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Article

Extraction of Ibuprofen from Natural Waters Using a Covalent Organic Framework

1
International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
2
Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Food Stuffs Research Unit (QOPNA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
3
National Polytechnic School, Environmental Engineering Department, Laboratory of Sciences and Environmental Techniques, 10 Avenue Hacen Badi, BP182 El Harrach, Algiers 16200, Algeria
4
Centre for Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Regions Omar El Bernaoui—CRSTRA, University Campus, Med Kheider BP 1682 R.P, Biskra 07000, Algeria
5
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Academic Editor: Himanshu Sekhar Jena
Molecules 2020, 25(14), 3132; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143132
Received: 15 June 2020 / Revised: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 / Published: 8 July 2020
Ibuprofen is one of the most widely used pharmaceuticals, and due to its inefficient removal by conventional wastewater treatment, it can be found in natural surface waters at high concentrations. Recently, we demonstrated that the TpBD-(CF3)2 covalent organic framework (COF) can adsorb ibuprofen from ultrapure water with high efficiency. Here, we investigate the performance of the COF for the extraction of ibuprofen from natural water samples from a lake, river, and estuary. In general, the complexity of the natural water matrix induced a reduction in the adsorption efficiency of ibuprofen as compared to ultrapure water. The best performance, with over 70% adsorption efficiency, was found in lake water, the sample which featured the lowest pH. According to the theoretical calculations, ibuprofen more favorably interacts with the COF pores in the protonated form, which could partially account for the enhanced adsorption efficiency found in lake water. In addition, we explored the effect of the presence of competing pharmaceuticals, namely, acetaminophen and phenobarbital, on the ibuprofen adsorption as binary mixtures. Acetaminophen and phenobarbital were adsorbed by TpBD-(CF3)2 with low efficiency and their presence led to an increase in ibuprofen adsorption in the binary mixtures. Overall, this study demonstrates that TpBD-(CF3)2 is an efficient adsorbent for the extraction of ibuprofen from natural waters as well. View Full-Text
Keywords: covalent organic frameworks; pharmaceutical pollutants; adsorption; environmental water samples covalent organic frameworks; pharmaceutical pollutants; adsorption; environmental water samples
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MDPI and ACS Style

Fernandes, S.P.S.; Mellah, A.; Kovář, P.; Sárria, M.P.; Pšenička, M.; Djamila, H.; Salonen, L.M.; Espiña, B. Extraction of Ibuprofen from Natural Waters Using a Covalent Organic Framework. Molecules 2020, 25, 3132. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143132

AMA Style

Fernandes SPS, Mellah A, Kovář P, Sárria MP, Pšenička M, Djamila H, Salonen LM, Espiña B. Extraction of Ibuprofen from Natural Waters Using a Covalent Organic Framework. Molecules. 2020; 25(14):3132. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143132

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernandes, Soraia P.S., Abdelkarim Mellah, Petr Kovář, Marisa P. Sárria, Milan Pšenička, Harik Djamila, Laura M. Salonen, and Begoña Espiña. 2020. "Extraction of Ibuprofen from Natural Waters Using a Covalent Organic Framework" Molecules 25, no. 14: 3132. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143132

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