Brown Seaweeds for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Metabolic Syndrome Mechanisms and Comorbidities
2.1. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
2.2. Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases
2.3. Obesity, Dyslipidemia, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
3. Brown Algal Species
4. Bioactive Compounds of Brown Seaweeds
4.1. Minerals and Vitamins
4.2. Polyphenols
4.2.1. Phlorotannins
4.2.2. Bromophenols
4.3. Polysaccharides
4.3.1. Alginates
4.3.2. Fucose-Containing Sulfated Polysaccharides
4.3.3. Laminarins
4.4. Terpenoids
4.4.1. Carotenoids
4.4.2. Sterols
4.5. Alkaloids
4.6. Lipids and Fatty Acids
4.7. Proteins
4.8. Prebiotics
5. Brown Seaweeds as Functional Food Ingredients for the Management of MS Comorbidities
6. Bioavailability of Brown Seaweeds
7. Clinical Studies Investigating Brown Seaweeds for MS Treatment
7.1. Ascophyllum Nodosum and Fucus Vesiculosus
7.2. Ecklonia Cava
7.3. Undaria Pinnatifida
7.4. Laminaria Species
8. Future Trends
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Eckel, R.H.; Grundy, S.M.; Zimmet, P.Z. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005, 365, 1415–1428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases. 2014. Available online: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-status-report-2014/en/ (accessed on 17 April 2020).
- Waltenberger, B.; Mocan, A.; Šmejkal, K.; Heiss, E.H.; Atanasov, A.G. Natural Products to Counteract the Epidemic of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders. Molecules 2016, 21, 807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gabbia, D.; Saponaro, M.; Sarcognato, S.; Guido, M.; Ferri, N.; Carrara, M.; De Martin, S. Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum Ameliorate Liver Function by Reducing Diet-Induced Steatosis in Rats. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Golomb, B.A.; Evans, M.A. Statin Adverse Effects: A Review of the Literature and Evidence for a Mitochondrial Mechanism. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 2008, 8, 373–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lankatillake, C.; Huynh, T.; Dias, D.A. Understanding glycaemic control and current approaches for screening antidiabetic natural products from evidence-based medicinal plants. Plant Methods 2019, 15, 105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gómez-Zorita, S.; González-Arceo, M.; Trepiana, J.; Eseberri, I.; Fernández-Quintela, A.; Milton-Laskibar, I.; Aguirre, L.; González, M.; Portillo, M.P. Anti-Obesity Effects of Macroalgae. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shannon, E.; Abu-Ghannam, N. Seaweeds as nutraceuticals for health and nutrition. Phycologia 2019, 58, 563–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iso, H. Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Disease in Japan. J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 2011, 18, 83–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nanri, A.; Mizoue, T.; Shimazu, T.; Ishihara, J.; Takachi, R.; Noda, M.; Iso, H.; Sasazuki, S.; Sawada, N.; Tsugane, S.; et al. Dietary patterns and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japanese men and women: The Japan public health center-based prospective study. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0174848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, E.S.; Allsopp, P.J.; Magee, P.J.; Gill, C.I.R.; Nitecki, S.; Strain, C.R.; McSorley, E.M. Seaweed and human health. Nutr. Rev. 2014, 72, 205–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flórez-Fernández, N.; Domínguez, H.; Torres, M.D. A green approach for alginate extraction from Sargassum muticum brown seaweed using ultrasound-assisted technique. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 124, 451–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Flórez-Fernández, N.; Torres, M.D.; González-Muñoz, M.J.; Domínguez, H. Recovery of bioactive and gelling extracts from edible brown seaweed Laminaria ochroleuca by non-isothermal autohydrolysis. Food Chem. 2019, 277, 353–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Flórez-Fernández, N.; Álvarez-Viñas, M.; Guerreiro, F.; Torres, M.D.; Grenha, A.; Domínguez, H. Hydrothermal Processing of Laminaria ochroleuca for the Production of Crude Extracts Used to Formulate Polymeric Nanoparticles. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guiry, M.D. AlgaeBase; World-Wide Electronic Publication; National University of Ireland: Galway, Ireland, 2010; Available online: http://www.algaebase.org/ (accessed on 27 May 2020).
- Rindi, F.; Soler-vila, A.; Maggs, C.A. Taxonomy of Marine Macroalgae Used as Sources of Bioactive Compounds. In Marine Bioactive Compounds; Hayes, M., Ed.; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murugan, A.C.; Karim, M.R.; Yusoff, M.B.M.; Tan, S.H.; Asras, M.F.B.F.; Rashid, S.S. New insights into seaweed polyphenols on glucose homeostasis. Pharm. Biol. 2015, 53, 1087–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wijesinghe, W.A.J.P.; Jeon, Y.J. Biological activities and potential cosmeceutical applications of bioactive components from brown seaweeds: A review. Phytochem. Rev. 2011, 10, 431–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernando, I.P.S.; Ryu, B.; Ahn, G.; Yeo, I.K.; Jeon, Y.J. Therapeutic potential of algal natural products against metabolic syndrome: A review of recent developments. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 97, 286–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw, J.E.; Sicree, R.A.; Zimmet, P.Z. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2010, 87, 4–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Testa, R.; Bonfigli, A.R.; Prattichizzo, F.; La Sala, L.; De Nigris, V.; Ceriello, A. The “Metabolic Memory” Theory and the Early Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Prevention of Diabetic Complications. Nutrients 2017, 9, 437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lackland, D.T.; Weber, M.A. Global burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke: Hypertension at the core. Can. J. Cardiol. 2015, 31, 569–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, Y.H.; Yoon, S.J.; Kim, A.; Seo, H.; Ko, S. Health Performance and Challenges in Korea: A Review of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2016, 31, S114–S120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamori, Y.; Sagara, M.; Arai, Y.; Kobayashi, H.; Kishimoto, K.; Matsuno, I.; Mori, H.; Mori, M. Soy and fish as features of the Japanese diet and cardiovascular disease risks. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0176039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maruyama, K.; Iso, H.; Date, C.; Kikuchi, S.; Watanabe, Y.; Wada, Y.; Inaba, Y.; Tamakoshi, A.; JACC Study Group. Dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular deaths among middle-aged Japanese: JACC Study. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2013, 23, 519–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chu, S.M.; Shih, W.T.; Yang, Y.H.; Chen, P.C.; Chu, Y.H. Use of traditional Chinese medicine in patients with hyperlipidemia: A population-based study in Taiwan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 168, 129–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yki-Järvinen, H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014, 2, 901–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gabbia, D.; Roverso, M.; Guido, M.; Sacchi, D.; Scaffidi, M.; Carrara, M.; Orso, G.; Russo, F.P.; Floreani, A.; Bogialli, S.; et al. Western Diet-Induced Metabolic Alterations Affect Circulating Markers of Liver Function before the Development of Steatosis. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heilbronn, L.K.; Noakes, M.; Clifton, P.M. Energy restriction and weight loss on very-low-fat diets reduce C-reactive protein concentrations in obese, healthy women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2001, 21, 968–970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stranges, S.; Trevisan, M.; Dorn, J.M.; Dmochowski, J.; Donahue, R.P. Body fat distribution, liver enzymes, and risk of hypertension: Evidence from the Western New York Study. Hypertension 2005, 46, 1186–1193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Deniaud-Bouët, E.; Hardouin, K.; Potin, P.; Kloareg, B.; Hervé, C. A review about brown algal cell walls and fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides: Cell wall context, biomedical properties and key research challenges. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017, 175, 395–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lorenzo, J.M.; Agregán, R.; Munekata, P.E.S.; Franco, D.; Carballo, J.; Şahin, S.; Lacomba, R.; Barba, F.J. Proximate Composition and Nutritional Value of Three Macroalgae: Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Bifurcaria bifurcata. Mar. Drugs 2017, 15, 360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gupta, S.; Abu-Ghannam, N. Bioactive potential and possible health effects of edible brown seaweeds. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2011, 22, 315–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Catarino, M.D.; Silva, A.M.S.; Cardoso, S.M. Fucaceae: A Source of Bioactive Phlorotannins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 1327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Catarino, M.D.; Silva, A.M.S.; Cardoso, S.M. Phycochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Fucus spp. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Afonso, N.C.; Catarino, M.D.; Silva, A.M.S.; Cardoso, S.M. Brown Macroalgae as Valuable Food Ingredients. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brownlee, I.A.; Allen, A.; Pearson, J.P.; Dettmar, P.W.; Havler, M.E.; Atherton, M.R.; Onsøyen, E. Alginate as a Source of Dietary Fiber. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2005, 45, 497–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pádua, D.; Rocha, E.; Gargiulo, D.; Ramos, A.A. Bioactive compounds from brown seaweeds: Phloroglucinol, fucoxanthin and fucoidan as promising therapeutic agents against breast cancer. Phytochem. Lett. 2015, 14, 91–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Usman, A.; Khalid, S.; Usman, A.; Hussain, Z.; Wang, Y. Chapter 5—Algal Polysaccharides, Novel Application, and Outlook. In Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites; Zia, K.M., Zuber, M., Ali, M., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 115–153. ISBN 978-0-12-812360-7. [Google Scholar]
- Susanto, E.; Fahmi, A.S.; Abe, M.; Hosokawa, M.; Miyashita, K. Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Fucoxanthin Content from Temperate and Tropical Brown Seaweeds. Aquat. Procedia 2016, 7, 66–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, A.F.R.; Abreu, H.; Silva, A.M.S.; Cardoso, S.M. Effect of Oven-Drying on the Recovery of Valuable Compounds from Ulva rigida, Gracilaria sp. and Fucus vesiculosus. Mar. Drugs 2019, 17, 90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zaharudin, N.; Salmeán, A.A.; Dragsted, L.O. Inhibitory effects of edible seaweeds, polyphenolics and alginates on the activities of porcine pancreatic α-amylase. Food Chem. 2018, 245, 1196–1203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.H.; Yong-Li; Karadeniz, F.; Kim, M.M.; Kim, S.K. α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of phloroglucinal derivatives from edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2009, 89, 1552–1558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, H.A.; Jung, H.J.; Jeong, H.Y.; Kwon, H.J.; Ali, M.Y.; Choi, J.S. Phlorotannins isolated from the edible brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera exert anti-adipogenic activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes by downregulating C/EBPα and PPARγ. Fitoterapia 2014, 92, 260–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.H.; Park, M.H.; Heo, S.J.; Kang, S.M.; Ko, S.C.; Han, J.S.; Jeon, Y.J. Dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava inhibits alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase in vitro and alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48, 2633–2637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Choi, J.S.; Han, Y.R.; Byeon, J.S.; Choung, S.Y.; Sohn, H.S.; Jung, H.A. Protective effect of fucosterol isolated from the edible brown algae, Ecklonia stolonifera and Eisenia bicyclis, on tert-butyl hydroperoxide- and tacrine-induced HepG2 cell injury. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2015, 67, 1170–1178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Karadeniz, F.; Ahn, B.N.; Kim, J.A.; Seo, Y.; Jang, M.S.; Nam, K.H.; Kim, M.; Lee, S.H.; Kong, C.S. Phlorotannins suppress adipogenesis in pre-adipocytes while enhancing osteoblastogenesis in pre-osteoblasts. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2015, 38, 2172–2182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kong, C.S.; Kim, H.; Seo, Y. Edible Brown Alga Ecklonia cava Derived Phlorotannin-Induced Anti-Adipogenic Activity in Vitro. J. Food Biochem. 2015, 39, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.R.; Kim, J.H.; Jang, H.D.; Yang, S.Y.; Kim, Y.H. Inhibitory activity of minor phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava on α-glucosidase. Food Chem. 2018, 257, 128–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, S.; Son, M.; Lee, H.S.; Kim, H.S.; Jeon, Y.J.; Byun, K. Protective Effect of Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol from Ecklonia cava on Monocyte-Associated Vascular Dysfunction. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, H.A.; Lee, J.H.; Han, J.S. A phlorotannin constituent of Ecklonia cava alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Pharm. Biol. 2017, 55, 1149–1154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, H.A.; Lee, J.H.; Han, J.S. 2,7”-Phloroglucinol-6,6′-bieckol protects INS-1 cells against high glucose-induced apoptosis. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018, 103, 1473–1481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eom, S.H.; Lee, M.S.; Lee, E.W.; Kim, Y.M.; Kim, T.H. Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of phlorotannins isolated from Eisenia bicyclis. Phytother. Res. 2013, 27, 148–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Son, M.; Oh, S.; Lee, H.S.; Ryu, B.; Jiang, Y.; Jang, J.T.; Jeon, Y.J.; Byun, K. Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6′-Bieckol from Ecklonia cava Improved Blood Circulation in Diet-Induced Obese and Diet-Induced Hypertension Mouse Models. Mar. Drugs 2019, 17, 272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ko, S.C.; Kang, M.C.; Kang, N.; Kim, H.S.; Lee, S.H.; Ahn, G.; Jung, W.K.; Jeon, Y.J. Effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and nitric oxide (NO) production of 6,6′-bieckol, a marine algal polyphenol and its anti-hypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Process Biochem. 2017, 58, 326–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopes, G.; Barbosa, M.; Andrade, P.B.; Valentão, P. Phlorotannins from Fucales: Potential to control hyperglycemia and diabetes-related vascular complications. J. Appl. Phycol. 2019, 31, 3143–3152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, M.; Hansen, P.E.; Lin, X. Bromophenols in marine algae and their bioactivities. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 1273–1292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shi, D.Y.; Xu, F.; Li, J.; Guo, S.J.; Su, H.; Han, L.J. PTP1B inhibitory activities of bromophenol derivatives from algae. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2008, 33, 2238–2240. [Google Scholar]
