A Review on Natural Fiber Bio-Composites, Surface Modifications and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lignocellulosic Fibers
2.1. Cellulose
2.2. Hemicellulose
3. Fiber Modification
3.1. Fiber/Matrix Adhesion
3.2. Reducing Moisture Absorption by Natural Fiber
3.3. Thermal Degradation and Flammability Properties
3.4. Mechanical Properties
4. Biodegradable Matrix Materials
4.1. Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)
4.2. Polylactic Acid (PLA)
4.3. Poly Hydroxyalkanote (PHA)
5. Processing Techniques of Bio-Composites
5.1. Compression Molding
5.2. Extrusion
6. Applications of Bio-Composites
6.1. Automobile Industry
6.2. Construction and Textile Industry
7. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fiber | Cellulose (%) | Hemicellulose (%) | Lignin (%) | Pectin (%) | Wax (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abaca | 56–63 | 21–25 | 7–12 | 0.8 | 3 | [23,71,72,73] |
Alfa | 45.4 | 38.5 | 14.9 | - | 2 | [71,72] |
Areca | 57.35–58.21 | 13–15.42 | 23–24 | - | 0.12 | [74] |
Bagasse | 32–44 | 19–24 | 22 | 10 | - | [71,75] |
Bamboo | 26–43 | 20.5 | 21–31 | - | - | [23,71] |
Banana | 62–64 | 12.5 | 5–10 | 4 | - | [31,75,76,77] |
Barley | 31–45 | 27–38 | 14–19 | - | 2–7 | [31] |
Coir | 45.6 | 20 | 45 | 4 | - | [71,72,78] |
Corn | 38–40 | 28 | 7–21 | - | 3.6–7 | [31] |
Cotton | 82.7–90 | 4 | 0.75 | 6 | 0.6 | [71,72] |
Curaua | 70.7–73.6 | 9.9 | 7.5–11.1 | - | - | [23,71,72,75] |
Eucalyptus | 41.7 | 32.56 | 25.4 | 8.2 | 0.22 | [79] |
Flax | 62–72.5 | 14.5–20.6 | 2.5 | 0.9 | - | [23,71,75] |
Hemp | 81 | 14–22 | 4–13 | 0.9 | 0.8 | [23,71,80] |
Henequen | 60–77.6 | 28 | 8–13.1 | - | 0.5 | [71,72] |
Hibiscus | 28 | 25 | 22.7 | - | - | [81] |
Isora | 74 | - | 23 | - | 1.1 | [71] |
Jute | 59–71.5 | 12–20 | 9–13 | 0.2 | 0.5 | [23,71,82,83] |
Kenaf | 53.5 | 21–33 | 17–21.5 | 2 | - | [71,78,84] |
Phromium | 67 | 30 | 11 | - | - | [71] |
Pineapple | 80.5 | 17.5 | 8.3–12.7 | 4 | - | [23,71] |
Ramie | 72 | 5–16.7 | 0.6–0.8 | 2 | - | [71,80] |
Rice husk | 28–36 | 23–28 | 12–14 | - | 14–20 | [81] |
Sisal | 60–73 | 11.5–14 | 8–11 | 1.2 | - | [23,71,85] |
Sorghum | 27 | 25 | 11 | - | - | [31] |
Wheat | 33–38 | 26–32 | 17–19 | - | 6.8 | [79] |
Composite | Fabrication Method | Key Findings and Mechanical Properties | Effect of Surface Treatments | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abaca–Roselle/Cardanol formaldehyde composite | Compression molding | Natural fibers improved thermal, wear resistance, and mechanical properties of the composite and improved the hardness, density, and tensile strength of the matrix material. Tensile and flexural properties improved due to the presence of carbon and silica. | Alkali treatment increased fiber/matrix adhesion due to the removal of impurities and increased mechanical properties. | [140] |
Areca fibers/Pine resin composite | Solvent casting method | The tensile strength of the composite is affected by the adhesion of the fiber/matrix; 10 wt.% areca fibers and 90 wt.% pine resin exhibited better mechanical properties due to efficient stress transfer between fibers and matrix. | Alkali treatment increased fiber/matrix adhesion. Tensile strength increased by 25%, while impact strength increased up to 24% due to treatment. | [141] |
Banana fibers/PLA/Nanoclay composite | Melt blending | Nanoclay and PLA improved composite stability, flame resistance, and thermal properties. Nanoclay formed a protective layer at the surface to prevent flame and acted as a thermal barrier to prevent degradation. | Silane treatment improved fiber/matrix adhesion by increasing the contact area of fibers. | [142] |
Flax/epoxy composite | Vacuum infusion | Flax/epoxy composite is suspectable to water absorption due to high void content. | Sodium bicarbonate-treated fibers had less void content mainly due to the removal of impurities. With the increase in sodium bicarbonate concentration in fiber treatment, properties such as flexural, tensile strength and flexural moduli increased. | [143] |
Hemp fibers/polycaprolactone bio-composite | Twin screw extrusion | Flexural, tensile and impact properties of composite are improved. With the increase in aspect ratio of hemp fiber, water absorption increased. Flexural strength increased by 169% and flexural modulus increased by 285% for the aspect ratio of 26. Hemp fibers increased the stiffness of the composite. | [144] | |
