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Article

Bis-Cyclometalated Indazole and Benzimidazole Chiral-at-Iridium Complexes: Synthesis and Asymmetric Catalysis

by
Sebastian Brunen
,
Yvonne Grell
,
Philipp S. Steinlandt
,
Klaus Harms
and
Eric Meggers
*
Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(7), 1822; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071822
Submission received: 12 March 2021 / Revised: 22 March 2021 / Accepted: 22 March 2021 / Published: 24 March 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influencers in Organometallic Chemistry—A Themed Issue Honoring Dr. Michel Pfeffer)
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Abstract

A new class of bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) catalysts containing two inert cyclometalated 6-tert-butyl-2-phenyl-2H-indazole bidentate ligands or two inert cyclometalated 5-tert-butyl-1-methyl-2-phenylbenzimidazoles is introduced. The coordination sphere is complemented by two labile acetonitriles, and a hexafluorophosphate ion serves as a counterion for the monocationic complexes. Single enantiomers of the chiral-at-iridium complexes (>99% er) are obtained through a chiral-auxiliary-mediated approach using a monofluorinated salicyloxazoline and are investigated as catalysts in the enantioselective conjugate addition of indole to an α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazole and an asymmetric Nazarov cyclization.

1. Introduction

Cyclometalated transition metal complexes are not only of tremendous importance as intermediates in C–H functionalization reactions but have also gained increasing attention for their interesting catalytic and biological properties, not least due to the pioneering contributions of the Pfeffer laboratory on the formation and applications of metallacycles [1,2,3,4]. Our group has recently introduced bis-cyclometalated iridium and rhodium complexes as chiral catalysts for application in asymmetric catalysis [5,6]. Our initial design was based on iridium(III) complexes in which two inert cyclometalated 5-tert-butyl-2-phenylbenzoxazoles (IrO [7]) or 5-tert-butyl-2-phenylbenzothiazoles (IrS [8]) are complemented by two labile acetonitrile molecules and hexafluorophosphate served as the counterion for the monocationic complexes (Figure 1a). The two cyclometalated ligands implement a stereogenic metal center with either a left-handed (Λ-configuration) or right-handed (Δ-configuration) overall helical topology [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. The strongly σ-donating phenyl ligands labilize the acetonitrile ligands by exerting a strong trans effect [22]. This is important for catalysis, during which one or two acetonitrile ligands are replaced by a substrate or reagent, while the helically arranged inert cyclometalated ligands provide the asymmetric induction.
Since the nature of the cyclometalating ligands affects the reactivity and stereoselectivity of the cyclometalated complexes during catalysis, as has been already witnessed in the differences between benzoxazole and benzothiazole catalysts [5], we aimed to investigate related complexes in which the benzoxazole or benzothiazole heterocycles were replaced with different heterocyclic ligands [23]. Here, we report our results on two new classes of bis-cyclometalated chiral-at-iridium catalysts, which are based on cyclometalated 6-tert-butyl-2-phenyl-2H-indazoles (Λ- and Δ-IrInd) or 5-tert-butyl-1-methyl-2-phenylbenzimidazoles (Λ- and Δ-IrBim) (Figure 1b). We disclose the synthesis of enantiomerically pure complexes and provide initial results of catalytic asymmetric transformations.