- Sunderland, A.M.; Dettmar, P.W.; Pearson, J.P. Alginates inhibit pepsin activity in vitro; A justification for their use in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord). Gastroenterology 2000, 118, A21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chater, P.I.; Wilcox, M.D.; Brownlee, I.A.; Pearson, J.P. Alginate as a protease inhibitor in vitro and in a model gut system; selective inhibition of pepsin but not trypsin. Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 131, 142–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ben Gara, A.; Ben Abdallah Kolsi, R.; Jardak, N.; Chaaben, R.; El-Feki, A.; Fki, L.; Belghith, H.; Belghith, K. Inhibitory activities of Cystoseira crinita sulfated polysaccharide on key enzymes related to diabetes and hypertension: In vitro and animal study. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2017, 123, 31–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Li, J.; Li, Z.; Sang, Y.; Niu, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Ding, H.; Yin, S. Fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida prevents vascular dysfunction through PI3K/Akt/eNOS-dependent mechanisms in the l-NAME-induced hypertensive rat model. Food Funct. 2016, 7, 2398–2408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Xing, M.; Cao, Q.; Ji, A.; Liang, H.; Song, S. Biological Activities of Fucoidan and the Factors Mediating Its Therapeutic Effects: A Review of Recent Studies. Mar. Drugs 2019, 17, 183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sim, S.Y.; Shin, Y.E.; Kim, H.K. Fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida has anti-diabetic effects by stimulation of glucose uptake and reduction of basal lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutr. Res. 2019, 65, 54–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, Y.; Liu, T.; Wang, Z.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Luo, D. Low molecular weight fucoidan attenuates liver injury via SIRT1/AMPK/PGC1α axis in db/db mice. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 112, 929–936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kadam, S.U.; Tiwari, B.K.; O’Donnell, C.P. Extraction, structure and biofunctional activities of laminarin from brown algae. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 50, 24–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kadam, S.U.; O’Donnell, C.P.; Rai, D.K.; Hossain, M.B.; Burgess, C.M.; Walsh, D.; Tiwari, B.K. Laminarin from Irish Brown Seaweeds Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria hyperborea: Ultrasound Assisted Extraction, Characterization and Bioactivity. Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 4270–4280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Choi, J.I.; Kim, H.J.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, J.W. Enhanced Biological Activities of Laminarin Degraded by Gamma-Ray Irradiation. J. Food Biochem. 2012, 36, 465–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neyrinck, A.M.; Mouson, A.; Delzenne, N.M. Dietary supplementation with laminarin, a fermentable marine beta (1-3) glucan, protects against hepatotoxicity induced by LPS in rat by modulating immune response in the hepatic tissue. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2007, 7, 1497–1506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.Y.; Kim, Y.J.; Kim, H.J.; Kim, Y.S.; Park, W. Immunostimulatory effect of laminarin on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Molecules 2012, 17, 5404–5411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Judé, S.; Roger, S.; Martel, E.; Besson, P.; Richard, S.; Bougnoux, P.; Champeroux, P.; Le Guennec, J.Y. Dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids of marine origin: A comparison of their protective effects on coronary heart disease and breast cancers. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 2006, 90, 299–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jung, H.A.; Islam, M.N.; Lee, C.M.; Jeong, H.O.; Chung, H.Y.; Woo, H.C.; Choi, J.S. Promising antidiabetic potential of fucoxanthin isolated from the edible brown algae Eisenia bicyclis and Undaria pinnatifida. Fish. Sci. 2012, 78, 1321–1329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maeda, H.; Hosokawa, M.; Sashima, T.; Murakami-Funayama, K.; Miyashita, K. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of fucoxanthin on diet-induced obesity conditions in a murine model. Mol. Med. Rep. 2009, 2, 897–902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maeda, H.; Hosokawa, M.; Sashima, T.; Takahashi, N.; Kawada, T.; Miyashita, K. Fucoxanthin and its metabolite, fucoxanthinol, suppress adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2006, 18, 147–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Xu, W.; Huang, X.; Zhao, Y.; Ren, Q.; Hong, Z.; Huang, M.; Xing, X. Fucoxanthin ameliorates hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in diabetic mice partially through IRS-1/PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathways. J. Funct. Foods 2018, 48, 515–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, J.; Yuan, J.P.; Wu, C.F.; Wang, J.H. Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid present in brown seaweeds and diatoms: Metabolism and bioactivities relevant to human health. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 1806–1828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jung, H.A.; Islam, M.N.; Lee, C.M.; Oh, S.H.; Lee, S.; Jung, J.H.; Choi, J.S. Kinetics and molecular docking studies of an anti-diabetic complication inhibitor fucosterol from edible brown algae Eisenia bicyclis and Ecklonia stolonifera. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2013, 206, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, Y.; Oh, G.H.; Kim, M.B.; Hwang, J.K. Fucosterol inhibits adipogenesis through the activation of AMPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2017, 26, 489–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, H.A.; Jung, H.J.; Jeong, H.Y.; Kwon, H.J.; Kim, M.S.; Choi, J.S. Anti-adipogenic activity of the edible brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera and its constituent fucosterol in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2014, 37, 713–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.H.; Jung, H.A.; Kang, M.J.; Choi, J.S.; Kim, G.D. Fucosterol, isolated from Ecklonia stolonifera, inhibits adipogenesis through modulation of FoxO1 pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2017, 69, 325–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, W.F.; Yao, L.G.; Liu, H.L.; Guo, Y.W. Thunberol, a new sterol from the Chinese brown alga Sargassum thunbergii. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2014, 16, 685–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conde, E.; Balboa, E.M.; Parada, M.; Falqué, E. 4-Algal proteins, peptides and amino acids. In Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals; Domínguez, H., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2013; pp. 135–180. ISBN 978-0-85709-512-1. [Google Scholar]
- Kang, M.C.; Ding, Y.; Kim, E.A.; Choi, Y.K.; de Araujo, T.; Heo, S.J.; Lee, S.H. Indole Derivatives Isolated from Brown Alga Sargassum thunbergii Inhibit Adipogenesis through AMPK Activation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Mar. Drugs 2017, 15, 119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rupérez, P.; Ahrazem, O.; Leal, J.A. Potential antioxidant capacity of sulfated polysaccharides from the edible marine brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 840–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biancarosa, I.; Belghit, I.; Bruckner, C.G.; Liland, N.S.; Waagbø, R.; Amlund, H.; Heesch, S.; Lock, E.J. Chemical characterization of 21 species of marine macroalgae common in Norwegian waters: Benefits of and limitations to their potential use in food and feed. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2018, 98, 2035–2042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Circuncisão, A.R.; Catarino, M.D.; Cardoso, S.M.; Silva, A.M.S. Minerals from Macroalgae Origin: Health Benefits and Risks for Consumers. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- MacArtain, P.; Gill, C.I.R.; Brooks, M.; Campbell, R.; Rowland, I.R. Nutritional value of edible seaweeds. Nutr. Rev. 2007, 65, 535–543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moreda-Piñeiro, J.; Alonso-Rodríguez, E.; López-Mahía, P.; Muniategui-Lorenzo, S.; Prada-Rodríguez, D.; Moreda-Piñeiro, A.; Bermejo-Barrera, P. Development of a new sample pre-treatment procedure based on pressurized liquid extraction for the determination of metals in edible seaweed. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 598, 95–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paiva, L.; Lima, E.; Neto, A.I.; Marcone, M.; Baptista, J. Health-promoting ingredients from four selected Azorean macroalgae. Food Res. Int. 2016, 89, 432–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murray, M.; Dordevic, A.L.; Bonham, M.P.; Ryan, L. Do marine algal polyphenols have antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic or anti-inflammatory effects in humans? A systematic review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2018, 58, 2039–2054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koivikko, R.; Loponen, J.; Honkanen, T.; Jormalainen, V. Contents of soluble, cell-wall-bound and exuded phlorotannins in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus, with implications on their ecological functions. J. Chem. Ecol. 2005, 31, 195–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lopes, G.; Andrade, P.B.; Valentão, P. Phlorotannins: Towards New Pharmacological Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Molecules 2017, 22, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moon, H.E.; Islam, N.; Ahn, B.R.; Chowdhury, S.S.; Sohn, H.S.; Jung, H.A.; Choi, J.S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and α-glucosidase inhibitory Phlorotannins from edible brown algae, Ecklonia stolonifera and Eisenia bicyclis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2011, 75, 1472–1480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, S.H.; Jeon, Y.J. Anti-diabetic effects of brown algae derived phlorotannins, marine polyphenols through diverse mechanisms. Fitoterapia 2013, 86, 129–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gabbia, D.; Dall’Acqua, S.; Di Gangi, I.M.; Bogialli, S.; Caputi, V.; Albertoni, L.; Marsilio, I.; Paccagnella, N.; Carrara, M.; Giron, M.C.; et al. The Phytocomplex from Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum Controls Postprandial Plasma Glucose Levels: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study in a Mouse Model of NASH. Mar. Drugs 2017, 15, 41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roy, M.C.; Anguenot, R.; Fillion, C.; Beaulieu, M.; Bérubé, J.; Richard, D. Effect of a commercially-available algal phlorotannins extract on digestive enzymes and carbohydrate absorption in vivo. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 3026–3029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heo, S.J.; Hwang, J.Y.; Choi, J.I.; Han, J.S.; Kim, H.J.; Jeon, Y.J. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from Ishige okamurae, a brown algae, a potent alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitor, alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 615, 252–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kwon, T.H.; Wu, Y.X.; Kim, J.S.; Woo, J.H.; Park, K.T.; Kwon, O.J.; Seo, H.J.; Kim, T.; Park, N.H. 6,6′-Bieckol inhibits adipocyte differentiation through downregulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2015, 95, 1830–1837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, H.; Dong, S.; Erik Hansen, P.; Stagos, D.; Lin, X.; Liu, M. Progress of Bromophenols in Marine Algae from 2011 to 2020: Structure, Bioactivities, and Applications. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Demir, Y.; Taslimi, P.; Ozaslan, M.S.; Oztaskin, N.; Çetinkaya, Y.; Gulçin, İ.; Beydemir, Ş.; Goksu, S. Antidiabetic potential: In vitro inhibition effects of bromophenol and diarylmethanones derivatives on metabolic enzymes. Arch. Pharm. 2018, 351, 1800263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrigues, D.; Freitas, A.C.; Pereira, L.; Rocha-Santos, T.A.P.; Vasconcelos, M.W.; Roriz, M.; Rodríguez-Alcalá, L.M.; Gomes, A.M.P.; Duarte, A.C. Chemical composition of red, brown and green macroalgae from Buarcos bay in Central West Coast of Portugal. Food Chem. 2015, 183, 197–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, M.S.; Kim, J.Y.; Choi, W.H.; Lee, S.S. Effects of seaweed supplementation on blood glucose concentration, lipid profile, and antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr. Res. Pract. 2008, 2, 62–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rupérez, P.; Saura-Calixto, F. Dietary fibre and physicochemical properties of edible Spanish seaweeds. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2001, 212, 349–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chater, P.I.; Wilcox, M.D.; Houghton, D.; Pearson, J.P. The role of seaweed bioactives in the control of digestion: Implications for obesity treatments. Food Funct. 2015, 6, 3420–3427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lange, K.W.; Hauser, J.; Nakamura, Y.; Kanaya, S. Dietary seaweeds and obesity. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 2015, 4, 87–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paxman, J.R.; Richardson, J.C.; Dettmar, P.W.; Corfe, B.M. Alginate reduces the increased uptake of cholesterol and glucose in overweight male subjects: A pilot study. Nutr. Res. 2008, 28, 501–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wilcox, M.D.; Brownlee, I.A.; Richardson, J.C.; Dettmar, P.W.; Pearson, J.P. The modulation of pancreatic lipase activity by alginates. Food Chem. 2014, 146, 479–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ficko-Blean, E.; Hervé, C.; Michel, G. Sweet and sour sugars from the sea: The biosynthesis and remodeling of sulfated cell wall polysaccharides from marine macroalgae. Perspect. Phycol. 2015, 51–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pomin, V.H. Fucanomics and galactanomics: Current status in drug discovery, mechanisms of action and role of the well-defined structures. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012, 1820, 1971–1979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruderman, N.B.; Carling, D.; Prentki, M.; Cacicedo, J.M. AMPK, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Investig. 2013, 123, 2764–2772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, M.; Ding, Y.; Cai, L.; Wang, Y.; Lin, C.; Shi, Z. Low molecular weight fucoidan attenuates experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm through interfering the leukocyte-endothelial cells interaction. Mol. Med. Rep. 2018, 17, 7089–7096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paradis, M.E.; Couture, P.; Lamarche, B. A randomised crossover placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus) on postchallenge plasma glucose and insulin levels in men and women. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2011, 36, 913–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chawla, A.; Nguyen, K.D.; Goh, Y.P.S. Macrophage-mediated inflammation in metabolic disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2011, 11, 738–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Holdt, S.L.; Kraan, S. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: Functional food applications and legislation. J. Appl. Phycol. 2011, 23, 543–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bae, M.; Kim, M.B.; Park, Y.K.; Lee, J.Y. Health benefits of fucoxanthin in the prevention of chronic diseases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 2020, 158618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, M.B.; Bae, M.; Hu, S.; Kang, H.; Park, Y.K.; Lee, J.Y. Fucoxanthin exerts anti-fibrogenic effects in hepatic stellate cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2019, 513, 657–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Takatani, N.; Kono, Y.; Beppu, F.; Okamatsu-Ogura, Y.; Yamano, Y.; Miyashita, K.; Hosokawa, M. Fucoxanthin inhibits hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2020, 528, 305–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lopes, G.; Sousa, C.; Bernardo, J.; Andrade, P.B.; Valentão, P.; Ferreres, F.; Mouga, T. Sterol Profiles in 18 Macroalgae of the Portuguese Coast1. J. Phycol. 2011, 47, 1210–1218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moghadasian, M.H.; Frohlich, J.J. Effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis: Clinical and experimental evidence. Am. J. Med. 1999, 107, 588–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hannan, M.A.; Sohag, A.M.A.; Dash, R.; Haque, M.N.; Mohibbullah, M.; Oktaviani, D.F.; Hossain, M.T.; Choi, H.J.; Moon, I.S. Phytosterols of marine algae—Insights into the potential health benefits and molecular pharmacology. Phytomedicine 2020, 69, 153201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Güven, K.C.; Percot, A.; Sezik, E. Alkaloids in Marine Algae. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8, 269–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- El Maghraby, D.M.; Fakhry, E.M. Lipid content and fatty acid composition of Mediterranean macro-algae as dynamic factors for biodiesel production. Oceanologia 2015, 57, 86–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Patterson, E.; Wall, R.; Fitzgerald, G.F.; Ross, R.P.; Stanton, C. Health implications of high dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated Fatty acids. J. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 2012, 539426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Husted, K.S.; Bouzinova, E.V. The importance of n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in the major depressive disorder. Medicina 2016, 52, 139–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Logan, A.C. Neurobehavioral aspects of omega-3 fatty acids: Possible mechanisms and therapeutic value in major depression. Altern. Med. Rev. 2003, 8, 410–425. [Google Scholar]
