Essential Oil Yield and Composition of the Balkan Endemic Satureja pilosa Velen. (Lamiaceae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Total EO Content (Yield)
2.2. Qualitative Composition of Essential Oil (EO)
2.2.1. Class Monoterpenes (Phenolic Monoterpenoids, Aromatic Monoterpenes, Monoterpenes Hydrocarbons, Monocyclic Monoterpenes) (Supplementary Table S1)
2.2.2. Class Sesquiterpenes (Monocyclic Sesquiterpene; Byciclic Sesquiuterpene; Tricyclic Sesquiterpene)
2.3. Anti Mosquito Activity
3. Discussion
3.1. Essential Oil (EO) Content (Yield)
3.2. Class of Essential Oil (EO) Constituents
3.3. Anti Mosquito Activity
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Gas Chromatography (GC), Mass Spectroscopy (MS) Methods and Analyses of the EO
4.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis of Leaves
4.4. Anti Mosquito Activity
4.4.1. Insects
4.4.2. In Vitro Klun and Debboun (K&D) Bioassay
4.4.3. Larvicidal Bioassays
4.5. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Small samples of Satureja pilosa are available from the authors. |
Location | EO Yield | Myrcene | α-Terpinene | p-Cymene | γ-Terpinene |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antonovski vodopad | 0.64 cde | 0.48 defg | 1.06 abcde | 25.87 abcdef | 0.65 cdefg |
Kalofer/Panicite1 | 1.16 abcde | 1.11 abcdef | 0.76 cde | 9.63 g | 6.88 abc |
Kalofer/Panicite2 | 0.99 abcde | 1.21 abcde | 0.97 abcde | 12.79 fg | 7.55 ab |
Kalofer/Panicite3 | 0.73 abcde | 0.73 bcdefg | 0.80 cde | 23.96 abcdef | 3.75 abcde |
Klisura/Karlovo | 0.80 abcde | 0.87 abcdefg | 1.62 abcde | 28.36 abcde | 3.15 abcde |
Madan1 | 0.76 abcde | 1.43 abcd | 2.85 ab | 29.71 abc | 6.65 abc |
Madan2 | 1.44 abcd | 0.79 abcdefg | 1.28 abcde | 30.99 ab | 0.90 bcdef |
Madan3 | 1.22 abcd | 0.27 fg | 1.02 abcde | 28.65 abcd | 0.06 fg |
Maglij/Selci1 | 1.62 abc | 0.71 bcdefg | 0.956 abcde | 22.70 abcdef | 2.35 abcdef |
Maglij/Selci2 | 1.69 abc | 0.93 abcdef | 1.05 abcde | 15.63 bcdefg | 4.89 abcd |
Maglij/Selci3 | 1.04 abcde | 0.20 g | 0.48 e | 18.50 abcdefg | 0.16 defg |
Maglij/Selci4 | 2.03 a | 0.96 abcdef | 0.89 bcde | 14.42 cdefg | 5.15 abcd |
Maglij/Selci5 | 1.74 abc | 0.00 h | 0.00 f | 0.00 h | 0.00 g |
Maglij/Selci6 | 1.80 abc | 0.00 h | 0.00 f | 0.00 h | 0.00 g |
Metlica | 0.75 abcde | 1.47 abcd | 1.89 abcde | 13.59 efg | 6.71 abc |
Podkova1 | 1.10 abcde | 2.03 ab | 2.56 abc | 13.31 fg | 11.16 a |
Podkova2 | 1.31 abcd | 1.57 abcd | 1.82 abcde | 10.10 g | 6.55 abc |
Samokitka1 | 0.52 de | 2.26 a | 2.89 ab | 12.46 fg | 11.96 a |
Samokitka2 | 1.70 abc | 2.08 ab | 3.19 a | 18.30 abcdefg | 12.43 a |