2. Results and Discussion

Racemic bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes with cyclometalated 2-phenyl-2H-indazole [24,25,26,27] or 2-phenylbenzimidazole [28,29,30,31,32] ligands are well established but the catalytic properties of non-racemic complexes have not yet been reported. The chiral-auxiliary-mediated [33,34,35,36] synthesis of enantiomerically pure complexes IrInd and IrBim was performed in analogy to IrO [7] and IrS [8] and started with the reaction of iridium chloride hydrate with two equivalents of 6-tert-butyl-2-phenyl-2H-indazole (1a) or 5-tert-butyl-1-methyl-2-phenylbenzimidazole (1b) in a mixture of 2-ethoxyethanol and water (3:1) at 130 °C for 24 h, followed by treatment with silver hexafluorophosphate in acetonitrile to afford rac-IrInd in 92% yield and rac-IrBim in 75% yield (Scheme 1). The smooth bis-cyclometalation to provide rac-IrInd was noteworthy and the yield was significantly higher compared to rac-IrBim and the previously reported rac-IrO and rac-IrS [7,8]. It is interesting to note that the related rhodium benzimidazole complex could not be obtained by this route and stopped after the first cyclometalation step [37,38]. Next, for obtaining single enantiomers, the racemic iridium complexes were reacted with the monofluorinated salicyloxazoline (S)-2 [39,40] in EtOH at 70 °C for 6 hours in the presence of 3.0 equivalents of K2CO3. This converted the racemic mixtures into pairs of diastereomers, which could easily be separated by standard silica gel chromatography (see Figure 2a for an example). For the indazole ligand, Λ-(S)-3a was obtained in 45% yield and Δ-(S)-3a in 46% yield, while for the benzimidazole ligand, Λ-(S)-3b and Δ-(S)-3b were both obtained in 50% yield. The relative and absolute configuration of Λ-(S)-3b was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (Figure 2b), and the other complexes were assigned accordingly with the help of circular dichroism (see Supporting Information). The diastereomeric purity of the complexes was investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Figure 2c shows the 19F-NMR spectra of Λ-(S)-3b and Δ-(S)-3b, which demonstrate the high diastereomeric purities of the isolated auxiliary-coordinated complexes. Such high diastereomeric purities are crucial for later obtaining enantiomerically pure catalysts. Finally, cleavage of the auxiliary was conducted with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (6.0 equivalents) in MeCN for 30 min at room temperature, and subsequent treatment with NH4PF6 provided the individual non-racemic complexes Λ-IrInd (86%), Δ-IrInd (98%), Λ-IrBim (97%), and Δ-IrBim (77%) as hexafluorophosphate salts. HPLC analysis on a chiral stationary phase revealed that all four complexes were virtually enantiomerically pure, with enantiomeric ratios of larger than 99:1 (see Supporting Information for HPLC traces). The CD spectra in Figure 3 for Λ- and Δ-IrInd demonstrate the mirror-image character of the isolated complexes. The assigned absolute configurations were also confirmed with a crystal structure of Λ-IrInd (Figure 4).
Next, we investigated the catalytic properties of the new chiral-at-iridium complexes. Over the past several years, we [5] and others [41,42,43] have demonstrated that bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes are versatile chiral Lewis acid catalysts. To compare the catalytic activity of the new indazole complex IrInd and the benzimidazole complex IrBim with the established benzoxazole catalyst IrO [7] and benzothiazole catalyst IrS [8,44], we chose the enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indole with the α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazole 4 (Table 1) [45,46,47,48]. At a catalyst loading of 2.0 mol%, Λ-IrInd afforded (S)-5 in 84% yield and with 98.5% ee, while Δ-IrBim (2.0 mol%) provided (R)-5 in a lower yield of 81% and with slightly decreased 98% ee. In this reaction, IrBim also showed lower catalytic activity and required a reaction time of 49 hours, compared to 29 hours for IrInd, to complete the reaction at room temperature. However, both catalysts displayed markedly lower catalytic activities compared to the benzoxazole IrO and the benzothiazole IrS, which could be used at the reduced catalyst loading of just 1.0 mol%. Furthermore, Λ-IrS provided (S)-5 with a superior enantiomeric excess of 99% ee [44].
As a second model reaction, we chose an asymmetric Nazarov cyclization [49,50]. We recently demonstrated that Λ-IrS (2.0 mol%) is an excellent chiral Lewis acid for the conversion of ketoester 6 to the cyclopentenone (1R,2S)-7 (Table 2) [51]. Using the same established reaction conditions, after a reaction time of 7 hours in hexafluoroisopropanol [52] at 50 °C, followed by base-induced isomerization to the thermodynamic trans diastereomer, (1R,2S)-7 was obtained in 75% yield with 15:1 dr and 93% ee. For comparison, IrInd and IrBim displayed somewhat lower catalytic activity and required an elongated reaction time of 24 hours but, at the same time, afforded higher enantioselectivities compared to IrS. Accordingly, Λ-IrInd (2.0 mol%) provided (1R,2S)-7 in a moderate 46% yield with 11:1 dr and 96% ee, while Δ-IrBim (2.0 mol%) provided (1S,2R)-7 in 73% yield with 12.5:1 dr and 94% ee.