- Simopoulos, A.P. An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity. Nutrients 2016, 8, 128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kanoh, M.; Inai, K.; Shinohara, T.; Tomimatsu, H.; Nakanishi, T. Clinical implications of eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio (EPA/AA) in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Heart Vessel. 2017, 32, 1513–1522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gibson, G.R.; Hutkins, R.; Sanders, M.E.; Prescott, S.L.; Reimer, R.A.; Salminen, S.J.; Scott, K.; Stanton, C.; Swanson, K.S.; Cani, P.D.; et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017, 14, 491–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Huebbe, P.; Nikolai, S.; Schloesser, A.; Herebian, D.; Campbell, G.; Glüer, C.C.; Zeyner, A.; Demetrowitsch, T.; Schwarz, K.; Metges, C.C.; et al. An extract from the Atlantic brown algae Saccorhiza polyschides counteracts diet-induced obesity in mice via a gut related multi-factorial mechanisms. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 73501–73515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Phang, S.M. Potential Products from Tropical Algae and Seaweeds, especially with Reference to Malaysia. Malays. J. Sci. 2010, 29, 160–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cofrades, S.; López-López, I.; Ruiz-Capillas, C.; Triki, M.; Jiménez-Colmenero, F. Quality characteristics of low-salt restructured poultry with microbial transglutaminase and seaweed. Meat Sci. 2011, 87, 373–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López-López, I.; Bastida, S.; Ruiz-Capillas, C.; Bravo, L.; Larrea, M.T.; Sánchez-Muniz, F.; Cofrades, S.; Jiménez-Colmenero, F. Composition and antioxidant capacity of low-salt meat emulsion model systems containing edible seaweeds. Meat Sci. 2009, 83, 492–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schultz Moreira, A.R.; Benedí, J.; González-Torres, L.; Olivero-David, R.; Bastida, S.; Sánchez-Reus, M.I.; González-Muñoz, M.J.; Sánchez-Muniz, F.J. Effects of diet enriched with restructured meats, containing Himanthalia elongata, on hypercholesterolaemic induction, CYP7A1 expression and antioxidant enzyme activity and expression in growing rats. Food Chem. 2011, 129, 1623–1630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreira, A.S.; González-Torres, L.; Olivero-David, R.; Bastida, S.; Benedi, J.; Sánchez-Muniz, F.J. Wakame and Nori in restructured meats included in cholesterol-enriched diets affect the antioxidant enzyme gene expressions and activities in Wistar rats. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2010, 65, 290–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schultz Moreira, A.R.; Benedi, J.; Bastida, S.; Sánchez-Reus, I.; Sánchez-Muniz, F.J. Nori- and sea spaghetti- but not wakame-restructured pork decrease the hypercholesterolemic and liver proapototic short-term effects of high-dietary cholesterol consumption. Nutr. Hosp. 2013, 28, 1422–1429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.H.; Lim, H.S. Effects of Sea Tangle-added Patty on Postprandial Serum Lipid Profiles and Glucose in Borderline Hypercholesterolemic Adults. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 2014, 43, 522–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- López-López, I.; Cofrades, S.; Jiménez-Colmenero, F. Low-fat frankfurters enriched with n-3 PUFA and edible seaweed: Effects of olive oil and chilled storage on physicochemical, sensory and microbial characteristics. Meat Sci. 2009, 83, 148–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- López-López, I.; Cofrades, S.; Ruiz-Capillas, C.; Jiménez-Colmenero, F. Design and nutritional properties of potential functional frankfurters based on lipid formulation, added seaweed and low salt content. Meat Sci. 2009, 83, 255–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sellimi, S.; Ksouda, G.; Benslima, A.; Nasri, R.; Rinaudo, M.; Nasri, M.; Hajji, M. Enhancing colour and oxidative stabilities of reduced-nitrite turkey meat sausages during refrigerated storage using fucoxanthin purified from the Tunisian seaweed Cystoseira barbata. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2017, 107, 620–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rico, D.; Linaje, A.A.d.; Herrero, A.; Asensio-Vegas, C.; Miranda, J.; Martínez-Villaluenga, C.; Luis, D.A.d.; Martin-Diana, A.B. Carob by-products and seaweeds for the development of functional bread. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2018, 42, e13700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, A.C.; Fairclough, A.C.; Mahadevan, K.; Paxman, J.R. Ascophyllum nodosum enriched bread reduces subsequent energy intake with no effect on post-prandial glucose and cholesterol in healthy, overweight males. A pilot study. Appetite 2012, 58, 379–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prabhasankar, P.; Ganesan, P.; Bhaskar, N.; Hirose, A.; Stephen, N.; Gowda, L.R.; Hosokawa, M.; Miyashita, K. Edible Japanese seaweed, wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) as an ingredient in pasta: Chemical, functional and structural evaluation. Food Chem. 2009, 115, 501–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-Villaluenga, C.; Peñas, E.; Rico, D.; Martin-Diana, A.B.; Portillo, M.P.; Macarulla, M.T.; de Luis, D.A.; Miranda, J. Potential Usefulness of a Wakame/Carob Functional Snack for the Treatment of Several Aspects of Metabolic Syndrome: From In Vitro to In Vivo Studies. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Astorga-España, M.S.; Mansilla, A.; Ojeda, J.; Marambio, J.; Rosenfeld, S.; Mendez, F.; Rodriguez, J.P.; Ocaranza, P. Nutritional properties of dishes prepared with sub-Antarctic macroalgae—An opportunity for healthy eating. J. Appl. Phycol. 2017, 29, 2399–2406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Torres, L.; Churruca, I.; Schultz Moreira, A.R.; Bastida, S.; Benedí, J.; Portillo, M.P.; Sánchez-Muniz, F.J. Effects of restructured pork containing Himanthalia elongata on adipose tissue lipogenic and lipolytic enzyme expression of normo- and hypercholesterolemic rats. J. Nutr. 2012, 5, 158–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olivero-David, R.; Schultz-Moreira, A.; Vázquez-Velasco, M.; González-Torres, L.; Bastida, S.; Benedí, J.; Sanchez-Reus, M.I.; González-Muñoz, M.J.; Sánchez-Muniz, F.J. Effects of Nori- and Wakame-enriched meats with or without supplementary cholesterol on arylesterase activity, lipaemia and lipoproteinaemia in growing Wistar rats. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 106, 1476–1486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schultz Moreira, A.R.; Olivero-David, R.; Vázquez-Velasco, M.; González-Torres, L.; Benedí, J.; Bastida, S.; Sánchez-Muniz, F.J. Protective effects of sea spaghetti-enriched restructured pork against dietary cholesterol: Effects on arylesterase and lipoprotein profile and composition of growing rats. J. Med. Food 2014, 17, 921–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schultz Moreira, A.R.; García-Fernández, R.A.; Bocanegra, A.; Méndez, M.T.; Bastida, S.; Benedí, J.; Sánchez-Reus, M.I.; Sánchez-Muniz, F.J. Effects of seaweed-restructured pork diets enriched or not with cholesterol on rat cholesterolaemia and liver damage. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013, 56, 223–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cox, S.; Abu-Ghannam, N. Enhancement of the phytochemical and fibre content of beef patties with Himanthalia elongata seaweed. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2013, 48, 2239–2249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dolea, D.; Rizo, A.; Fuentes, A.; Barat, J.; Fernández-Segovia, I. Effect of thyme and oregano essential oils on the shelf life of salmon and seaweed burgers. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 2018, 24, 394–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abu-Ghannam, N.; Shannon, E. Seaweed Carotenoid, Fucoxanthin, as Functional Food. In Microbial Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017; pp. 39–64. ISBN 978-1-119-04896-1. [Google Scholar]
