 °C extraction temperature, 50.8 min extraction time, and 211 W microwave power. A quadratic polynomial model was found the most suitable model with R2 of 0.9989 and coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.2898%. The high values of adjusted R2 (0.9974), predicted R2 (0.9945), and signal-to-noise ratio (74.23) indicated a good correlation and adequate signal, respectively. HPTLC analyzed the parthenolide (Rf = 0.16) content in T. camphoratus methanol extract (TCME) at λmax = 575 nm and found it as 0.9273% ± 0.0487% w/w, which was a higher than expected yield (0.9157% w/w). The TCME exhibited good cytotoxicity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines (IC50 = 30.87 and 35.41 µg/mL, respectively), which further supported our findings of high parthenolide content in TCME. This optimized MAE method can be further applied to efficiently extract parthenolide from marketed herbal supplements containing different Tarconanthus species.
Keywords: Box–Behnken design; parthenolide; T. camphoratus; HPTLC analysis; cytotoxicity Box–Behnken design; parthenolide; T. camphoratus; HPTLC analysis; cytotoxicity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Alam, P.; Siddiqui, N.A.; Rehman, M.T.; Hussain, A.; Akhtar, A.; Mir, S.R.; Alajmi, M.F. Box–Behnken Design (BBD)-Based Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Parthenolide from the Stems of Tarconanthus camphoratus and Cytotoxic Analysis. Molecules 2021, 26, 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071876

AMA Style

Alam P, Siddiqui NA, Rehman MT, Hussain A, Akhtar A, Mir SR, Alajmi MF. Box–Behnken Design (BBD)-Based Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Parthenolide from the Stems of Tarconanthus camphoratus and Cytotoxic Analysis. Molecules. 2021; 26(7):1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071876

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alam, Perwez, Nasir Ali Siddiqui, Md. Tabish Rehman, Afzal Hussain, Ali Akhtar, Showkat R. Mir, and Mohamed Fahad Alajmi. 2021. "Box–Behnken Design (BBD)-Based Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Parthenolide from the Stems of Tarconanthus camphoratus and Cytotoxic Analysis" Molecules 26, no. 7: 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071876

APA Style

Alam, P., Siddiqui, N. A., Rehman, M. T., Hussain, A., Akhtar, A., Mir, S. R., & Alajmi, M. F. (2021). Box–Behnken Design (BBD)-Based Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Parthenolide from the Stems of Tarconanthus camphoratus and Cytotoxic Analysis. Molecules, 26(7), 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071876

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