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Article

Synthesis of Polyheterocyclic Dimers Containing Restricted and Constrained Peptidomimetics via IMCR-Based Domino/Double CuAAC Click Strategy

by
Shrikant G. Pharande
,
Manuel A. Rentería-Gómez
and
Rocío Gámez-Montaño
*
Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Col. Noria Alta, 36050 Guanajuato, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(22), 5246; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225246
Submission received: 30 September 2020 / Revised: 30 October 2020 / Accepted: 1 November 2020 / Published: 11 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cascade Reactions and Related One-Pot Processes)
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Abstract

:
A novel strategy via the triple process (multicomponent reactions (MCR)-domino)/tandem was developed for the synthesis of restricted and constrained bis-1,2,3-triazole-linked pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine peptidomimetics dimers in overall yields of 20–55%. This strategy allows the construction of six heterocycles in two stages of the reaction.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The design of peptidomimetics has emerged as an important tool for medicinal chemists to address problems associated with natural peptides. In particular, the incorporation of cyclic scaffolds into constrained peptidomimetics is of high interest, as they decrease the flexibility of the peptide, reducing the number of conformations, thus enhancing their affinity and bioavailability for a certain receptor [1,2].
The restricted and constrained peptidomimetics play a central role in drug discovery and in the design of novel molecules with potential application in biological chemistry and are of particular interest in both academic and industry fields. In this context 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles, which display structural and electronic similarities with the trans-amide bond, often enhance the biological activity of the parent molecule by increasing the metabolic stability and hydrogen-bonding ability. Furthermore, they are flat bivalent molecules, mimicking the restricted conformational constraints of double bonds in alkyl chains and can be used as a replacement of a variety of other five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles [3,4].
Examples of bioactive triazole-linked dimeric heterocycles include anticancer agent 1 [5,6,7,8], antimicrobial 2 [9,10,11,12], as well as antioxidants [10] and antipsychotic agents [13] (Figure 1). It is important to note that these compounds have an aliphatic chain spacer between the 1,2,3-triazole rings, probably for lipophilic control, and a heterocyclic component linked to the triazole ring. Other applications are in coordination chemistry, biochemistry, and also in supramolecular chemistry [14,15].
The pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one is an important fragment for building conformationally constrained peptidomimetics. Compounds incorporating this fused heterocycle exhibit a wide range of biological activities including anti-diabetic agents [16], anticancer, analgesic, and therapeutic agents for central nervous system-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, and schizophrenia [17,18,19,20]. Furthermore, Wager et al. reported the synthesis of their analogs with brain-selective radioligand properties [21].
On the other hand, nicotinic and alkyl fragments containing bis-derivatives of L-Valine 3 showed potent neuropharmacological activities [22,23,24,25,26,27]. In this context, the compounds 13 synthesized here can be a rigid analogue of 3 incorporating a conformationally constrained fragment (pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones) and trans-amide bond peptidomimetics (1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles) (Figure 1).