Samokitka3 | 0.66 bcde | 0.96 abcdef | 1.39 abcde | 14.02 defg | 3.24 abcde |
Sopot | 0.89 abcde | 0.31 efg | 0.48 e | 24.18 abcdef | 0.19 efg |
Sushica/Karlovo1 | 1.92 ab | 1.53 abcd | 2.28 abcd | 17.24 abcdefg | 11.01 a |
Sushica/Karlovo2 | 0.34 e | 1.24 abcde | 1.77 abcde | 20.02 abcdefg | 5.32 abcd |
Sushica/Karlovo3 | 1.00 abcde | 0.46 defg | 0.71 cde | 14.64 cdefg | 1.77 abcdef |
Taja1 | 1.37 abcd | 0.20 g | 0.67 de | 18.51 abcdefg | 0.00 g |
Taja2 | 0.98 abcde | 0.28 fg | 0.54 e | 19.33 abcdefg | 0.06 fg |
Taja3 | 1.12 abcde | 0.60 cdefg | 1.19 abcde | 34.03 a | 1.94 abcdef |
Taja4 | 1.20 abcde | 0.00 h | 0.00 f | 0.00 h | 0.00 g |
Vasil Levski1 | 0.64 cde | 1.07 abcdef | 1.55 abcde | 22.71 abcdef | 4.55 abcd |
Vasil Levski2 | 0.89 abcde | 0.60 cdefg | 1.34 abcde | 31.62 ab | 2.65 abcdef |
Vasil Levski3 | 1.20 abcde | 0.70 bcdefg | 1.99 abcde | 25.41 abcdef | 2.30 abcdef |
Zlatograd1 | 0.80 abcde | 1.81 abc | 2.40 abcd | 24.01 abcdef | 11.09 a |
Zlatograd2 | 0.68 bcde | 1.51 abcd | 1.29 abcde | 17.49 abcdefg | 2.68 abcdef |
Location | Compound | Location | Compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monoterpenes (%) | Sesquiterpenes (%) | Other (%) | Unknown (%) | Monoterpenes (%) | Sesquiterpenes (%) | Other (%) | Unknown (%) | ||
1. V.Levski1 | 89.3 | 2.16 | 5.22 | 0.94 | 18.Antonovski vodopad | 84.8 | 2.68 | 5.71 | 0.78 |
2. V.Levski2 | 90.5 | 4.18 | 3.79 | 1.23 | 19.Klisura/Karlovo | 92.9 | 4.06 | 3.1 | 1.10 |
3. V.Levski3 | 90.5 | 2.93 | 6.29 | 0.78 | 20. Sopot | 87.3 | 5.76 | 5.48 | 1.60 |
4. SushicaKarlovo2 | 92.7 | 3.89 | 1.6 | 1.40 | 21.Maglij/Selci2 | 94.2 | 3.53 | 1.16 | 1.34 |
5. SushicaKarlovo3 | 91.8 | 2.5 | 4.89 | 1.18 | 22.Maglij/Selci1 | 92.7 | 3.78 | 1.98 | 1.59 |
6. SushicaKarlovo1 | 87.2 | 4.3 | 5.81 | 1.45 | 23.Maglij/Selci3 | 92.9 | 3.88 | 0.97 | 1.54 |
7. Podkova1 | 93.4 | 3.20 | 1.06 | 2.09 | 24.Maglij/Selci4 | 95.2 | 2.3 | 1.39 | 1.23 |
8. Podkova2 | 92.2 | 3.66 | 1.28 | 1.21 | 25.Maglij/Selci 5 | 89.6 | 6.4 | 2.69 | 0.22 |
9. Metlica | 93.3 | 4.53 | 0.96 | 1.29 | 26.Maglij/Selci6 | 94.2 | 3.75 | 1.73 | 0.26 |
10. Samokitka2 | 92.8 | 3.95 | 1.83 | 1.65 | 27. Taja4 | 88.9 | 7.96 | 2.79 | 0.31 |
11. Samokitka1 | 93.8 | 2.57 | 2.48 | 1.61 | 28. Taja1 | 93.0 | 3.74 | 2.17 | 1.2 |
12.Samokitka3 | 93.4 | 3.94 | 1.38 | 1.65 | 29. Taja2 | 91.5 | 4.2 | 3.33 | 1.33 |
13. Zlatograd 2 | 92.7 | 2.56 | 2.53 | 2.08 | 30. Taja3 | 93.7 | 3.98 | 3.47 | 0.93 |
14. Zlatograd 1 | 93.1 | 4.19 | 1.73 | 1.71 | 31. Panicite 1 | 96.1 | 2.2 | 0.59 | 1.11 |
15. Madan1 | 91.9 | 3.55 | 3.05 | 1.55 | 32. Panicite 2 | 96.0 | 1.5 | 0.82 | 1.43 |