3. Materials and Methods

All reactions were carried out under an atmosphere of nitrogen with magnetic stirring in flame-dried glassware, unless stated otherwise. Catalytic reactions were performed in Schlenk tubes (10 mL). Solvents were distilled under nitrogen from sodium/benzophenone (THF, Et2O) or calcium hydride (MeCN, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, toluene). Commercially purchased compounds were used without further purification. Flash column chromatography was performed with silica gel 60 M from Macherey-Nagel (irregular shaped, 230–400 mesh, pH 6.8, pore volume: 0.81 mL g−1, mean pore size: 66 A, specific surface: 492 m2 g−1, particle size distribution: 0.5% < 25 μm and 1.7% > 71 μm, water content: 1.6%). 1H NMR, 13C{1H} NMR, and 19F{1H, 13C} NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV II 300-MHz, AV III HD 250-MHz, AVIII 500-MHz, AV III HD 500-MHz, or AV II 600-MHz spectrometer at room temperature. The chemical shift δ is listed in ppm with the solvent resonance as internal standard. High-resolution mass spectrometry was conducted via the electrospray ionization technique (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization technique (APCI) on a Finnigan LTQ-FT Ultra mass spectrometer (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Bremen, Germany). CD spectra were recorded on a JASCO J-810 CD spectropolarimeter (parameters: path length of cuvette 1.0 mm, bandwidth 1 nm, data pitch 0.5 nm, response 1 second, sensitivity standard, scanning speed 50 nm/min, accumulation of 3 scans).
rac-IrInd. Iridium(III) chloride hydrate (wIr = 53%, 350 mg, 0.97 mmol, 1.00 equiv.) and 6-(tert-butyl)-2-phenyl-2H-indazole (483 mg, 1.93 mmol, 2.00 equiv.) were added to a Schlenk flask, a mixture of 2-ethoxyethanol and H2O (v/v = 3:1, 40 mL, 0.025 M) was added and the resulting suspension was heated to 130 °C for 24 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure and the obtained residue was dried under vacuum. AgPF6 (736 mg, 2.91 mmol, 3.00 equiv.) and MeCN (25 mL, 0.04 M) were added, and the resulting suspension was heated to 60 °C for 14 h. The obtained suspension was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a short plug of Celite, rinsed with MeCN and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified via silica gel column chromatography (CH2Cl2/MeCN 20:1 → 10:1) to yield rac-IrInd (811 mg, 0.88 mmol, 92%) as a yellow solid. TLC: Rf = 0.48 (CH2Cl2/MeCN 10:1). 1H-NMR: 300 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 8.68 (s, 2 H, Harom.), 7.85 (d, 3J = 9.4 Hz, 4 H, Harom.), 7.50 (dd, 3J = 8.8 Hz, 4J = 1.2 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 7.47 (d, 3J = 7.9 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 6.97 (t, 3J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 6.64 (t, 3J = 7.0 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 5.88 (d, 3J = 7.3 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 2.35 (s, 6H, HMeCN), 1.45 (s, 18H, H2xt-butyl). 13C-NMR: 75 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 154.9 (2C), 148.8 (2C), 143.4 (2C), 134.3 (2C), 127.7 (2C), 127.6 (2C), 124.1 (2C), 124.0 (2C), 122.0 (2C), 121.6 (2C), 120.8 (2C), 120.3 (2C), 113.3 (2C), 109.3 (2C), 36.1 (2C), 31.3 (6C), 4.1 (2C). 19F-NMR: 282 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = −72.67 (d, JP-F = 712.6 Hz, 6F). HRMS: (ESI+, m/z) calc. for C38H40IrN6 [M-PF6]: 773.2944, found: 773.2940.
rac-IrBim. Iridium(III) chloride hydrate (wIr = 53%, 400 mg, 1.10 mmol, 1.00 equiv.) and 5-(tert-butyl)-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (583 mg, 2.21 mmol, 2.00 equiv.) were added to a Schlenk flask, a mixture of 2-ethoxyethanol and H2O (v/v = 3:1, 44 mL, 0.025 M) was added and the resulting suspension was heated to 130 °C for 24 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure and the obtained residue was dried under vacuum. AgPF6 (832 mg, 3.30 mmol, 3.00 equiv.) and MeCN (27 mL, 0.04 M) were added and the resulting suspension was heated to 60 °C for 14 h. The obtained suspension was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a short plug of Celite, rinsed with MeCN and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified via silica gel column chromatography (CH2Cl2/MeCN 20:1 → 10:1) to yield rac-IrBim (776 mg, 0.82 mmol, 75%) as yellow solid. TLC: Rf = 0.43 (CH2Cl2/MeCN 10:1). 1H-NMR: 300 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 7.93 (d, 4J = 1.3 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 7.76 (dd, 3J = 8.0 Hz, 4J = 0.7 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 7.65 (dd, 3J = 8.8 Hz, 4J = 1.7 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 7.58 (d, 3J = 8.7 Hz, 2 H, Harom.), 6.96 (dt, 3J = 7.5 Hz, 4J = 1.1 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 6.69 (dt, 3J = 7.5 Hz, 4J = 1.1 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 6.19 (dd, 3J = 7.8 Hz, 4J = 0.7 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 4.32 (s, 6H, Hmethyl), 2.34 (s, 6H, HMeCN), 1.46 (s, 18 H, H2xt-butyl). 13C-NMR: 75 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 163.1 (2C), 148.6 (2C), 144.9 (2C), 140.4 (2C), 135.3 (2C), 134.2 (2C), 133.8 (2C), 130.0 (2C), 124.9 (2C), 123.0 (2C), 122.9 (2C), 119.9 (2C), 112.5 (2C), 110.6 (2C), 35.5 (2C), 32.8 (2C), 32.1 (6C), 4.2 (2C). 19F-NMR: 282 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = −72.99 (d, JP-F = 710.7 Hz, 6F). HRMS: (ESI+, m/z) calc. for C40H44IrN6 [M-PF6]: 801.3257, found: 801.3253.