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have proven to be an efficient approach in organic synthesis. Particularly, the isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (IMCRs), such as the Ugi and Passerini reactions, are the most relevant for constructing peptidomimetics since they give access to linear peptides and depsipeptide-like structures. The post-MCR transformation strategy toward the synthesis of privileged heterocyclic peptidomimetics (PHPs) is well documented [28]. The use of orthogonal and bifunctional inputs in MCRs plays a central role by allowing a variety of transformations on the intermediates generated and thus increases the molecular complexity [29]. Among the all MCR strategies known to access restricted and/or constrained PHPs, the ones that involve MCRs coupled with other one-pot processes in consecutive or domino manner are the most efficient, versatile, robust, and ecofriendly. In this context, the strategies involving domino processes are particularly desirable, because the molecular complexity is significatively increased and the secondary products are reduced. Zhu et al. are the pioneers of the post-MCRs transformation-based domino strategy [30,31].
Our ongoing research program focuses on the design of new or novel, rapid, convergent, ecofriendly, and efficient post-IMCR/transformation strategies in consecutive [32,33,34,35,36,37,38] or domino manner [39,40,41] toward the synthesis of novel molecules containing conformationally restricted and/or constrained peptidomimetics. Recently, we reported the first ultrasound-assisted green one-pot synthesis of molecules containing privileged restricted peptidomimetics via this strategy: post-IMCR transformation/ Copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction employing a green alternative energy source [42]. In addition, the synthesis of molecules containing restricted and constrained PHPs via IMCR, followed by a domino process and subsequent CuAAC to incorporate 1,2,3-triazoles moiety (Scheme 1b) [32]. Surprisingly, the synthesis of PHPs via the post-MCR transformation click strategy has rarely been reported [43,44].
To our knowledge, the strategy developed to synthesize dimers via a repetitive IMCR employing a bifunctional starting material is well documented [45,46,47,48,49]. The coupling of MCR with other domino processes (MCR-based domino) is undeniably the best strategy to increase their synthetic potential and to generate molecular complexity. However, their application in the design and development of more efficient and ecofriendly strategies toward the synthesis of complex molecules such as polyheterocyclic dimers is practically unexplored. To date, only three reports are available. [50,51,52].
Concerning the syntheses of dimers of 1,2,3-triazole, only multistep syntheses have been documented. In 2019, Msaddek and co-workers reported the synthesis to the dimers of 1,5-benzodiazepine-1,2,3-triazole (Scheme 1a) [10].
Encouraged by the fact that the post-MCR transformation strategy coupled to a double CuAAC click reaction for the synthesis of polyheterocyclic dimers has not been reported, we herein report a novel strategy toward the synthesis of new PHP dimers via a triple process: (MCR-domino)/tandem involving an IMCR coupled to a domino process followed by tandem process involving the Ugi 3-CR coupled to the aza Diels–Alder/N-acylation/decarboxylation/dehydration/aromatization) domino process followed by the double CuAAC click process. The developed strategy allowed us to synthesize polyheterocyclic dimers containing both restricted and constrained PHPs (Scheme 1c).
The main advantage of the strategy developed here is the coupling of three of the best efficient synthetic tools, improving the synthetic potential of each these processes, which allowed increased diversity and molecular complexity. The complex alkynes, playing a central role as precursors for click reactions, were synthesized from alicyclic starting reagents via the IMCR/aza Diels–Alder-based domino process. Then, the complex alkynes were subjected to the double CuAAC click reaction toward dimers containing 1,2,3-triazole-linked to other PHPs, increasing their potential in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry fields (Scheme 2). It is worth highlighting that the synthesized dimers contain restricted and constrained PHPs, which is an amazing result from the synthetic point of view considering that six heterocycles were constructed in only two reaction stages.