- Honold, P.J.; Jacobsen, C.; Jónsdóttir, R.; Kristinsson, H.G.; Hermund, D.B. Potential seaweed-based food ingredients to inhibit lipid oxidation in fish-oil-enriched mayonnaise. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2016, 242, 571–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cherry, P.; Yadav, S.; Strain, C.R.; Allsopp, P.J.; McSorley, E.M.; Ross, R.P.; Stanton, C. Prebiotics from Seaweeds: An Ocean of Opportunity? Mar. Drugs 2019, 17, 327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Quintieri, L.; Fantin, M.; Palatini, P.; De Martin, S.; Rosato, A.; Caruso, M.; Geroni, C.; Floreani, M. In vitro hepatic conversion of the anticancer agent nemorubicin to its active metabolite PNU-159682 in mice, rats and dogs: A comparison with human liver microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2008, 76, 784–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Floreani, M.; Gabbia, D.; Barbierato, M.; De Martin, S.; Palatini, P. Differential inducing effect of benzo[a]pyrene on gene expression and enzyme activity of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1A2 in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 2012, 27, 640–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corona, G.; Ji, Y.; Anegboonlap, P.; Hotchkiss, S.; Gill, C.; Yaqoob, P.; Spencer, J.P.E.; Rowland, I. Gastrointestinal modifications and bioavailability of brown seaweed phlorotannins and effects on inflammatory markers. Br. J. Nutr. 2016, 115, 1240–1253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baldrick, F.R.; McFadden, K.; Ibars, M.; Sung, C.; Moffatt, T.; Megarry, K.; Thomas, K.; Mitchell, P.; Wallace, J.M.W.; Pourshahidi, L.K.; et al. Impact of a (poly)phenol-rich extract from the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum on DNA damage and antioxidant activity in an overweight or obese population: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2018, 108, 688–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nagamine, T.; Nakazato, K.; Tomioka, S.; Iha, M.; Nakajima, K. Intestinal Absorption of Fucoidan Extracted from the Brown Seaweed, Cladosiphon okamuranus. Mar. Drugs 2014, 13, 48–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kadena, K.; Tomori, M.; Iha, M.; Nagamine, T. Absorption Study of Mozuku Fucoidan in Japanese Volunteers. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tokita, Y.; Hirayama, M.; Nakajima, K.; Tamaki, K.; Iha, M.; Nagamine, T. Detection of Fucoidan in Urine after Oral Intake of Traditional Japanese Seaweed, Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida). J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 2017, 63, 419–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yonekura, L.; Nagao, A. Soluble fibers inhibit carotenoid micellization in vitro and uptake by Caco-2 cells. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2009, 73, 196–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hashimoto, T.; Ozaki, Y.; Taminato, M.; Das, S.K.; Mizuno, M.; Yoshimura, K.; Maoka, T.; Kanazawa, K. The distribution and accumulation of fucoxanthin and its metabolites after oral administration in mice. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 102, 242–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yonekura, L.; Kobayashi, M.; Terasaki, M.; Nagao, A. Keto-carotenoids are the major metabolites of dietary lutein and fucoxanthin in mouse tissues. J. Nutr. 2010, 140, 1824–1831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viera, I.; Pérez-Gálvez, A.; Roca, M. Bioaccessibility of Marine Carotenoids. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xi, M.; Dragsted, L.O. Biomarkers of seaweed intake. Genes Nutr. 2019, 14, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, W.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Li, Y. Ethanol Extract from Ulva prolifera Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation Response in Mice. Biomed Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 1374565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, C.; Yang, C.; Chen, M.; Lv, X.; Liu, B.; Yi, L.; Cornara, L.; Wei, M.C.; Yang, Y.C.; Tundis, R.; et al. Regulatory Efficacy of Brown Seaweed Lessonia nigrescens Extract on the Gene Expression Profile and Intestinal Microflora in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2018, 62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kellogg, J.; Grace, M.H.; Lila, M.A. Phlorotannins from Alaskan seaweed inhibit carbolytic enzyme activity. Mar. Drugs 2014, 12, 5277–5294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharifuddin, Y.; Chin, Y.X.; Lim, P.E.; Phang, S.M. Potential Bioactive Compounds from Seaweed for Diabetes Management. Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 5447–5491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Haskell-Ramsay, C.F.; Jackson, P.A.; Dodd, F.L.; Forster, J.S.; Bérubé, J.; Levinton, C.; Kennedy, D.O. Acute Post-Prandial Cognitive Effects of Brown Seaweed Extract in Humans. Nutrients 2018, 10, 85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Derosa, G.; Cicero, A.F.G.; D’Angelo, A.; Maffioli, P. Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on glycemic status and on endothelial damage markers in dysglicemic patients. Phytother. Res. 2019, 33, 791–797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Martin, S.; Gabbia, D.; Carrara, M.; Ferri, N. The brown algae fucus vesiculosus and ascophyllum nodosum reduce metabolic syndrome risk factors: A clinical study. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2018, 13, 1691–1694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Murray, M.; Dordevic, A.L.; Ryan, L.; Bonham, M.P. The Impact of a Single Dose of a Polyphenol-Rich Seaweed Extract on Postprandial Glycaemic Control in Healthy Adults: A Randomised Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2018, 10, 270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, S.H.; Jeon, Y.J. Efficacy and safety of a dieckol-rich extract (AG-dieckol) of brown algae, Ecklonia cava, in pre-diabetic individuals: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food Funct. 2015, 6, 853–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, H.C.; Kim, S.H.; Park, Y.; Lee, B.H.; Hwang, H.J. Effects of 12-week oral supplementation of Ecklonia cava polyphenols on anthropometric and blood lipid parameters in overweight Korean individuals: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Phytother. Res. 2012, 26, 363–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, E.K.; Park, S.H.; Ha, K.C.; Noh, S.O.; Jung, S.J.; Chae, H.J.; Chae, S.W.; Park, T.S. Clinical trial of the hypolipidemic effects of a brown alga Ecklonia cava extract in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2015, 11, 798–805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanemura, Y.; Yamanaka-Okumura, H.; Sakuma, M.; Nii, Y.; Taketani, Y.; Takeda, E. Effects of the intake of Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame) and its sporophylls (Mekabu) on postprandial glucose and insulin metabolism. J. Med. Investig. 2014, 61, 291–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hata, Y.; Nakajima, K.; Uchida, J.; Hidaka, H.; Nakano, T. Clinical Effects of Brown Seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida (wakame), on Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Subjects. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 2001, 30, 43–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Teas, J.; Baldeón, M.E.; Chiriboga, D.E.; Davis, J.R.; Sarriés, A.J.; Braverman, L.E. Could dietary seaweed reverse the metabolic syndrome? Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 18, 145–154. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Abidov, M.; Ramazanov, Z.; Seifulla, R.; Grachev, S. The effects of Xanthigen in the weight management of obese premenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver fat. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2010, 12, 72–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hitoe, S.; Shimoda, H. Seaweed Fucoxanthin Supplementation Improves Obesity Parameters in Mild Obese Japanese Subjects. Funct. Foods Health Dis. 2017, 7, 246–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hernández-Corona, D.M.; Martínez-Abundis, E.; González-Ortiz, M. Effect of fucoidan administration on insulin secretion and insulin resistance in overweight or obese adults. J. Med. Food 2014, 17, 830–832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kang, Y.M.; Lee, B.J.; Kim, J.I.; Nam, B.H.; Cha, J.Y.; Kim, Y.M.; Ahn, C.B.; Choi, J.S.; Choi, I.S.; Je, J.Y. Antioxidant effects of fermented sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) by Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 in individuals with high level of γ-GT: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 1166–1169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mikami, N.; Hosokawa, M.; Miyashita, K.; Sohma, H.; Ito, Y.M.; Kokai, Y. Reduction of HbA1c levels by fucoxanthin-enriched akamoku oil possibly involves the thrifty allele of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1): A randomised controlled trial in normal-weight and obese Japanese adults. J. Nutr. Sci. 2017, 6, e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Murray, M.; Dordevic, A.L.; Cox, K.H.M.; Scholey, A.; Ryan, L.; Bonham, M.P. Study protocol for a double-blind randomised controlled trial investigating the impact of 12 weeks supplementation with a Fucus vesiculosus extract on cholesterol levels in adults with elevated fasting LDL cholesterol who are overweight or have obesity. BMJ Open 2018, 8, e022195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Choi, J.S.; Seo, H.J.; Lee, Y.R.; Kwon, S.J.; Moon, S.H.; Park, S.M.; Sohn, J.H. Characteristics and in vitro Anti-diabetic Properties of the Korean Rice Wine, Makgeolli Fermented with Laminaria japonica. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 2014, 19, 98–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- O’Sullivan, A.M.; O’Callaghan, Y.C.; O’Grady, M.N.; Queguineur, B.; Hanniffy, D.; Troy, D.J.; Kerry, J.P.; O’Brien, N.M. Assessment of the ability of seaweed extracts to protect against hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced cellular damage in Caco-2 cells. Food Chem. 2012, 134, 1137–1140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Colognesi, M.; Gabbia, D.; De Martin, S. Depression and Cognitive Impairment-Extrahepatic Manifestations of NAFLD and NASH. Biomedicines 2020, 8, 229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wada, K.; Tsuji, M.; Nakamura, K.; Oba, S.; Nishizawa, S.; Yamamoto, K.; Watanabe, K.; Ando, K.; Nagata, C. Effect of dietary nori (dried laver) on blood pressure in young Japanese children: An intervention study. J. Epidemiol. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Torres, M.D.; Arufe, S.; Chenlo, F.; Moreira, R. Coeliacs cannot live by gluten-free bread alone—Every once in awhile they need antioxidants. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 52, 81–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Species | Selected Common Names |
---|---|
Fucales | |
Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis | Yellow Tang, Knotted wrack, Knobbed Wrack |
Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh | |
Cystoseira crinita | |
Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot | Bull kelp, Cochayugo |
Fucus serratusLinnaeus | Serrated wrack, Saw Wrack, Toothed Wrack |
Fucus spiralis Linnaeus | Jelly bags, Spiral wrack |
Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus | Paddy Tang, Sea ware, Bladder, Rockweed, Bladder wrack |
Himanthalia elongata (Linnaeus) S. F. Gray | Sea thong, Sea spaghetti |
Hizikia fusiformis or Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell | Hai tso, Hijiki |
Sargassum crassifolium J. Agardh or Sargassum aquifolium (Turner) C. Agardh | Binder’s Sargassum weed |
Sargassum fluitans (Borgesen) | |
Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh | Akamoku |
Sargassum thunbergii (Mertens ex Roth) Kuntze | |
Silvetia compressa (J. Agardh) | |
Laminariales | |
Alaria angusta | |
Alaria esculenta | Bladderlocks |
Costaria costata (C. Agardh) | Sujime |
Ecklonia arborea (Areschoug) | |
Ecklonia cava Kjellman | Kajime |
Ecklonia kurome | |
Ecklonia stolonifera | |
Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug | Feather boa, Boa kelp |
Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell | Arame, Kajimi, Sagarame |
Laminaria cichorioides or Saccharina cichorioides (Miyabe) | |
Laminaria digitate (Hudson) J. V. Lamouroux | Kombu |
Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie | Cuvie, Forest Kelp, Kelpie |
Laminaria japonica Areschoug or Saccharina japonica (Areschoug) | Hai Dai, Sea Tangle, Makombu Tasima, Royal kombu |
Laminaria saccharina or Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) | Sea belt, Sweet Wrack, Sugar Wrack, Karafuto Kombu |
Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh | Giant Kelp, Sea Ivy |
Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar | Qun dai cai, Wakame, Sea mustard, Miyok |
Algal Component | Bioactive Compounds | Main Molecular Pathways | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Polyphenols | |||
Phlorotannins | 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, Phloroglucinol, Ishophloroglucin A | Inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase and lipase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMGCoA) reductase. | [37,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56] |
Fuhalols and Phlorethols: Octaphlorethol A, Triphlorethol-A | Downregulation of adipogenic specific proteins: PPARγ, SREBPs, C/EBPα, and adiponectin. | ||
Fucols | Activation of Akt and AMPKα signaling. | ||
Fucophlorethols: Phlorofucofuroeckol A | Downregulation of perilipin, TNFα, FABP4, FASN, FATP1, Leptin, and acyl-CoA synthetase 1. | ||
Eckols and carmalols: Dieckol, 6,6′-Bieckol, 8,8′-Bieckol, 2-O-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-6,6′-bieckol, Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol, 2,7″-Phloroglucinol-6,6′-bieckol, Pyrogallol- Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol Eckol, Dioxindehydroeckol7-phloroeckol | ACE inhibition. | ||
Up-regulation of GLUT4. | |||
Downregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and gluconeogenesis-related enzymes. | |||
Increase glycerol secretion. | |||
Increase eNOS phosphorylation. | |||
Bromophenols | 3,4-dibromo-5-(methoxymethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, | Inhibition of PTP1B activity. | [57,58] |
2-methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxy)-propylaldehyde | |||
3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-4-bromo-5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-dihydroiso-benzofuran | |||
Polysaccharides | |||
Alginates | Inhibition of α-amylase, pancreatic lipase and pepsin. | [42,59,60] | |
Sulphated fucans | Inhibition of α-amylase and ACE, protective effects against ROS. | [61] | |
Fucoidans | Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. | [62,63,64,65] | |
Inhibition of ACE. | |||
Downregulation of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. | |||
Increase NO production, eNOS activation, and Akt phosphorylation. | |||
Activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS-dependent pathways. | |||
Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and basal lipolysis. | |||
Acceleration of the mitochondrial β-oxidation, peroxisomal oxidation or degradation. | |||
Modulation of RCT-related protein expression. | |||
Upregulation of superoxide dismutase and catalase. | |||
Laminarins | Upregulation of STAT1, STAT3, c-Jun, c-Fos, and COX-2 in macrophages. | [66,67,68,69,70] | |
Lipids and Fatty acids | n-3 fatty acids | Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. | [71] |
Up-regulation of GLUT1 and GLUT4. | |||
Increase insulin sensitivity. | |||
Terpenoids | |||
Carotenoids | Fucoxanthin | Decrease in lipid accumulation. | [38,72,73,74,75,76] |
Inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation. | |||
Inhibition of PTP1B activity. | |||
Increase AGE formation. | |||
Upregulation of PPARα, p-ACC, and CPT-1; modulation of IRS-1/PI3K/AKT and AMPK signaling. | |||
Downregulation of adipogenic and lipogenic factors, such as CCAAT/C/EBPα, PPARγ, fatty acid-binding protein 4, diglyceride acyltransferase 1, and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase-θ. | |||
UCP-1 upregulation in white adipose tissue. | |||
Sterols | Fucosterol, Thunberol | Inhibition of PTP1B, human recombinant aldose reductase (HRAR), and α-glucosidase activity. | [46,77,78,79,80,81] |
Downregulation of PPARγ and C/EBPα expression. | |||
Inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation. | |||
Peptides | Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. | [82] | |
Akt upregulation and PI3K/AKT phosphorylation. | |||
ACE inhibition. | |||
Alkaloids | Indole-2-carboxaldehyde | Downregulation of the SREBP-1c, PPARγ C/EBPα; inhibition of adipogenesis through AMPK activation. | [83] |
Indole-6-carboxaldehyde | Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation. |
Functional Food | Functional Ingredient | Observed Effect | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Meat-Based Products | |||
Low-salt pork emulsion systems | 5.6% dry matter H. elongata or U. pinnatifida | Increase in n-3 PUFA content. | [132] |
Improvement of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and thrombogenic index. | |||
Increased concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, and Mn. | |||
Increase in antioxidant capacity. | |||
Restructured pork meat | 5% powder H. elongata or U. pinnatifida | Modification of lipogenic/lipolytic enzyme expression: | [133,134,135] |
Downregulation of acetyl fatty acid synthase (FAS) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and upregulation of CoA carboxylase (ACC). | |||
Decrease in caspase-3 activity. | |||
Improvement of the hepatic antioxidant status, increasing total and reduced glutathione and gene expression of CYP7A1, GR, and Cu,Zn-SOD and decreasing the redox index. | |||
Decrease cholesterol plasma level in rat models of hypercholesterolemia. | |||
Pork/chicken patties | L. japonica (replacing pork/chicken in equal amount) | Decrease in postprandial glucose blood levels in borderline-hypercholesterolemic patients. | [136] |
Frankfurters | 5.5% H. elongata | Aid in the maintenance of normal blood pressure due to the reduced sodium content. | [137,138] |
Improvement of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels due to the replacement of saturated fats with unsaturated, with at least 70% of the fatty acids | |||
Contribution of EPA and DHA to the maintenance of normal function of the heart. | |||
Turkey meat sausages | Fucoxanthin from C. barbata | Improvement of antioxidant activity. | [139] |
ACE inhibition. | |||
Grain-Based Products | |||
Bread | 8% (w/w) H. elongata and U. pinnatifida | Improvement of antioxidant activity in DPPH, ORAC, and TEAC assays. | [140] |
Bread | 4% A. nodosum | Decrease in energy intake after meal. | [141] |
Pasta | 10% U. pinnatifida | Improvement of amino acid, fatty acid profile, and nutritional value. | [142] |
Functional snacks | 1/5 combination of U. pinnatifida and Ceratonia siliqua L. | In vitro TG-lowering effect and downregulation of DGAT2. | [143] |
Anti-hypertensive effect in rats with MS. |
Brown Seaweeds | Bioactive Compound | Study Design and Population | Observed Effect | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus | Polyphenols, fibers, minerals | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over randomized trial with 23 men and women (18–60 years) with BMI 20–30 Kg/m2. | Decrease in insulin iAUC. Increase in the Cederholm index of insulin sensitivity. | [112] |
A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus | Phlorotannins | 60 men and women (18–65 years). | Improvement of postprandial cognitive performance and drowsiness. | [170] |
A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus | Polyphenol extract (titrated to 20%) | 65 dysglycemic patients. | Reduction in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and HOMA-IR. Improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic status. | [171] |
A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus | Polyphenol extract (titrated to 20%) | 50 men and women (18–60 years), 44 overweight and 6 obese. | Reduction in waist circumference, plasma glucose, and insulin and HOMA index. | [172] |
A. nodosum | Polyphenols (phlorotannins) | Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial with 80 subjects (30–65 years) with BMI ≥ 25 Kg/m2. | Decrease in DNA damage in obese subjects. No significant changes in CRP, inflammatory cytokines, and antioxidant status. | [157] |
F. vesiculosus | Polyphenols | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over trial with 38 volunteers (26 non-Asian, 12 Asian, 19–56 years). | No lowering effect on postprandial glucose or insulin responses in healthy subjects. Different insulin sensitivity in Asian subjects. | [173] |
E. cava | Dieckol | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with 80 men and women (20–65 years) with a fasting glucose between 100 and 180 mg/dL. | Decrease in postprandial glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels. | [174] |
E. cava | Polyphenols. Including dieckol, 8,8’-bieckol, 6,6’-bieckol, and phlorofurofucoeckol A | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with 97 men and women (19–55 years) with BMI 24–29 Kg/m2. | Decrease in BMI, body fat ratio, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL), cholesterol, and atherogenic index. High dosage showed also significant decreases in serum glucose and systolic blood pressure. | [175] |
E. cava | Polyphenols (dieckol) | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with 80 healthy subjects (19–80 years) with total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL or of LDL cholesterol > 110 mg/dL. | Decrease in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. | [176] |
U. pinnatifida and L. japonica | Indigestible polysaccharides dietary fiber | 20 T2D patients (men and women, 40–70 years). | Improvement of blood glucose levels, serum TG decrease. Increase in HDL cholesterol and activity of CAT and glutathione peroxidase. | [102] |
U. pinnatifida | Fresh Wakame or Mekabu | Randomized, crossover study with 12 healthy adults (men and women). | Reduction in plasma glucose levels, due to the improvement of glycemic index of foods. | [177] |
U. pinnatifida | Dried Wakame powder | 36 elderly outpatients with hypertension. | Decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Improvement of hypercholesterolemia. | [178] |
U. pinnatifida | Dried algal powder | 27 patients (men and women) with at least one symptom of MS. | Decrease in systolic blood pressure and waist circumference. | [179] |
U. pinnatifida | Fucoxanthin | Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 115 obese, premenopausal, non-diabetic women with and without NAFLD. | Decrease in body weight, waist circumference, body and liver fat content. Improvement in liver function tests and resting energy expenditure. | [180] |
Kelp Laminaria | Fucoxanthin | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with 50 men and women (20–59 years) with a BMI of > 26–30 Kg/m2 and waist circumference of ≥90 cm (women) and ≥85 cm (men). | Decrease in body weight, BMI, and visceral fat. | [181] |
L. japonica | Fucoidan | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with 25 overweight or obese adults (30–60 years). | Decrease in diastolic blood pressure and LDL-C. Increase in insulin levels, HOMA β-cell, and HOMA IR. | [182] |
Fermented L. japonica | 5.56%-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | Randomized, controlled trial with healthy subjects with high levels of γ-GT (< 132 U/L). | Decrease in serum γ-GT and malondialdehyde. Reduction in oxidative stress. Increases antioxidant activity of CAT and SOD. | [183] |
S. horneri | Fucoxanthin | Single-blinded and randomized study with 60 normal-weight and obese Japanese adults with a BMI > 22 Kg/m2. | Decrease in HbA1c levels. | [184] |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gabbia, D.; De Martin, S. Brown Seaweeds for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases. Molecules 2020, 25, 4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184182
Gabbia D, De Martin S. Brown Seaweeds for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases. Molecules. 2020; 25(18):4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184182
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabbia, Daniela, and Sara De Martin. 2020. "Brown Seaweeds for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases" Molecules 25, no. 18: 4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184182
APA StyleGabbia, D., & De Martin, S. (2020). Brown Seaweeds for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases. Molecules, 25(18), 4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184182