Augmentation of the Female Reproductive System Using Honey: A Mini Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Evidence Acquisition
2.1. Data Sources and Search Strategy
2.2. Data Study Exclusion and Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction and Management
3. Principal Findings
Type of HS (No. of HS Group) | Dosage of HS | Route of HS | Duration of HS | Target Female Reproductive Organ/Hormone of Study | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tualang honey (3) | 0.2 g/kg bwt, 1.0 g/kg bwt and 2.0g/kg bwt | Oral route | 2 weeks | Uterus (relative weight and thickness) and vagina (relative weight and thickness); oestrogen and progesterone levels | [23] |
Tualang honey (1) | 1 g/kg bwt/day | Oral route | 8 weeks | Uterus (relative weight); oestrogen and progesterone levels | [24] |
Tualang honey (1) | 20 g/day | Oral route | 16 weeks | None. The study measured blood GSH (reduced glutathione) to GSSG (oxidised glutathione) ratio, CAT, SOD, GPx, 4-HNE and total protein | [25] |
Tualang honey (2) | 0.75 g/kg bwt and 1.5 g/kg bwt | Oral route | 5 h | None. The study measured TPC, antioxidant stress activity and oxidative stress markers (MDA and ROS) | [26] |
a Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari region, Iran honey (1) | 5 g of 70% honey cream (with applicator) | Topical route | 7 nights | Reproductive tract. The study measured symptoms of VVC: inflammation, discharge, irritation and the level of satisfaction of treatment | [16] |
b Sabalan Mountain, Iran honey (1) | 5 g of 50% honey gel (with applicator) | Topical route | 8 nights | Reproductive tract. The study measured symptoms of VVC: vaginal discharge, itching, dyspareunia, burning, urinary incontinence and culture of vaginal sample to confirm the reduction in Candida albicans colony number infection | [27] |
Sample/Subject | Sample Size (n) Per HS Group; Total Number of Groups Given HS in Study; Number of Control Individuals | Age of Sample/Subject | Effect of HS on the Female Reproductive System | Study Sample/Subject is Menopause, OVX or Normal Rats | Biological Effect of Honey on the Female Reproductive System | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sprague Dawley rats | 7/group; 3 groups; 14 | 12 week old | HS prevented the ovariectomised rats from uterine atrophy and vaginal epithelium atrophy. The oestradiol and progesterone levels were significantly decreased in the HS group. The testosterone level was increased in the low-HS group (0.2 g/kg bwt). Effects on other than the female reproductive system: promoted bone density and suppressed body weight increase | OVX rats | Oestrogenic effect | [23] |
Sprague Dawley rats | 12/group; 3 groups; 24 | 9 week old | HS effectively maintained relative uterine weight and attenuated the adverse effects of jumping exercise on the female reproductive hormone (the increase in the oestradiol levels was not significant, whereas the increase in the progesterone levels was significant) and stress hormones (cortisol decreased but not significant). No effect on relative ovary weight. | Non-menopausal, Non-OVX (Normal rats) | Oestrogenic effect and anti-inflammatory | [24] |
Sample/Subject | Sample Size (n) Per HS Group; Total Number of Groups Given HS in Study; Total Sample Size (N) for Study | Age of Sample/Subject | Effect of HS on the Female Reproductive System | Study Sample/Subject is Menopause, OVX or Non-Indicated | Biological Effect of Honey on the Female Reproductive System | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human (postmenopausal) | 39/group; 1 group; 78 | 45–60 years old | HS resulted in significant elevation of CAT and GPx activity and reduction in the 4-HNE levels. SOD activity and GSH/GSSG ratio were insignificant. | Menopause subjects | Anti-oxidant | [25] |
Human (athletes) | 10/group; 1 group; 20 | 18–25 years old | HS significantly lowered the MDA levels. The changes in the TPC, FRAP and ROS levels were insignificant. | Non-indicated | Anti-oxidant | [26] |
Human (VVC patient) | 44/group; 1 group; 80 | 21–59 years old | HS (in cream formulation) showed a significant decrease in discharge, inflammation and itching. However, the magnitude was less than control (clotrimazole cream). HS showed a lower rate of recurrence (in women with more frequent VVC history) during follow-up. | Non-indicated | Anti-fungal | [16] |
Human (VVC patient) | 53/group; 1 group; 106 | 18–45 years old | HS (in gel formulation) has significantly reduced the problems associated with VVC (symptoms of itching, burning, dyspareunia, urinary problems and vaginal discharge), and culture plate showed no colonies of Candida albicans. Results of HS was comparable or having nearly equal effect to a standard treatment; clotrimazole cream group. | Non-indicated | Anti-fungal | [27] |
4. Discussion
4.1. Role of Honey in Suppressing Oestrogen Deficiency-Induced OS
4.2. Role of Honey in Suppressing OS-Induced Inflammation Stress
4.3. Role of Honey as an Anti-Fungal Agent
4.4. Is Honey Suitable for Patients with Hyperglycaemia?
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biological Activity | Active Compounds (AC) and Physico-Chemical Attributes (PCA) of Honey | Biological Effect on Female Reproductive Disorder |
---|---|---|
Oestrogenic | AC: Flavonoids and phenolic acids [24] |
|
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant | AC: Phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, carotenoid compounds, enzymes, Maillard reaction products between reducing sugars and amino acids [67] | |
AC: Choline and acetylcholine [68] |
| |
Anti-fungal | PCA: hypertonicity (due to high sugar content), high acidity [37,38], hygroscopicity and hyperosmolarity properties [40] AC: propolis, chrysin, pinobanksin, galangin, quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol [51,52], glucose oxidase [53], oligosaccharides [56] |
|
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Ismail, N.H.; Ibrahim, S.F.; Jaffar, F.H.F.; Mokhtar, M.H.; Chin, K.Y.; Osman, K. Augmentation of the Female Reproductive System Using Honey: A Mini Systematic Review. Molecules 2021, 26, 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030649
Ismail NH, Ibrahim SF, Jaffar FHF, Mokhtar MH, Chin KY, Osman K. Augmentation of the Female Reproductive System Using Honey: A Mini Systematic Review. Molecules. 2021; 26(3):649. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030649
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail, Nur Hilwani, Siti Fatimah Ibrahim, Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar, Mohd Helmy Mokhtar, Kok Yong Chin, and Khairul Osman. 2021. "Augmentation of the Female Reproductive System Using Honey: A Mini Systematic Review" Molecules 26, no. 3: 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030649
APA StyleIsmail, N. H., Ibrahim, S. F., Jaffar, F. H. F., Mokhtar, M. H., Chin, K. Y., & Osman, K. (2021). Augmentation of the Female Reproductive System Using Honey: A Mini Systematic Review. Molecules, 26(3), 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030649