2. Results and Discussion

In this work, we report the two-step synthesis of dimer compound 13, which contains three different heterocycles: pyridine, pyrrolidin-2-one, and 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazole (Scheme 1). In the first step, the synthesis of 11 occurs via the Ugi-3CR followed by the aza Diels–Alder/N-acylation/decarboxylation/dehydratation/aromatization domino process to give a complex terminal alkyne functionalized at the α-position with a fused heterocycle.
The plausible reaction mechanism for the formation of pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones is shown in Scheme 3 and is supported by computational calculations performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods [53]. The use of Lewis acids to activate imines has proven useful in Ugi-3CR with α-isocyano acetamides as reported by Zhu and co-workers [54], as the resulting iminium ions are more reactive than imines in the Ugi-3CR. Thus, after some reactions and with previously optimized reaction conditions [32,33,34], propargyl amine 6 was combined with aldehyde 7 to give the imine. Heating this imine at 50 °C for 30 min in microwave (MW) with 3 mol% Sc(OTf)3 resulted in iminium ion, which was then reacted with the α-isocyanoacetamide 8 at 80 °C for 15 min to give key 5-aminooxazole 9 via chain-ring tautomerization. This was followed by a domino process between 9 and maleic anhydride (10) via an aza-Diels–Alder/N-acylation/decarboxylation/dehydratation/aromatization sequence in the same pot at 80 °C for 30 min. It is highlighting that Sc(OTf)3 is an efficient catalyst performing a double role in the IMCR and in the aza-Diels–Alder cycloaddition process [55]. Complex alkynes functionalized with pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones 11 were obtained in moderate-to-good yields (46–69%). The lowest yield of all the synthesized analogues was obtained with p-chlorobenzaldehyde (R1 = p-ClPh) and R2 = dimethylamino (Table 1).
Encouraged by the efficiency of the domino processes, we set out to explore the conditions that would enable its coupling with a tandem process via a double CuAAC click reaction using purified products 11 and 1,3-diazidopropane (12) (Scheme 4). When 11d was reacted with 1,3-diazido propane 12 in the presence of CuI (5 mol%) at room temperature in 1:4 DMF/THF for 8 h, the desired product 13d was formed in a low yield of 19%. Upon increasing the catalyst loading to 10 mol% and the reaction time to 24 h, the yield was improved to 34%. Fortunately, when the reaction was carried out at 100 °C in MW for 5 min, in 1:1 DMF/H2O with CuSO4•5H2O and sodium ascorbate, the product yield increased to 71%.
Thus, with the optimized conditions, the desired propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones 13a–j were prepared in 44–80% yields from pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones 11a–j (Table 1). Contrary to our previous report, MW irradiation at 100 °C allowed generation of the products in short reaction times of 5 min [32]. All the synthesized products were characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR and HRMS (compounds 13a–j are shown in the Supplementary Material). It is known that the regiocontrol of azide–alkyne cycloadditions strongly depends on the nature of the catalysts and the reagents employed [56,57,58,59,60]. Copper(I) salts afford exclusively 1,4-adducts, while ruthenium cyclopentadienyl complexes promote 1,5-adduct formation [61,62]. In order to suggest the regioselectivity in triazole formation, we have compared the spectral data of our compound with literature values. A comparison of our 1H-NMR spectra with literature values confirmed the production of 1,4-regioisomers in each case

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

1H and 13C-NMR spectra were acquired on Bruker avance III (500 MHz) spectrometers. The solvent used was deuterated chloroform (CDCl3). Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (δ/ppm). The internal reference for 1H-NMR spectra is tetramethylsilane (TMS) at 0.0 ppm. The internal reference for 13C-NMR spectra is CDCl3 at 77.0 ppm. Coupling constants (J) are reported in Hertz (Hz). Multiplicities of the signals are reported using the standard abbreviations: singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quartet (q), and multiplet (m). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were analyzed using MestreNova software version 10.0.1-14719. Mass spectrometry (MS) spectra were acquired on a Bruker Daltonics Maxis Impact ESI-qTOF MS spectrometer. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) samples were ionized in electrospray ionization (ESI) mode and recorded via the time-of-flight (TOF) method. Reaction progress was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on precoated silica gel Kieselgel 60 F254 plates, and the spots were visualized under UV light (254 or 365 nm). Flash column chromatography was performed using silica gel (230–400 mesh) and mixtures of hexanes with EtOAc in different proportions (v/v) or DCM with methanol (9:1 v/v) as the mobile phase. Melting points were determined on a Fisher–Johns apparatus and were uncorrected. All starting materials were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and were used without further purification. Chemical names and drawings were obtained using the ChemBioDraw Ultra 13.0.2.3020 software package. The solvents were distilled and dried according to standard procedures.

3.2. Synthetic Procedures

3.2.1. General procedure for the synthesis and characterization of the 6-Propargyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones 11a–j (GP-1)

The propargylamine 6 (1.0 equiv.) and the corresponding aldehyde 7a–d (1.0 equiv.) were placed in a 10 mL sealed CEM DiscoverTM microwave reaction tube and diluted in 1.0 mL toluene. Then, the mixture was irradiated (MW, 60 W 50 °C) for 15 min, and Sc(OTf)3 (3% mol) was added. The mixture was irradiated (MW, 60 W, 50 °C) for 15 min, and the corresponding isocyanide 8a–c was added (1.2 equiv.) was added. The mixture was irradiated (MW, 150 W, 80 °C), but this time for 30 min, and maleic anhydride (10) (1.4 equiv.) was added. Finally, this reaction mixture was irradiated (MW, 150 W, 80 °C) for 30 min. Then, the solvent was removed to dryness under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to afford the corresponding pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones 11a–j. For the characterizeation, see Gámez-Montaño*, Front. Chem. 2019, 7:546.

