Extraction, Antioxidant Capacity, 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibition, and Phytochemical Composition of Propolis from Eastern Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Extractions
2.2. Total Phenolic Content
2.3. Total Flavonoid Content
2.4. Antioxidant Activity
2.5. 5-LO Product Biosynthesis Assays in HEK293 Cells
2.6. Identification of Chemical Compounds in Propolis from Eastern Canada Obtained Following SE, MAE and UAE
2.7. Semi-Quantitative Analysis of 46 Compounds in Propolis by HPLC-MS Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Soxhlet Extraction (SE)
3.3. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
3.4. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
3.5. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
3.6. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
3.7. Scavenging of Free Radicals
3.8. 5-LO Product Biosynthesis Assays in HEK293 Cells
3.9. Identification of Chemical Profiles by LC-MS/MS Analysis
3.10. Statistical Analyses
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of all extracts are available from the authors. |
Solvents | m (g/5 g of Dry Propolis) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
SE | MAE | UAE | ||
Water | Mean | 0.047 | 0.044 | 0.065 |
CI | 0.013 to 0.081 | 0.034 to 0.055 | 0.033 to 0.096 | |
Methanol | Mean | 1.774 | 1.362 | 1.352 |
CI | 1.553 to 1.995 | 1.245 to 1.478 | 1.283 to 1.420 | |
Ethanol | Mean | 1.936 | 0.876 | 0.737 |
CI | 1.853 to 2.018 | 0.785 to 0.968 | 0.535 to 0.938 | |
Acetone | Mean | 1.614 | 0.825 | 1.466 |
CI | 1.251 to 1.977 | 0.680 to 0.971 | 1.299 to 1.632 | |
EtOAc | Mean | 2.283 | 1.079 | 0.768 |
CI | 1.960 to 2.605 | 0.790 to 1.368 | 0.329 to 1.207 | |
Dichloromethane | Mean | 2.08 | 0.937 | 1.028 |
CI | 1.493 to 2.680 | 0.619 to 1.255 | 0.933 to 1.122 | |
EtOAc:Hex (1:1) | Mean | 0.761 | 0.425 | 0.153 |
CI | 0.612 to 0.910 | 0.336 to 0.515 | 0.144 to 0.162 | |
EtOAc:Hex (4:1) | Mean | 0.781 | 0.641 | 0.335 |
CI | 0.555 to 1.007 | 0.541 to 0.741 | 0.226 to 0.443 | |
EtOAc:Hex (1:4) | Mean | 1.091 | 0.483 | 0.31 |
CI | 0.868 to 1.313 | 0.258 to 0.709 | 0.252 to 0.368 | |
Hexane | Mean | 0.599 | 0.324 | 0.53 |
CI | 0.275 to 0.923 | 0.244 to 0.403 | 0.397 to 0.664 |
Solvents | IC50 (µg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
SE | MAE | UAE | ||
Water | Mean | 451.8 | 359.1 | 301.4 |
CI | 432.4 to 472.0 | 354.9 to 363.4 | 282.8 to 321.1 | |
Methanol | Mean | 76.01 | 63.22 | 79.12 |
CI | 72.13 to 80.10 | 61.54 to 64.94 | 74.60 to 83.92 | |
Ethanol | Mean | 59.03 | 70.03 | 74.38 |
CI | 57.97 to 60.10 | 58.90 to 83.26 | 68.91 to 80.27 | |
Acetone | Mean | 124.9 | 88.54 | 48.11 |
CI | 120.8 to 129.2 | 84.13 to 93.18 | 44.97 to 51.48 | |
EtOAc | Mean | 118.3 | 120.6 | 97.24 |
CI | 114.7 to 122.1 | 110.4 to 131.8 | 87.76 to 107.8 | |
Dichloromethane | Mean | 231.7 | 102.3 | 186.8 |
CI | 213.6 to 251.4 | 80.95 to 129.3 | 174.0 to 200.6 | |