16. Madan2 | 89.8 | 5.65 | 3.28 | 1.31 | 33. Panicite 4 | 86.5 | 4.67 | 7.28 | 2.12 |
17. Madan | 93.0 | 2.88 | 3.13 | 1.13 |
Location | Thymol | Carvacrol | Trans-Caryophyllene | Caryophyllene Oxide |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antonovski vodopad | 49.39 a | 2.55 j | 1.44 abc | 1.83 cd |
Kalofer/Panicite1 | 0.32 c | 74.99 abc | 1.58 abc | 0.59 d |
Kalofer/Panicite2 | 0.35 c | 68.82 abcd | 0.73 c | 0.65 d |
Kalofer/Panicite3 | 0.19 c | 52.43 de | 1.82 abc | 1.94 cd |
Klisura/Karlovo | 39.51 a | 11.17 f | 2.64 a | 1.77 cd |
Madan1 | 36.61 a | 7.65 fghi | 0.63 c | 0.62 d |
Madan2 | 41.24 a | 8.41 fg | 0.88 abc | 0.89 d |
Madan3 | 50.98 a | 5.75 ghij | 0.86 abc | 1.47 cd |
Maglij/Selci1 | 0.25 c | 62.59 cde | 2.63 a | 1.15 d |
Maglij/Selci2 | 0.95 bc | 67.21 abcd | 2.03 abc | 0.78 d |
Maglij/Selci3 | 0.28 c | 69.43 abcd | 1.35 abc | 2.14 bcd |
Maglij/Selci4 | 0.28 c | 70.98 abcd | 1.37 abc | 0.91 d |
Maglij/Selci5 | 0.21 c | 88.36 ab | 0.00 d | 3.27 abc |
Maglij/Selci6 | 0.30 c | 93.04 a | 0.00 d | 1.88 cd |
Metlica | 54.09 a | 7.43 fghi | 2.65 a | 1.27 d |
Podkova1 | 66.20 a | 7.70 fgh | 1.58 abc | 0.74 d |
Podkova2 | 63.45 a | 6.29 fghi | 2.68 a | 0.97 d |
Samokitka1 | 50.30 a | 7.77 fgh | 0.75 bc | 0.92 d |
Samokitka2 | 41.60 a | 7.11 fghi | 1.64 abc | 1.24 d |
Samokitka3 | 63.07 a | 5.54 ghij | 0.70 c | 0.74 d |
Sopot | 54.12 a | 4.57 ghij | 1.18 abc | 3.85 ab |
Sushica/Karlovo1 | 50.37 a | 6.53 fghi | 2.52 a | 1.37 d |
Sushica/Karlovo2 | 51.14 a | 4.62 ghij | 2.48 ab | 1.82 cd |
Sushica/Karlovo3 | 67.09 a | 3.63 ij | 1.10 abc | 1.36 d |
Taja1 | 0.90 bc | 69.91 abcd | 1.77 abc | 1.36 d |
Taja2 | 0.26 c | 66.59 bcd | 1.75 abc | 2.11 bcd |
Taja3 | 5.04 b | 44.42 e | 2.20 abc | 1.77 cd |
Taja4 | 0.21 c | 87.42 abc | 0.00 d | 4.04 a |
Vasil Levski1 | 50.52 a | 4.94 ghij | 1.62 abc | 1.53 cd |
Vasil Levski2 | 47.00 a | 3.95 hij | 2.13 abc | 2.04 bcd |
Vasil Levski3 | 48.82 a | 5.87 fghi | 1.79 abc | 1.78 cd |
Zlatograd1 | 58.44 a | 7.02 fghi | 1.52 abc | 1.09 d |
Zlatograd2 | 56.83 a | 6.32 fghi | 0.66 c | 0.85 d |
Compound | LC50 ppm (95% CI)a | LC90 ppm (95% CI) | χ2 | dfb |
---|---|---|---|---|
p-cymene | 36.9 (33.5–40.7) | 54.4 (48.8–64.8) | 55 | 48 |
ϒ-terpinene | 27.2 (24.1–30.9) | 52.4 (44.4–66.2) | 80.2 | 48 |
№ | Coordinate | Masl | Location Name | Sample (g) | № | Coordinate | Masl | Location Name | Sample (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | N42°43′54.0″ E024°19′24.5″ | 1039 | Antonovski vodopad | 30 | 18 | N41°24′29.6″ E025°26′15.0″ | 612 | Samokitka1 | 15 |