3.2.2. General procedure for the synthesis and characterization of the Propane-linked bis-Triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones 13a–j (GP-2)

The corresponding pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one 11a–j (1.0 equiv.) and 1,3-diazido propane (0.5 equiv.) were placed in a 10 mL sealed CEM DiscoverTM microwave reaction tube and diluted in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1), CuSO4•5H2O (5 mol%) and sodium ascorbate (30 mol%) were added. The mixture was irradiated (MW, 150 W, 100 °C) for 5 min. Next, the reaction mixture was diluted in water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under vacuum to afford the crude product. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using MeOH–dichloromethane (10% MeOH in dichloromethane) as eluent to give propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one 13a–j.
6,6′-((Propane-1,3-diylbis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-benzyl-3-morpholino-7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one) (13a): According to GP-2, 11a (50 mg, 0.0011 μmol), 1,3-diazido propane (12) (7.4 mg, 0.059 μmol), CuSO4•5H2O (2.9 mg), and Na ascorbate (7.02 mg, 0.006 μmol) were reacted together in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1) in MW to afford the propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones 13a (58 mg, 50%) as yellow solid; m.p. 197–198 °C; DCM-MeOH = 9/1 v/v; 1H-NMR (400 MHz; CDCl3; 25 °C; TMS): δ 7.86 (s, 2H), 7.61 (s, 2H), 7.44–7.32 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 7.31–7.20 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 7.18–7.10 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 5.63 (s, 2H), 5.20 (d, 2H, J = 15.4 Hz), 4.41–4.23 (m, 6H), 4.22–4.09 (m, 4H), 3.89–3.63 (m, 8H), 2.92–2.68 (m, 8H), 2.55–2.41 (m, 2H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.1, 162.3, 160.6, 147.8, 143.8, 139.2, 135.2, 129.0, 128.8, 128.3, 128.2, 126.2, 123.8, 123.4, 67.1, 65.4, 53.0, 46.8, 40.0, 35.4, 30.4; HRMS (ESI+): m/z calcd. for C57H56N12O4+: 973.4620, found: 973.4599.
6,6′-((Propane-1,3-diylbis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-benzyl-7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-morpholino-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one) (13b): According to GP-2, 11b (50 mg, 0.0010 μmol) 1,3-diazido propane (12) (6.5 mg, 0.051 μmol), CuSO4•5H2O (2.5 mg), and Na ascorbate (6.15 mg, 0.006 μmol) were reacted together in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1) in MW to afford the propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones (13b) (71 mg, 63%) as orange solid; m.p. 222–224 °C; DCM-MeOH = 9/1 v/v; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.55 (s, 2H), 7.12–7.02 (m, 20H, Ar-H), 6.81 (s, 2H), 6.59 (s, 2H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 5.10 (d, 2H, J = 5.11 Hz), 4.27–4.08 (m, 6H), 3.81 (s, 6H), 2.90–2.70 (m, 8H), 2.55–2.35 (m, 2H); 13C-NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.0, 162.3, 160.6, 149.4, 147.8, 143.8, 139.2, 128.8, 128.2, 127.3, 126.2, 123.8, 123.4, 121.2, 111.4, 110.8, 67.1, 65.2, 56.0, 55.9, 53.0, 46.8, 40.1, 35.2, 29.7; HRMS (ESI+): m/z calcd. for C61H64N12O8+: 1093.5042, found: 1093.5010.
6,6′-((Propane-1,3-diylbis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-benzyl-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-morpholino-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one) (13c): According to GP-2, 11c (50 mg, 0.00109 μmol), 1,3-diazido propane 12 (6.9 mg, 0.054 μmol), CuSO4•5H2O (2.7 mg), and Na ascorbate (6.5 mg, 0.0032 μmol) were reacted together in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1) in MW to afford the propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones (13c) (90 mg, 79%) as beige solid; m.p. 201–203 °C; DCM-MeOH = 9/1 v/v; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.78 (s, 2H), 7.61 (s, 2H), 7.34 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 4H), 7.18–7.11 (m, 10H), 5.61 (s, 2H), 5.19 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 2H), 4.34–4.26 (m, 6H), 4.34–4.26 (m, 6H), 3.84–3.76 (m, 6H), 2.85–2.76 (m, 8H), 2.55–2.41 (m, 2H); 13C-NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.2, 162.6, 160.2, 148.1, 143.7, 139.2, 134.8, 134.0, 129.8, 129.3, 128.9, 128.3, 126.4, 124.0, 123.8, 123.6(2), 67.2, 64.8, 53.2, 46.9, 40.2, 35.5, 29.4; HRMS (ESI+): m/z calcd. for C57H54Cl2N12O4+: 1041.3840, found: 1041.3810.
