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Article

Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution

by
Karol Sidor
1,
Tomasz Berniak
1,
Piotr Łątka
1,
Anna Rokicińska
1,
Marek Michalik
2 and
Piotr Kuśtrowski
1,*
1
Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
2
Institute of Geological Science, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(6), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061736
Submission received: 24 February 2021 / Revised: 14 March 2021 / Accepted: 16 March 2021 / Published: 19 March 2021
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Abstract

The polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde in a water–ethanol mixture using the adapted Stöber method was used to obtain resol resins. An optimization of synthesis conditions and the use of an appropriate stabilizer (e.g., poly(vinyl alcohol)) resulted in spherical grains. The resins were carbonized in the temperature range of 600–1050 °C and then chemically activated in an aqueous HNO3 solution, gaseous ammonia, or by an oxidation–reduction cycle (soaking in a HNO3 solution followed by treatment with NH3). The obtained carbons were characterized by XRD, the low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, SEM, TGA, and XPS in order to determine degree of graphitization, porosity, shape and size of particles, and surface composition, respectively. Finally, the materials were tested in phenol adsorption. The pseudo-second order model perfectly described the adsorption kinetics. A clear correlation between the micropore volume and the adsorption capacity was found. The content of graphite domains also had a positive effect on the adsorption properties. On the other hand, the presence of heteroatoms, especially oxygen groups, resulted in the clogging of the pores and a decrease in the amount of adsorbed phenol.
Keywords: resol resins; carbonization; spherical grains; activated carbons; graphitization; heteroatom-containing carbon surface; adsorption of phenol; adsorption kinetics resol resins; carbonization; spherical grains; activated carbons; graphitization; heteroatom-containing carbon surface; adsorption of phenol; adsorption kinetics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sidor, K.; Berniak, T.; Łątka, P.; Rokicińska, A.; Michalik, M.; Kuśtrowski, P. Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution. Molecules 2021, 26, 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061736

AMA Style

Sidor K, Berniak T, Łątka P, Rokicińska A, Michalik M, Kuśtrowski P. Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution. Molecules. 2021; 26(6):1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061736

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sidor, Karol, Tomasz Berniak, Piotr Łątka, Anna Rokicińska, Marek Michalik, and Piotr Kuśtrowski. 2021. "Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution" Molecules 26, no. 6: 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061736

APA Style

Sidor, K., Berniak, T., Łątka, P., Rokicińska, A., Michalik, M., & Kuśtrowski, P. (2021). Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution. Molecules, 26(6), 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061736

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