Λ-(S)-3a andΔ-(S)-3a.rac-IrInd (250 mg, 0.27 mmol, 1.00 equiv.), (S)-2 (77.1 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.10 equiv.), and K2CO3 (0.81 mmol, 112 mg, 3.00 equiv.) were added to a Schlenk tube, the tube was evacuated for 5 min and absolute ethanol (11 mL, 0.025 M) was added. The tube was sealed and heated to 70 °C for 6 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 (10 mL) and filtered through a short plug of Celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (n-pentane/EtOAc 20:1 → 2:1) to yield Λ-(S)-3a (115 mg, 121 μmol, 45%) and Δ-(S)-3a (118 mg, 124 μmol, 46%), both as brown solids.
Analytical data for Λ-(S)-3a: TLC: Rf = 0.77 (n-pentane/EtOAc 2:1). 1H-NMR: 300 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 8.51 (s, 1H, Harom.), 8.08 (s, 1H, Harom.), 7.77 (s, 1H, Harom.), 7.67 (d, 3J = 9.0 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.54 (s, 1H, Harom.), 7.44 (d, 3J = 9.0 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.36 (d, 3J = 7.9 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.35 (dd, 3J = 9.0 Hz, 4J = 1.3 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.27 (dd, 3J = 9.0 Hz, 4J = 1.4 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.04 (dd, 3J = 8.0 Hz, 4J = 0.8 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 6.99–6.91 (m, 1H, Harom.), 6.90–6.83 (m, 2H, Harom.), 6.78 (t, 3J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 6.65–6.39 (m, 6H, Harom.), 6.19 (d, 3J = 7.3 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 5.95 (ddd, 3J = 12.9 Hz, 3J = 8.0 Hz, 4J = 0.9 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 5.58 (dd, 3J = 7.6 Hz, 4J = 1.0 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 4.92 (dd, 3J = 9.5 Hz, 4J = 4.4 Hz, 1H, Haliph.), 4.82 (dd, 3J = 9.7 Hz, 3J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, Haliph.), 4.01 (dd, 3J = 8.6 Hz, 4J = 4.4 Hz, 1H, Haliph.), 1.43 (s, 9H, Ht-butyl), 1.27 (s, 9H, Ht-butyl). 13C-NMR: 75 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 173.8 (d, JC-F = 3.3 Hz), 165.4, 163.2 (d, JC-F = 3.6 Hz), 162.0, 153.5, 153.0, 149.0, 148.4, 145.3, 144.5, 140.7, 138.6, 135.8, 134.6, 133.1 (d, JC-F = 14.5 Hz), 132.0, 128.1, 127.2, 127.0, 126.7, 125.8, 122.8, 122.7, 122.25, 121.5 (d, JC-F = 1.8 Hz), 121.0 (d, JC-F = 2.9 Hz), 120.8, 120.7, 120.4, 120.4, 120.1, 113.2, 113.0, 110.9, 109.8, 109.1, 101.8, 101.7, 100.0, 99.7, 75.9, 70.5, 35.8 (d, JC-F = 22.4 Hz), 31.4 (6C). 19F-NMR: 282 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = −105.40. HRMS: (ESI+, m/z) calc. for C49H46FIrN5O2 [M + H]+: 948.3265, found: 948.3263. CD (mdeg, 0.05 M in MeOH), λ in nm: 418 (−5), 322 (20), 300 (−6), 285 (−2), 260 (−18), 251 (−13), 234 (−40).
Analytical data for Δ-(S)-3a: TLC: Rf = 0.68 (n-pentane/EtOAc 2:1). 1H-NMR: 300 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 8.58 (s, 1H, Harom.), 8.47 (s, 1H, Harom.), 8.23 (s, 1H, Harom.), 7.80 (s, 1H, Harom.), 7.77 (d, 3J = 9.0 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.62 (d, 3J = 8.9 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.40 (dd, 3J = 9.1 Hz, 4J = 1.5 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.36 (d, 3J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.29 (dd, 3J = 8.9 Hz, 4J = 1.4 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.17 (d, 3J = 8.1 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 6.93–−6.75 (m, 7H, Harom.), 6.61–6.53 (m, 2H, Harom.), 6.25 (d, 3J = 8.7 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 6.07 (dt, 3J = 7.5 Hz, 4J = 0.9 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 5.98–5.90 (m, 2H, Harom.), 5.59 (dd, 3J = 7.7 Hz, 4J = 0.8 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 4.27 (dd, 3J = 10.5 Hz, 3J = 9.8 Hz, 1H, Haliph.), 4.05 (t, 3J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, Haliph.), 3.79 (t, 3J = 10.0 Hz, 1H, Haliph.), 1.39 (s, 9H, Ht-butyl), 1.23 (s, 9H, Ht-butyl). 13C-NMR: 76 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 174.4 (d, JC-F = 3.6 Hz), 174.3, 164.1 (d, JC-F = 1.5 Hz), 161.5, 153.6, 152.7, 148.9 (d, JC-F = 19.4 Hz), 144.3, 144.0, 140.1, 137.0, 136.8, 134.8, 133.1, 132.9, 132.4, 128.5, 127.8, 127.4, 127.0, 126.6, 123.4, 122.9, 122.3, 121.2, 121.1, 120.9, 120.5, 120.5, 120.2, 120.0 (d, JC-F = 2.6 Hz), 119.9, 112.9, 112.6, 110.5, 103.7 (d, JC-F = 8.2 Hz), 99.8, 99.5, 75.9, 71.1, 36.0, 35.8, 31.4 (d, JC-F = 0.8 Hz), 31.2 (6C). 19F-NMR: 282 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = ‒106.95. HRMS: (ESI+, m/z) calc. for C49H46FIrN5O2 [M + H]+: 948.3265, found: 948.3263. CD (mdeg, 0.05 M in MeOH), λ in nm: 417 (12), 324 (−25), 303 (23), 285 (10), 257 (21), 250 (20), 234 (73).