6,6′-((Propane-1,3-diylbis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-benzyl-3-morpholino-7-propyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one) (13d): According to GP-2, 11d (50 mg, 0.0011 μmol), 1,3-diazido propane (12) (8.1 mg, 0.059 μmol), CuSO4•5H2O (3.2 mg), and Na ascorbate (7.63 mg, 0.006 μmol) were reacted together in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1) in MW to afford the propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones (13d) (83 mg, 71%) as yellow solid; m.p. 178–179 °C; DCM-MeOH = 9/1 v/v; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.73 (s, 2H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.20–7.14 (m, 8H), 7.10–7.07 (m, 2H), 5.11 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 2H), 4.58–4.51 (m, 2H), 4.44 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 2H), 4.32–4.20 (m, 8H), 3.77–3.72 (m, 8H), 2.80–2.68 (m, 8H), 2.19–2.12 (m, 2H), 2.00–1.90 (m, 2H), 1.12–0.98 (m, 2H), 0.79–0.70 (m, 8H); 13C-NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.3, 161.7, 160.6, 147.6, 144.1, 139.6, 129.0, 128.4, 126.3, 124.5, 123.6, 67.3, 61.0, 53.2, 47.0, 40.1, 35.6, 31.5, 30.6, 16.2, 14.0; HRMS (ESI+): m/z calcd. for C51H60N12O4+: 905.4933, found: 905.4911.
6,6′-((Propane-1,3-diylbis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-benzyl-7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(piperidin-1-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one) (13e): According to GP-2, 11e (50 mg, 0.0011 μmol), 1,3-diazido propane (12) (6.5 mg, 0.059 μmol), CuSO4•5H2O (2.5 mg), and Na ascorbate (6.17 mg, 0.003 μmol) were reacted together in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1) in MW to afford the propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones (13e) (91 mg, 80%) as brown solid; m.p. 212–214 °C; DCM-MeOH = 9/1 v/v; 1H-NMR (400 MHz; CDCl3; 25oC; TMS): δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.60 (s, 2H), 7.24–7.19 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.17–7.09 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 6.91–6.83 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 6.63 (s, 2H), 5.53 (s, 2H), 5.17 (d, 2H, J = 15.4 Hz), 4.33–4.22 (m, 6H), 4.22–4.15 (m, 4H), 3.88 (s, 6H), 3.77 (s, 6H), 2.88–2.77 (m, 8H), 2.53–2.40 (m, 2H), 1.74–1.77 (m, 8H), 1.60–1.54 (m, 4H); 13C-NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.2, 162.3, 159.7, 149.4, 149.4, 149.3, 144.0, 139.6, 128.9, 128.0, 126.0, 123.6, 123.3, 123.1, 121.2, 111.4, 110.9, 65.1, 56.0, 55.9, 54.3, 46.8, 39.9, 35.2, 30.4, 26.4, 23.9; HRMS (ESI+): m/z calcd. for C63H68N12O6+: 1089.5457, found: 1089.5435.
6,6′-((Propane-1,3-diylbis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-benzyl-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(piperidin-1-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one) (13f): According to GP-2, 11f (50 mg, 0.0010 μmol), 1,3-diazido propane (12) (6.9 mg, 0.054 μmol), CuSO4•5H2O (2.7 mg), and Na ascorbate (6.52 mg, 0.003 μmol) were reacted together in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1) in MW to afford the propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones (13f) (78 mg, 69%) as yellow solid; m.p. 217–218 °C; DCM-MeOH = 9/1 v/v; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.72 (s, 2H), 7.53 (s, 2H), 7.26 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.14–7.01 (m, 14H), 5.49 (s, 2H), 5.11 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 2H), 4.26–4.16 (m, 6H), 4.06 (d, J = 13.8 Hz, 4H), 2.75–2.64 (m, 8H), 2.45–2.35 (m, 2H), 1.69–1.56 (m, 8H), 1.53–1.46 (m, 4H); 13C-NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.5, 162.6, 159.3, 149.6, 143.8, 139.5, 134.7, 134.2, 129.9, 129.3, 129.0, 128.2, 126.2, 123.5, 123.3, 64.7, 54.4, 46.9, 39.9, 35.4, 30.5, 29.4, 26.5, 24.0; HRMS (ESI+): m/z calcd. for C59H58Cl2N12O2+: 1037.4255, found: 1037.4225.
6,6′-((Propane-1,3-diylbis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-benzyl-3-(diethylamino)-7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one) (13g): According to GP-2, 11g (50 mg, 0.0012 μmol), 1,3-diazido propane 12 (7.7 mg, 0.061 μmol), CuSO4•5H2O (3.2 mg), and Na ascorbate (7.2 mg, 0.003 μmol) were reacted together in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1) in MW to afford the propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones (13g) (58 mg, 49%) as yellow solid; m.p. 187–189 °C; DCM-MeOH = 9/1 v/v; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.59 (s, 2H), 7.39–7.33 (m, 6H), 7.26–7.22 (m, 4H), 7.16–7.08 (m, 10H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 5.20 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 2H), 4.33–4.25 (m, 6H), 4.19–4.12 (m, 4H), 2.95 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 8H), 2.53–2.42 (m, 2H), 0.89 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 12H); 13C-NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.5, 163.8, 160.0, 146.5, 144.0, 139.6, 135.5, 129.1, 129.1, 128.8, 128.4, 128.1, 126.0, 125.7, 123.5, 123.4, 65.5, 47.9, 46.9, 40.0, 35.5, 30.6, 12.2; HRMS (ESI+): m/z calcd. for C57H60N12O2+: 945.5034, found: 945.5009.