2 | N42°40′09.05″ E024°59′45.4″ | 888 | Kalofer/Panicite1 | 20 | 19 | N41°24′29.3″ E025°26′15.3″ | 612 | Samokitka2 | 35 |
3 | N42°40′10.8″ E024°59′51.1″ | 935 | Kalofer/Panicite2 | 20 | 20 | N41°24′29.3″ E025°26′15.8″ | 612 | Samokitka3 | 40 |
4 | N42°40′10.8″ E024°59′51.1″ | 935 | Kalofer/Panicite3 | 25 | 21 | N42°40′07.0″ E024°44′46.3″ | 652 | Sopot | 45 |
5 | N42°42′14.9″ E024°24′34.1″ | 984 | Klisura/Karlovo | 30 | 22 | N42°38′39.9″ E024°50′52.4″ | 666 | Sushica/Karlovo1 | 50 |
6 | N41°32′21.8″ E024°55′06.2″ | 666 | Madan1 | 45 | 23 | N42°38′42.2″ E024°50′20.8″ | 666 | Sushica/Karlovo2 | 20 |
7 | N41°32′21.8″ E024°55′06.2″ | 666 | Madan2 | 25 | 24 | N42°38′44.8″ E024°50′18.0″ | 669 | Sushica/Karlovo3 | 50 |
8 | N41°32′21.8″ E024°55′06.2″ | 666 | Madan3 | 45 | 25 | N42°40′02.7″ E025°04′35.2″ | 663 | Taja1 | 50 |
9 | N42°37′45.3″ E025°33′27.2″ | 704 | Maglij/Selci1 | 15 | 26 | N42°40′03.2″ E025°04′34.9″ | 669 | Taja2 | 50 |
10 | N42°37′38.4″ E025°33′27.8″ | 708 | Maglij/Selci2 | 25 | 27 | N42°40′03.5″ E025°04′35.4″ | 669 | Taja3 | 50 |
11 | N42°37′49.4″ E025°33′18.9″ | 731 | Maglij/Selci3 | 35 | 28 | N42°40′02.7″ E025°04′35.3″ | 662 | Taja4 | 20 |
12 | N42°37′52.2″ E025°33′14.5″ | 749 | Maglij/Selci4 | 15 | 29 | N42°37′46.7″ E024°54′31.3″ | 554 | Vasil Levski1 | 45 |
13 | N42°37′52.4″ E025°33′14.5″ | 749 | Maglij/Selci5 | 25 | 30 | N42°37′46.8″ E024°54′31.3″ | 554 | Vasil Levski1 | 45 |
14 | N42°37′52.6″ E025°33′14.5″ | 749 | Maglij/Selci6 | 50 | 31 | N42°37′47.9″ E024°54′26.4″ | 550 | Vasil Levski2 | 50 |
15 | N41°25′52.2″ E025°26′07.5″ | 503 | Metlica | 50 | 32 | N41°23′15.3″ E025°09′57.4″ | 394 | Zlatograd1 | 25 |
16 | N41°27′53.0″ E025°25′01.5″ | 562 | Podkova1 | 50 | 33 | N41°23′15.3″ E025°09′57.4″ | 394 | Zlatograd2 | 15 |
17 | N41°25′50.0″ E025°25′32.9″ | 511 | Podkova2 | 50 |
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Semerdjieva, I.B.; Zheljazkov, V.; Cantrell, C.L.; Astatkie, T.; Ali, A. Essential Oil Yield and Composition of the Balkan Endemic Satureja pilosa Velen. (Lamiaceae). Molecules 2020, 25, 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040827
Semerdjieva IB, Zheljazkov V, Cantrell CL, Astatkie T, Ali A. Essential Oil Yield and Composition of the Balkan Endemic Satureja pilosa Velen. (Lamiaceae). Molecules. 2020; 25(4):827. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040827
Chicago/Turabian StyleSemerdjieva, Ivanka B., Valtcho Zheljazkov, Charles L. Cantrell, Tess Astatkie, and Abbas Ali. 2020. "Essential Oil Yield and Composition of the Balkan Endemic Satureja pilosa Velen. (Lamiaceae)" Molecules 25, no. 4: 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040827