Λ-(S)-3b andΔ-(S)-3b.rac-IrBim (46 mg, 48.6 µmol, 1.00 equiv.), (S)-2 (13.7 mg, 53.5 µmol, 1.10 equiv.) and K2CO3 (20.7 mg, 0.15 mmol, 3.00 equiv.) were added to a Schlenk tube, the tube was evacuated for 5 min and absolute ethanol (2 mL, 0.025 m) was added. The tube was sealed, heated to 70 °C for 6 h under a nitrogen atmosphere and then diluted with CH2Cl2 (5 mL) and finally filtered through a short plug of Celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (n-pentane/EtOAc 6:1 → 1:1) to yield Λ-(S)-3b (23.9 mg, 24.5 μmol, 50%) and Δ-(S)-3b (24.0 mg, 24.6 μmol, 50%), both as brown solids.
Analytical data for Λ-(S)-3b: TLC: Rf = 0.39 (n-pentane/EtOAc 2:1). 1H-NMR: 300 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 8.15 (d, 4J = 1.4 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.71 (d, 3J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.61 (d, 4J = 1.2 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.49 (dd, 3J = 8.7 Hz, 4J = 1.7 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.42 (d, 3J = 8.6 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.41 (d, 3J = 8.5 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.34 (d, 3J = 7.9 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.14 (d, 3J = 8.6 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.03–6.79 (m, 5H, Harom.), 6.63–6.45 (m, 5H, Harom.), 6.14 (d, 4J = 6.9 Hz, 2H, Harom.), 6.03 (dd, 3J = 7.7 Hz, 4J = 0.6 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 5.92 (ddd, 3J = 13.0 Hz, 3J = 7.9 Hz, 4J = 1.0 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 4.97 (dd, 3J = 9.5 Hz, 4J = 4.3 Hz, 1H, Haliph.), 4.82 (t, 3J = 9.2 Hz, 1H, Haliph.), 4.18 (s, 3H, Haliph.), 3.96 (dd, 3J = 8.6 Hz, 4J = 4.2 Hz, 1H, Haliph.), 3.78 (s, 3H, Haliph.), 1.44 (s, 9H, Ht-butyl), 1.28 (s, 9H, Ht-butyl). 13C-NMR: 75 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 173.7, 165.4, 165.0, 163.2, 162.4, 155.8, 150.0, 147.7, 147.6, 141.8, 141.3, 140.9, 137.2, 136.7, 135.7, 134.2, 133.9, 133.4, 132.7, 132.5, 129.1 (d, JC-F = 3.8 Hz), 127.4, 126.8, 124.9, 124.9, 121.3, 121.3, 121.1, 121.0, 120.2, 114.4, 112.4, 109.8, 109.0, 101.7 (d, JC-F = 6.7 Hz), 99.5, 99.2, 75.6, 75.6, 70.8, 35.5, 35.3, 32.6, 32.2 (3C), 32.2 (3C), 31.8, 30.3. 19F-NMR: 282 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = −105.37. HRMS: (ESI+, m/z) calc. for C51H50FIrN5O2 [M + H]+: 976.3578, found: 976.3576. CD (mdeg, 0.05 M in MeOH), λ in nm: 441 (−12), 354 (65), 331 (54), 319 (83), 296 (−46), 292 (−44), 270 (−3), 267 (−5), 252 (29), 224 (−73).
Analytical data for Δ-(S)-3b: TLC: Rf = 0.28 (n-pentane/EtOAc 2:1). 1H-NMR: 300 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 8.25 (dd, 4J = 1.4 Hz, 4J = 0.8 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.85 (d, 4J = 1.4 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.66 (dd, 3J = 7.9 Hz, 4J = 0.8 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.52–7.46 (m, 3H, Harom.), 7.43 (dd, 3J = 8.7 Hz, 4J = 1.7 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 7.34 (d, 3J = 8.7 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 6.93–6.74 (m, 7H, Harom.), 6.60 (dt, 3J = 7.6 Hz, 4J = 1.3 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 6.53 (dt, 3J = 7.6 Hz, 4J = 1.2 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 6.28 (d, 3J = 8.6 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 6.21 (dd, 3J = 7.6 Hz, 4J = 0.8 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 6.07 (dt, 3J = 7.5 Hz, 4J = 1.2 Hz, 1H, Harom.), 5.92–5.85 (m, 2H, Harom.), 4.30 (s, 3H, Haliph.), 4.21–4.12 (m, 1H, Haliph.), 4.16 (s, 3H, Haliph.), 4.07–3.99 (m, 2H, Haliph.), 1.38 (s, 9H, Ht-butyl), 1.23 (s, 9H, Ht-butyl). 13C-NMR: 76 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = 182.0, 179.0, 174.6 (d, JC-F = 3.8 Hz), 165.0, 164.8, 163.1, 163.1, 161.5, 154.1, 151.0, 147.6 (d, JC-F = 86.0 Hz), 141.3 (d, JC-F = 25.3 Hz), 140.7, 136.5, 136.4, 135.3, 134.1, 133.9 (d, JC-F = 20.0 Hz), 132.4 (d, JC-F = 13.6 Hz), 129.0 (d, JC-F = 28.1 Hz), 128.4, 127.6, 127.5, 124.7, 121.5, 121.4, 121.0, 120.2, 120.2, 119.8, 114.1, 113.7, 109.6, 109.5, 103.8, 103.7, 99.2, 98.9, 75.6, 69.9, 35.4, 35.3, 32.4, 32.4, 32.1 (d, JC-F = 0.8 Hz, 3C), 31.9 (3C), 31.2. 19F-NMR: 282 MHz, CD2Cl2; δ/ppm = −107.00. HRMS: (ESI+, m/z) calc. for C51H50FIrN5O2 [M + H]+: 976.3578, found: 976.3576. CD (mdeg, 0.05 M in MeOH), λ in nm: 444 (23), 321 (−32), 295 (53), 274 (25), 272 (26), 255 (−10), 252 (−11), 224 (78).
Λ- andΔ-IrInd. Λ-(S)-3a (97 mg, 0.10 mmol, 1.00 equiv.) or Δ-(S)-3a (100 mg, 0.11 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was dissolved in MeCN (5 mL, 0.02 m) and TFA (for Λ-(S)-3a: 46 µL, 0.60 mmol; for Δ-(S)-3a: 51 µL, 0.66 mmol; 6.00 equiv.) was added dropwise. The solution was stirred for 30 min under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was redissolved in MeCN (5 mL, 0.02 m), and NH4PF6 (for Λ-(S)-3a: 326 mg, 2.0 mmol; for Δ-(S)-3a: 359 mg, 2.20 mmol; 20.0 equiv.) was added in one portion. The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, concentrated and purified via silica gel column chromatography (CH2Cl2/MeCN 20:1 → 10:1) to yield Λ-IrInd (80.7 mg, 88.0 µmol, 86%) or Δ-IrInd (94.6 mg, 103 µmol, 98%) as a yellow, crystalline solid.
Analytical data for Λ-IrInd: HPLC: er > 99% (Daicel Chiralpak IB N-5 column, 250 × 4.6 m2, 254 nm, 25 °C, 0.6 mL/min, H2O (+0.1% TFA)/MeCN 60:40 to 50:50 in 180 min, holding 50% MeCN for 250 min, tr (major) = 186.1 min, tr (minor) = 182.1 min). CD (mdeg, 0.05 M in MeOH), λ in nm: 403 (−24), 362 (31), 351 (23), 317 (97), 296 (−54), 293 (−53), 263 (−150), 245 (54), 240 (42), 217 (263). All other analytical data were in agreement with the racemic complex.