6,6′-((Propane-1,3-diylbis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-benzyl-3-(diethylamino)-7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one) (13h): According to GP-2, 11h (50 mg, 0.0010 μmol), 1,3-diazido propane (12) (6.7 mg, 0.053 μmol), CuSO4•5H2O (3.2 mg), and Na ascorbate (6.33 mg, 0.0031 μmol) were reacted together in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1) in MW to afford the propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones (13h) (61 mg, 53%) as orange solid; m.p. 191–194 °C; DCM-MeOH = 9/1 v/v; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.18–7.06 (m, 10H), 6.93–6.83 (m, 4H), 6.63 (s, 2H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 5.18 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 2H), 4.35–4.25 (m, 6H), 4.22–4.16 (m, 4H), 3.88 (s, 6H), 3.78 (s, 6H), 2.95 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 8H), 2.53–2.41 (m, 2H), 0.89 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 12H); 13C-NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.4, 163.9, 160.1, 149.5, 149.5, 146.5, 144.1, 139.7, 129.1, 128.1, 127.9, 127.7, 126.0, 125.7, 123.5, 123.4, 121.3, 111.4, 111.0, 65.3, 56.1 (2), 47.9, 46.9, 40.1, 35.4, 29.8, 12.2; HRMS (ESI+): m/z calcd. for C61H68N12O6+: 1065.5457, found: 1065.5424.
6,6′-((Propane-1,3-diylbis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-benzyl-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(diethylamino)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one) (13i): According to GP-2, 11i (46 mg, 0.0011 μmol), 1,3-diazido propane (12) (7.1 mg, 0.056 μmol), CuSO4•5H2O (2.8 mg), and Na ascorbate (6.69 mg, 0.003 μmol) were reacted together in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1) in MW to afford the propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones (13i) (51 mg, 44%) as beige solid; m.p. 189–191 °C; DCM-MeOH = 9/1 v/v. 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.74 (s, 2H), 7.54 (s, 2H), 7.27 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.12 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 4H), 7.09–7.03 (m, 10H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 5.13 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 2H), 4.26–4.18 (m, 6H), 4.11–4.05 (m, 4H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 8H), 2.46–2.36 (m, 2H), 0.83 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 12H); 13C-NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.4, 163.9, 159.4, 146.6, 143.6, 139.4, 134.6, 134.0, 129.7, 129.2, 129.0, 128.0, 126.0, 125.6, 123.1, 64.6, 47.7, 46.8, 39.8, 35.3, 29.3, 12.1; HRMS (ESI+): m/z calcd. for C61H68N12O6+: 1065.5457, found: 1065.5424.
6,6′-((Propane-1,3-diylbis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-benzyl-3-(diethylamino)-7-propyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one) (13j): According to GP-2, 11j (50 mg, 0.0013 μmol), 1,3-diazido propane (12) (8.4 mg, 0.066 μmol), CuSO4•5H2O (3.2 mg), and Na ascorbate (7.9 mg, 0.0039 μmol) were reacted together in 1.0 mL DMF:H2O (1:1) in MW to afford the propane-linked bis-triazolyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones (13j) (66 mg, 57%) as yellow solid; m.p. 173–174 °C; DCM-MeOH = 9/1 v/v; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.71 (s, 2H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.20–7.05 (m, 10H), 5.11 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (dd, J = 5.9, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 4.27–4.22 (m, 4H), 4.19 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 8H), 2.47–2.38 (m, 2H), 1.98–1.88 (m, 4H), 1.13–0.98 (m, 4H), 0.84 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 12H), 0.71 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H); 13C-NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.5, 163.1, 159.9, 146.0, 144.0, 139.8, 129.0, 128.0, 125.9, 125.4, 123.8, 123.5, 60.9, 47.9, 46.9, 39.8, 35.5, 31.4, 30.5, 16.1, 13.9, 12.1; HRMS (ESI+): m/z calcd. for C51H64N12O2+: 877.5347, found: 877.5314.

