Metabolite Profiles of Red and Yellow Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Cultivars Using a 1H-NMR Metabolomics Approach

Sulaiman, Fadzil; Ahmad Azam, Amalina; Ahamad Bustamam, Muhammad Safwan; Fakurazi, Sharida; Abas, Faridah; Lee, Yee Xuan; Ismail, Atira Adriana; Mohd Faudzi, Siti Munirah; Ismail, Intan Safinar

doi:10.3390/molecules25143235

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Metabolite Profiles of Red and Yellow Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Cultivars Using a ¹H-NMR Metabolomics Approach

Fadzil Sulaiman

Amalina Ahmad Azam

¹,

Muhammad Safwan Ahamad Bustamam

¹,

²,

¹,

¹,

Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi

¹ and

Intan Safinar Ismail

^1,*

Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia

Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Academic Editor: Ewa Sikorska

Molecules 2020, 25(14), 3235; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143235

Received: 20 May 2020 / Revised: 31 May 2020 / Accepted: 5 June 2020 / Published: 15 July 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemometrics Tools Used in Analytical Chemistry)

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Abstract

Watermelon, a widely commercialized fruit, is famous for its thirst-quenching property. The broad range of cultivars, which give rise to distinct color and taste, can be attributed to the differences in their chemical profile, especially that of the carotenoids and volatile compounds. In order to understand this distribution properly, water extracts of red and yellow watermelon pulps with predominantly polar metabolites were subjected to proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) analysis. Deuterium oxide (D₂O) and deuterated chloroform (CDCl₃) solvents were used to capture both polar and non-polar metabolites from the same sample. Thirty-six metabolites, of which six are carotenoids, were identified from the extracts. The clustering of the compounds was determined using unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and further grouping was achieved using supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The presence of lycopene, β-carotene, lutein, and prolycopene in the red watermelon plays an important role in its differentiation from the yellow cultivar. A marked difference in metabolite distribution was observed between the NMR solvents used as evidenced from the PCA model. OPLS-DA and relative quantification of the metabolites, on the other hand, helped in uncovering the discriminating metabolites of the red and yellow watermelon cultivars from the same solvent system. View Full-Text

Keywords: ¹H-NMR; Citrullus lanatus; varieties; discriminants; carotenoids

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Sulaiman, F.; Ahmad Azam, A.; Ahamad Bustamam, M.S.; Fakurazi, S.; Abas, F.; Lee, Y.X.; Ismail, A.A.; Mohd Faudzi, S.M.; Ismail, I.S. Metabolite Profiles of Red and Yellow Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Cultivars Using a ¹H-NMR Metabolomics Approach. Molecules 2020, 25, 3235. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143235

AMA Style

Sulaiman F, Ahmad Azam A, Ahamad Bustamam MS, Fakurazi S, Abas F, Lee YX, Ismail AA, Mohd Faudzi SM, Ismail IS. Metabolite Profiles of Red and Yellow Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Cultivars Using a ¹H-NMR Metabolomics Approach. Molecules. 2020; 25(14):3235. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143235

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sulaiman, Fadzil, Amalina Ahmad Azam, Muhammad S. Ahamad Bustamam, Sharida Fakurazi, Faridah Abas, Yee X. Lee, Atira A. Ismail, Siti M. Mohd Faudzi, and Intan S. Ismail. 2020. "Metabolite Profiles of Red and Yellow Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Cultivars Using a ¹H-NMR Metabolomics Approach" Molecules 25, no. 14: 3235. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143235

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Metabolite Profiles of Red and Yellow Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Cultivars Using a ¹H-NMR Metabolomics Approach

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