Analytical data for Δ-IrInd: HPLC: er > 99% (Daicel Chiralpak IB N-5 column, 250 × 4.6 m2, 254 nm, 25 °C, 0.6 mL/min, H2O (+0.1% TFA)/MeCN 60:40 to 50:50 in 180 min, holding 50% MeCN for 250 min, tr (major) = 182.1 min, tr (minor) = 186.1 min). CD (mdeg, 0.05 M in MeOH), λ in nm: 402 (20), 365 (−11), 352 (−5), 317 (−41), 263 (102), 245 (−12), 240 (−3), 213 (−175). All other analytical data were in agreement with the racemic complex.
Λ- andΔ-IrBim. Λ-(S)-3b (24.0 mg, 24.6 µmol, 1.00 equiv.) or Δ-(S)-3b (80.0 mg, 82.0 µmol, 1.00 equiv) was dissolved in MeCN (for Λ-(S)-3b: 1.25 mL; for Δ-(S)-3b: 4.1 mL, 0.02 m) and TFA (for Λ-(S)-3b: 11.5 µL, 0.15 mmol; for Δ-(S)-3b: 38 µL, 0.49 mmol; 6.00 equiv.) was added dropwise. The solution was stirred for 30 min under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was redissolved in MeCN (for Λ-(S)-3b: 1.25 mL; for Δ-(S)-3b: 4.1 mL, 0.02 m) and NH4PF6 (for Λ-(S)-3b: 81.5 mg, 0.50 mmol; for Δ-(S)-3b: 267 mg, 1.64 mmol; 20.0 equiv.) was added in one portion. The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, concentrated and purified via silica gel column chromatography (CH2Cl2/MeCN 20:1 → 10:1) to yield Λ-IrBim (22.5 mg, 23.8 µmol, 97%) or Δ-IrBim (59.8 mg, 63.2 µmol, 77%) as yellow, crystalline solid.
Analytical data for Λ-IrBim: HPLC: er > 99% (Daicel Chiralpak IB N-5 column, 250 × 4.6 m2, 254 nm, 25 °C, 0.6 mL/min, H2O (+0.1% TFA)/MeCN 60:40 to 50:50 in 180 min, holding 50% MeCN for 250 min, tr (major) = 190.2 min, tr (minor) = 177.0 min). CD (mdeg, 0.05 M in MeOH), λ in nm: 427 (−7), 342 (38), 293 (−30), 279 (−20), 265 (−27), 247 (6), 239 (−5), 229 (9), 220 (−14), 212 (79). All other analytical data were in agreement with the racemic complex.
Analytica data for Δ-IrBim: HPLC: er = >99% (Daicel Chiralpak IB N-5 column, 250 × 4.6 mm, 254 nm, 25 °C, 0.6 mL/min, H2O (+0.1% TFA)/MeCN 60:40 to 50:50 in 180 min, holding 50% MeCN for 250 min, tr (major) = 177.0 min, tr (minor) = 190.2 min). CD (mdeg, 0.05 M in MeOH), λ in nm: 427 (9), 341 (−52), 292 (45), 278 (29), 267 (39), 248 (−7), 239 (9), 227 (−17), 221 (13), 212 (−109). All other analytical data were in agreement with the racemic complex.
Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts reaction. A Schlenk tube was charged with the iridium catalyst (6.0 µmol, 2 mol%), followed by THF (0.3 mL, 1.0 M) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazole 4 (45.1 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.00 eq.) was added to the suspension in one portion, whereupon a black solution formed. The solution was stirred for 20 min at room temperature and subsequently treated with indole (87.8 mg, 0.75 mmol, 2.50 eq.). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature until complete consumption of α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazole 4 was detected by TLC. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via silica gel column chromatography (n-pentane/EtOAc 1.5:1 to 1:1) to yield the Friedel–Crafts adduct (S)- or (R)-5 as a white solid. The enantiomeric excess was determined by chiral HPLC analysis (Daicel Chiralpak IC column, 250 × 4.6 m2, absorbance at 254 nm, column temperature 40 °C, mobile phase n-hexane/i-PrOH 90:10, flow rate 0.5 mL/min, tr (major) = 23.7 min, tr (minor) = 28.3 min).
Asymmetric Nazarov cyclization. A Schlenk tube was charged with the iridium catalyst (1.8 µmol, 2 mol%), an E/Z mixture of indole-functionalized α-unsaturated β-ketoester 6 (27.5 mg, 0.09 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and HFIP (0.3 mL, 0.3 m) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was homogenized via sonication (1 min) and subsequently placed in a preheated oil bath at 50 °C. The solution was stirred at 50 °C until the complete consumption of used α-unsaturated β-ketoester 6 was indicated via TLC analysis. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and the diastereomeric ratio was determined via 1H-NMR analysis. The crude product was redissolved in CH2Cl2, transferred into a 10 mL-flask and basic Al2O3 (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany, 58 Å pore size, pH 9.5 ± 0.5 in water, 140 mg) was added in one portion. The suspension was stirred for 24 h and filtered over a cotton plug subsequently. The obtained solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via silica gel column chromatography (n-pentane/EtOAc 3:1 to 2:1) to give the desired cyclized product 7. The Al2O3-equilibrated diastereomeric ratio was determined via 1H-NMR analysis and the enantiomeric excess for the major diastereomer (trans-diastereomer 7) was determined via chiral HPLC analysis (Daicel Chiralpak AD-H column, 250 × 4.6 m2, absorbance at 254 nm, column temperature 25 °C, mobile phase n-hexane/i-PrOH 90:10, flow rate 0.6 mL/min, tr (major) = 21.0 min, tr (minor) = 30.3 min).
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal structure data can be accessed via the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) under the deposition numbers 2069740 (Λ-IrInd), 2069741 (rac-IrBim), and 2069742 (Λ-(S)-3b).