Jute fibers/unsaturated polyester resin | Hand lay-up and compression molding | Jute fibers enhanced properties such as tensile, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and interlaminar shear strength. Untreated fibers lead to low density and low volume fraction. | Alkali-treated fibers showed an increase in tensile, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and interlaminar shear strength due to better fiber/matrix adhesion. Alkali treatment removes hemicellulose and increases interlocking points in fibers for better adhesion and stress transfer. | [145] |
Jute fibers/clay/epoxy bio-composite | Compression molding | The addition of 15 wt.% clay improved mechanical properties due to uniform dispersion in a composite. Clay can agglomerate, which increases composite porosity and decreases fiber/matrix adhesion. | Alkali treatment improved fiber/matrix adhesion with increased cellulose after removing pectin, lignin, and other impurities. An increase in cellulose content leads to better interfacial adhesion. | [146] |
Kenaf fibers/sea urchin spike filler/neem oil/epoxy composite | Hand lay-up | Neem oil made epoxy eco-friendly while sea urchin spike filler and kenaf fibers increased the toughness of the composite. The addition of neem oil leads to the formation of an interpolymer-penetrating network and ketone groups, which decreased hardness and overall tensile strength of the composite. | Amino silane-treated particles dispersed well in matrix material without agglomeration, which improved wear resistance and thermal degradation. Treated fiber formed a layer at the fiber/matrix interface, and high temperature was required to break this layer. Modified fibers increased the moisture resistance in the composite. | [147] |
Ramie fibers/PLA composite | Hot compression molding | Low temperature and pressure in compression molding had led to poor fiber/matrix adhesion and wettability. | Alkali/silane-treated fibers composite had better tensile strength, modulus, and impact strength. Cellulose content increased due to the removal of impurities from fibers, which improved mechanical properties. Treated fibers had better stress transfer due to the formation of covalent bonds between fibers and matrix. | [148] |
Sisal fibers/starch composite | Hot pressing | Compressive and tensile strength of the composite increased with the addition of sisal fibers. The addition of natural fibers increased the biodegradability properties of the composite. | Alkaline treatment increased fiber/matrix adhesion, which improved mechanical properties. | [149] |
Fiber | Density (g/cm3) | Diameter (µm) | Micro-Fibrillar Angle (°) | Moisture Content (%) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abaca | 1.5 | 10–30 | 20–25 | 5–10 | 400–980 | 3–10 | [23,75,154,155] |
Areca | 0.7–0.8 | - | - | - | 147–322 | 10.2–13.15 | [156,157] |
Bagasse | 1.25 | 10–34 | - | - | 222–290 | 1.1 | [23,75,158] |
Bamboo | 0.6–1.11 | 240–330 | - | 9.16 | 140–800 | 1.40 | [23,72,159,160,161] |
Banana | 1.35 | 50–250 | 11–12 | 10.71 | 529–914 | 3 | [80,161,162,163] |
Coir | 1.2–1.5 | 100–450 | 30–49 | 8–11.36 | 175–180 | 30 | [18,40,74,75,159,164] |
Cotton | 1.5–1.6 | 12–35 | - | 7.85–8.5 | 287–597 | 7–8 | [72,163,164,165,166,167] |
Curaua | 1.4 | 170 | - | - | 500–1150 | 3.7–4.3 | [23,161] |
Flax | 1.5 | 5–38 | 5–10 | 1.2–8 | 345–1035 | 2.7–3.2 | [23,161,167,168,169] |
Hemp | 1.48 | - | 2–6.2 | 6.2–12 | 690 | 1.6 | [23,161,163,164,169] |
Henequen | 1.2 | - | - | - | 430–570 | 3.7–5.9 | [71,72] |
Isora | 1.2–1.3 | - | - | - | 500–600 | 5–6 | [71,170] |
Jute | 1.3–1.5 | 20–200 | 8 | 12.5–13.7 | 200–773 | 1.5–1.8 | [23,75,164,168,171] |
Kenaf | 1.4 | 70–250 | 2–6.2 | 6.2–12 | 930 | 1.5 | [23,165,163,165] |
Nettle | 1.51 | 20–80 | - | 11–17 | 650 | 1.7 | [75,155,167] |
Oil Palm | 0.7–1.55 | 150–500 | 42–46 | - | 80–248 | 3.2 | [23,75,165,172] |
Palf | 0.8–1.6 | 20–80 | 14 | 11.8 | 180–1627 | 1.6–14.5 | [74,75,112] |
Piassava | 1.4 | - | - | - | 134–143 | 7.8–21.9 | [74,75,173] |
Pineapple | 0.8–1.6 | 8–41 | - | 10–13 | 170–1627 | 2.4 | [23,162,167,174] |
Ramie | 1.5 | 50 | 69–83 | 220–938 | 2–3.8 | [23,163,164] | |
Sisal | 1.5 | 50–300 | - | 11 | 511–635 | 3–7 | [23,163,164] |
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Zwawi, M. A Review on Natural Fiber Bio-Composites, Surface Modifications and Applications. Molecules 2021, 26, 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020404
Zwawi M. A Review on Natural Fiber Bio-Composites, Surface Modifications and Applications. Molecules. 2021; 26(2):404. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020404
Chicago/Turabian StyleZwawi, Mohammed. 2021. "A Review on Natural Fiber Bio-Composites, Surface Modifications and Applications" Molecules 26, no. 2: 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020404