EtOAc:Hex (1:1) | Mean | ~1290 | 246.9 | 188.2 |
CI | (Very wide) | 210.2 to 289.9 | 176.5 to 200.7 | |
EtOAc:Hex (4:1) | Mean | 590.6 | 140.5 | 187.5 |
CI | 482.2 to 723.4 | 131.6 to 149.9 | 170.1 to 206.5 | |
EtOAc:Hex (1:4) | Mean | 378.0 | 480.8 | 770.4 |
CI | 356.0 to 401.4 | 468.6 to 493.4 | 731.0 to 812.0 | |
Hexane | Mean | NI | NI | NI |
Ascorbic acid | Mean | 10.91 | ||
CI | 9.55 to 12.47 | |||
Caffeic acid | Mean | 8.80 | ||
CI | 8.16 to 9.48 | |||
Quercetin | Mean | 6.68 | ||
CI | 5.68 to 7.84 |
[M − H]− (m/z) | MS/MS Fragments (m/z) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tR (min) | Compound | CAS No. | Formula | Calculated | Experimental | Mass Accuracy (ppm) | Q-Exactive | LTQ-XL |
13.1 | p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | 123-8-0 | C7H6O2 | 121.0284 | 121.0278 | 5.0 | n.d. | n.d. |
13.1 | Caffeic acid | 331-39-5 | C9H8O4 | 179.0339 | 179.0337 | 1.1 | 135.0426 | 135.2 |
14.7 | p-Coumaric acid | 501-98-4 | C9H8O3 | 163.0390 | 163.0384 | 3.7 | 119.0477 | 119.2 |
15.2 | Ferulic acid | 1135-24-6 | C10H10O4 | 193.0495 | 193.0489 | 3.1 | 134.0348, 178.0246, 149.0582 | 149.2, 134.2, 178.1 |
15.9 | Cinnamic acid | 140-10-3 | C9H8O2 | 147.0441 | 147.0436 | 3.4 | 103.0541 | 103.2 |
16.2 | Benzoic acid | 65-85-0 | C7H6O2 | 121.0284 | 121.0278 | 5.0 | n.d. | n.d. |
17.6 | Quercetin | 117-39-5 | C15H10O7 | 301.0343 | 301.0332 | 3.7 | 151.0011, 286.0462, 178.9960 | 179.1, 151.1, 273.2 |
18.0 | Ethyl caffeate | 102-37-4 | C11H12O4 | 207.0652 | 207.0645 | 3.4 | 179.0325, 135.0426, 161.0219 | 179.2, 133.2, 161.2 |
18.8 | Apigenin | 520-36-5 | C15H10O5 | 269.0444 | 269.0437 | 2.6 | n.d. | 225.1, 149.1, 218.2 |
19.0 | Pinobanksin | 548-82-3 | C15H12O5 | 271.0601 | 271.0593 | 3.0 | 253.0486, 225.0536, 215.0691 | 253.2, 225.2, 215.2 |
19.1 | Kaempferol | 520-18-3 | C15H10O6 | 285.0394 | 285.0385 | 3.2 | 145.0269, 139.0374 | 255.2, 151.1, 229.2 |
19.2 | Isorhamnetin | 480-19-3 | C16H12O7 | 315.0499 | 315.0487 | 3.8 | 300.0253 | 300,2 |
19.3 | 3-Methylkaempferol | 1592-70-7 | C16H12O6 | 299.0550 | 299.0539 | 3.7 | 284.0308, 165.9882, 121.0270 | 284.2 |
20.2 | Rhamnetin | 90-19-7 | C16H12O7 | 315.0499 | 315.0486 | 4.1 | 165.0168, 121.0270, 300.0253 | 165.2, 193.1, 300.1 |
21.4 | Isosakuranetin | 480-43-3 | C16H14O5 | 285.0757 | 285.0748 | 3.2 | 164.0100, 243.0658, 270.0533 | 270.17, 243.17, 164.08 |
21.6 | Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester | 104594-70-9 | C17H16O4 | 283.0965 | 283.0955 | 3.5 | 179.0325, 135.0426, 161.0219 | 179.1, 135.2, 161.2 |
21.6 | Chrysin | 480-4-0 | C15H10O4 | 253.0495 | 253.0486 | 3.6 | 121.0270, 209.1525 | 209.2, 224.2, 181.2 |
22.0 | 4’-Methylkaempferol | 491-54-3 | C16H12O6 | 299.0550 | 299.0539 | 3.7 | 284.0308 | 284,2 |
22.0 | 7-Methylkaempferol | 569-92-6 | C16H12O6 | 299.0550 | 299.0539 | 3.7 | 284.0308, 256.0357, 121.0270 | 165.2, 271.1, 283.1 |