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we introduced two new bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) catalysts containing two inert cyclometalated 6-tert-butyl-2-phenyl-2H-indazole bidentate ligands or two inert cyclometalated 5-tert-butyl-1-methyl-2-phenylbenzimidazoles, together with two labile acetonitriles and a hexafluorophosphate counterion. These complexes complement previously reported related benzoxazole and benzothiazole complexes and thereby expand the family of bis-cyclometalated chiral-at-iridium catalysts for application in asymmetric catalysis. The reasons for the differences in the catalytic activity and stereoselectivity of the catalysts after replacing benzoxazole or benzothiazole with indazole or benzimidazole moieties need to be examined. Future work will also investigate their properties as catalysts for asymmetric photochemistry.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online, NMR spectra, HPLC traces, and crystallographic data.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, E.M.; methodology, S.B., Y.G., P.S.S. and K.H.; validation, S.B., Y.G., P.S.S. and K.H.; formal analysis, S.B., Y.G., P.S.S. and K.H.; investigation, S.B., Y.G., P.S.S.; resources, E.M. and K.H.; data curation, S.B., Y.G., P.S.S. and K.H.; writing—original draft preparation, E.M.; writing—review and editing, S.B., Y.G. and P.S.S.; supervision, E.M.; project administration, E.M.; funding acquisition, E.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ME1805/17-1).