4. Conclusions

The MCR-based domino processes coupled to other synthetic tools, such as a double-click reaction, is an excellent alternative for designing and developing novel, efficient, and more eco-friendly synthetic strategies. The novel strategy developed herein involves an MCR coupled to a domino followed by a tandem process toward the synthesis of polyheterocyclic dimers. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles and pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine dimers linked to PHPs via a MCR-based domino followed by the double CuAAC click sequence. The integration of three highly efficient, convergent, versatile, and robust synthetic tools made the developed strategy one of the best alternatives toward the synthesis of polyheterocyclic dimers, which are of particular interest in biological and medicinal chemistry as they contain privileged heterocyclic restricted and constrained peptidomimetics. Interestingly, the developed strategy efficiently allowed the construction of six heterocycles in only two experimental steps. In the same way, the methodology reported here contributes majorly to the field of designing and synthesis novel molecules with potential application in biological, medicinal chemistry, and optics.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at, NMR-spectras and mass spectrometric data of the new products 13a–j can be found in the Supporting Information.

Author Contributions

R.G.-M. have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work. S.G.P. and M.A.R.-G. contributes significantly to the design and development of the work. M.A.R.-G. was responsible for performing the initial experiments. S.G.P. was responsible for designing and analyzing the results. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by CONACYT-México, CB-2016-285622 and DAIP-UG, 154/2019, 111/2020