Data Availability Statement

All data are contained within the article and the Supplementary Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.

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  52. In previous work we found that hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a very suitable solvent for this reaction. Since it is a weak acid, we speculate that it facilitates the release of the catalyst-bound product and thereby avoids product inhibition. See Ref. [51] for more details.
Molecules 26 01822 g001
Figure 1. Bis-cyclometalated chiral-at-iridium catalysts for asymmetric conversions. (a) Our most successful previous design. (b) This study.
Figure 1. Bis-cyclometalated chiral-at-iridium catalysts for asymmetric conversions. (a) Our most successful previous design. (b) This study.
Molecules 26 01822 g001
Molecules 26 01822 sch001
Scheme 1. Auxiliary-mediated synthesis of enantiopure Λ- and Δ-IrInd, and Λ- and Δ-IrBim.
Scheme 1. Auxiliary-mediated synthesis of enantiopure Λ- and Δ-IrInd, and Λ- and Δ-IrBim.
Molecules 26 01822 sch001
Molecules 26 01822 g002
Figure 2. Auxiliary complexes of the iridium benzimidazole system. a) Chromatographic separation of Λ-(S)-3b and Δ-(S)-3b during silica gel column chromatography (n-pentane/EtOAc). b) Single-crystal X-ray structure of Λ-(S)-3b. ORTEP drawing with 30% probability thermal ellipsoids. Solvent molecules are omitted for clarity. c) 19F-NMR spectra of the individual diastereomers Λ-(S)-3b and Δ-(S)-3b.
Figure 2. Auxiliary complexes of the iridium benzimidazole system. a) Chromatographic separation of Λ-(S)-3b and Δ-(S)-3b during silica gel column chromatography (n-pentane/EtOAc). b) Single-crystal X-ray structure of Λ-(S)-3b. ORTEP drawing with 30% probability thermal ellipsoids. Solvent molecules are omitted for clarity. c) 19F-NMR spectra of the individual diastereomers Λ-(S)-3b and Δ-(S)-3b.
Molecules 26 01822 g002
Molecules 26 01822 g003
Figure 3. CD spectra of Λ- and Δ-IrInd in MeOH (0.2 mM).
Figure 3. CD spectra of Λ- and Δ-IrInd in MeOH (0.2 mM).
Molecules 26 01822 g003
Molecules 26 01822 g004
Figure 4. Crystal structure of Λ-IrInd. ORTEP drawing with 30% probability thermal ellipsoids. Hexafluorophosphate counterion and solvent molecules are omitted for clarity.
Figure 4. Crystal structure of Λ-IrInd. ORTEP drawing with 30% probability thermal ellipsoids. Hexafluorophosphate counterion and solvent molecules are omitted for clarity.
Molecules 26 01822 g004
Table 1. Catalytic enantioselective conjugate addition of indole to 2-acyl imidazole 4 a.
Table 1. Catalytic enantioselective conjugate addition of indole to 2-acyl imidazole 4 a.
Molecules 26 01822 i001
EntryCatalystLoading (mol%)Time (h)Yieldbee c
1Λ-IrInd2.02984 (S)98.5
2Δ-IrBim2.04981 (R)98
3 dΛ-IrO1.02097 (S)96
4 eΛ-IrS1.04094 (S)99
a Reaction conditions: 2-Acyl imidazole 4 (0.30 mmol), indole (0.75 mmol), and iridium catalyst (1.0 or 2.0 mol%) in THF (0.3 mL) stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for the indicated time. b Isolated yields of (S)- or (R)-5. c Determined by HPLC on a chiral stationary phase. d Taken from ref. [4]. e Taken from ref. [44].
Table 2. Catalytic asymmetric Nazarov cyclization a.
Table 2. Catalytic asymmetric Nazarov cyclization a.
Molecules 26 01822 i002
EntryCatalyst (mol%)Time (h)Yieldbtrans/cisee c
1 dΛ-IrS (2.0)775% (1R,2S)15:193
2Λ-IrInd (2.0)2446% (1R,2S)11:196
3Δ-IrBim (2.0)2473% (1S,2R)12.5:194
a Reaction conditions: Ketoester 6 (0.09 mmol) with iridium catalyst (2.0 mol%) in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP, 0.3 mL), first sonicated and then stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere for the indicated time. Afterwards, the solvent was exchanged for CH2Cl2 and the mixture was stirred in the presence of basic Al2O3 at room temperature for 24 h. b Isolated yields of (S)- or (R)-5. c Determined by HPLC on a chiral stationary phase. d Taken from ref. [51].
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Brunen, S.; Grell, Y.; Steinlandt, P.S.; Harms, K.; Meggers, E. Bis-Cyclometalated Indazole and Benzimidazole Chiral-at-Iridium Complexes: Synthesis and Asymmetric Catalysis. Molecules 2021, 26, 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071822

AMA Style

Brunen S, Grell Y, Steinlandt PS, Harms K, Meggers E. Bis-Cyclometalated Indazole and Benzimidazole Chiral-at-Iridium Complexes: Synthesis and Asymmetric Catalysis. Molecules. 2021; 26(7):1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071822

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brunen, Sebastian, Yvonne Grell, Philipp S. Steinlandt, Klaus Harms, and Eric Meggers. 2021. "Bis-Cyclometalated Indazole and Benzimidazole Chiral-at-Iridium Complexes: Synthesis and Asymmetric Catalysis" Molecules 26, no. 7: 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071822

APA Style

Brunen, S., Grell, Y., Steinlandt, P. S., Harms, K., & Meggers, E. (2021). Bis-Cyclometalated Indazole and Benzimidazole Chiral-at-Iridium Complexes: Synthesis and Asymmetric Catalysis. Molecules, 26(7), 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071822

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