Acknowledgments

RGM is grateful for financial support from DAIP-UG (154/2019, 111/2020) and CONACYT (CB-2016-285622) projects. MR-G (707974/585367) and SP (636753/573230) thank CONACYT for scholarships. The authors thank Rodolfo Lavilla for fruitful comments. All authors acknowledge the Laboratorio Nacional de Caracterización de Propiedades Fisicoquímícas y Estructura Molecular (CONACYT-México, Project: 123732) for the instrumentation time provided.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 13a–j are available from the authors.
Molecules 25 05246 g001 550
Figure 1. Bioactive, 1,2,3-triazole-linked dimers 1 and 2, bis-(N-nicotinoyl-L-valyl, bis-derivatives of L-valine 3 and our target compound 13.
Figure 1. Bioactive, 1,2,3-triazole-linked dimers 1 and 2, bis-(N-nicotinoyl-L-valyl, bis-derivatives of L-valine 3 and our target compound 13.
Molecules 25 05246 g001
Molecules 25 05246 sch001 550
Scheme 1. (a) Previous work for the synthesis of dimer of 1,5-benzodiazepine-1,2,3-triazole; (b) synthesis of PHPs 11 and pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones linked to 1,2,3-triazole; and (c) their complex analogs dimer 13 via the sequence: isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (IMCR)/aza Diels–Alder-based domino process/double CuAAC click process.
Scheme 1. (a) Previous work for the synthesis of dimer of 1,5-benzodiazepine-1,2,3-triazole; (b) synthesis of PHPs 11 and pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones linked to 1,2,3-triazole; and (c) their complex analogs dimer 13 via the sequence: isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (IMCR)/aza Diels–Alder-based domino process/double CuAAC click process.
Molecules 25 05246 sch001
Molecules 25 05246 sch002 550
Scheme 2. General synthetic strategy via a novel triple process: multicomponent reactions (MCR) coupled to a domino process followed by a tandem process toward polyheterocyclic dimers containing restricted and constrained peptidomimetics.
Scheme 2. General synthetic strategy via a novel triple process: multicomponent reactions (MCR) coupled to a domino process followed by a tandem process toward polyheterocyclic dimers containing restricted and constrained peptidomimetics.
Molecules 25 05246 sch002
Molecules 25 05246 sch003 550
Scheme 3. The plausible reaction mechanism for the formation of pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones.
Scheme 3. The plausible reaction mechanism for the formation of pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones.
Molecules 25 05246 sch003
Molecules 25 05246 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Optimization of the azide–alkyne cycloaddition.
Scheme 4. Optimization of the azide–alkyne cycloaddition.
Molecules 25 05246 sch004
Table
Table 1. Substrate scope.
Table 1. Substrate scope.
EntryR1R211 (%) a13 (%) a
Molecules 25 05246 i001
1Phmorpholine11a, 6413a, 50
23,4-MeOPhmorpholine11b, 6213b, 63
34-Cl-Phmorpholine11c, 5313c, 79
4n-propylmorpholine11d, 4713d, 71
53,4-MeOPhpiperidine11e, 6613e, 80
64-Cl-Phpiperidine11f, 5613f, 69
7Phdiethylamine11g, 5913g, 49
83,4-MeOPhdiethylamine11h, 6313h, 53
94-Cl-Phdiethylamine11i, 4613i, 44
10n-propyldiethylamine11j, 5013j, 57
a Isolated product. DMF = N,N-Dimethylformamide.
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Pharande, S.G.; Rentería-Gómez, M.A.; Gámez-Montaño, R. Synthesis of Polyheterocyclic Dimers Containing Restricted and Constrained Peptidomimetics via IMCR-Based Domino/Double CuAAC Click Strategy. Molecules 2020, 25, 5246. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225246

AMA Style

Pharande SG, Rentería-Gómez MA, Gámez-Montaño R. Synthesis of Polyheterocyclic Dimers Containing Restricted and Constrained Peptidomimetics via IMCR-Based Domino/Double CuAAC Click Strategy. Molecules. 2020; 25(22):5246. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225246

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pharande, Shrikant G., Manuel A. Rentería-Gómez, and Rocío Gámez-Montaño. 2020. "Synthesis of Polyheterocyclic Dimers Containing Restricted and Constrained Peptidomimetics via IMCR-Based Domino/Double CuAAC Click Strategy" Molecules 25, no. 22: 5246. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225246

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