22.0 | Galangin | 548-83-4 | C15H10O5 | 269.0444 | 269.0437 | 2.6 | n.d. | 239.2, 197.2, 227.2 |
22.4 | Cinnamyl caffeate | 115610-79-2 | C18H16O4 | 295.0965 | 295.0952 | 4.4 | 178.0246, 137.0218, 134.0347 | 178.1, 134.2, 251.3 |
[M − H]− (m/z) | [M −H]− ( m/z) | MS/MS Fragments (m/z) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tR (min) | Experimental | Peak Intensity | Predicted Formula | Calculated | Mass Accuracy (ppm) | Q-Exactive |
14.1 | 237.0746 | 3.07 × 107 | C12H14O5 | 237.0757 | 4.6 | 145.0269, 119.0477, 163.0375 |
14.42 | 151.0374 | 9.22 × 107 | C8H8O3 | 151.0390 | 10.6 | 136.0140 |
15.39 | 295.0801 | 9.89 × 106 | C14H16O7 | 295.0812 | 3.7 | 161.0218, 59.0116, 135.0426 |
15.7 | 329.1004 | 5.3 × 107 | C18H18O6 | 329.1020 | 4.9 | 145.0269, 119.0477, 163.0375 |
15.8 | 359.1110 | 1.0 × 108 | C19H20O7 | 359.1125 | 4.2 | 145.0270, 163.0375, 119.0478 |
16.1 | 389.1213 | 4.0 × 107 | C20H22O8 | 389.1231 | 4.6 | 175.0375, 193.0482, 134.0348 |
16.3 | 177.0533 | 5.1 × 107 | C10H10O3 | 177.0546 | 7.3 | 162.0297 |
16.6 | 279.0854 | 8.8 × 107 | C14H16O6 | 279.0863 | 3.2 | 145.0269, 59.0116, 119.0477 |
16.6 | 317.1004 | 1.1 × 108 | C17H18O6 | 317.1020 | 5.0 | 121.0270, 222.9902, 250.9852 |
16.7 | 363.1058 | 3.9 × 107 | C18H20O8 | 363.1074 | 4.4 | 121.0270, 269. 0801, 164.0453 |
16.8 | 309.0959 | 2.5 × 107 | C15H18O7 | 309.0969 | 3.2 | 59.0116, 175.0375, 294.0724 |
16.9 | 251.0905 | 1.9 × 107 | C13H16O5 | 251.0914 | 3.6 | 161.0583, 145.0270, 133.0634 |
17.8 | 399.1057 | 1.1 × 107 | C21H20O8 | 399.1074 | 4.3 | 163.0375, 119.0477, 253.0697 |
18.1 | 343.1161 | 3.2 × 107 | C19H20O6 | 343.1176 | 4.4 | 147.0426, 164.0453 |
18.5 | 387.1420 | 4.2× 107 | C21H24O7 | 387.1438 | 4.6 | 119.0477, 145.0209, 163.0375 |
18.8 | 383.1106 | 7.2 × 107 | C21H20O7 | 383.1125 | 5.0 | 163.0375, 119.0477, 145.0269 |
18.9 | 301.0695 | 2.9 × 107 | C16H14O6 | 301.0707 | 4.0 | 165.9882, 109.9984, 194.9911 |
18.9 | 413.1212 | 2.8 × 107 | C22H22O8 | 413.1231 | 4.6 | 193.0481, 163.0375, 134.0348 |
19.7 | 191.0690 | 3.5 × 107 | C11H12O3 | 191.0703 | 6.8 | 145.0269, 119.0477, 163.0375 |
19.9 | 249.0749 | 3.0 × 107 | C13H14O5 | 249.0758 | 3.6 | 145.0269, 131.0477, 121.0269 |
21.2 | 485.1417 | 3.0 × 107 | C25H26O10 | 485.1442 | 5.2 | 193.0841, 134.0347, 175.0375 |
21.6 | 255.0643 | 1.2 × 107 | C15H12O4 | 255.0652 | 3.5 | 151.0011, 213.0533, 83.0114 |
22.5 | 253.0850 | 6.5 × 108 | C16H14O3 | 253.0859 | 3.6 | 121.0270, 145.0269, 162.0297 |
22.9 | 283.0954 | 6.0 × 107 | C17H16O4 | 283.0965 | 3.9 | 177.0168, 133.0269, 268.0721 |
23.1 | 267.1007 | 4.3 × 107 | C17H16O3 | 267.1016 | 3.4 | 119.0477, 163.0375, 145.0269 |
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Sambou, M.; Jean-François, J.; Ndongou Moutombi, F.J.; Doiron, J.A.; Hébert, M.P.A.; Joy, A.P.; Mai-Thi, N.-N.; Barnett, D.A.; Surette, M.E.; Boudreau, L.H.; et al. Extraction, Antioxidant Capacity, 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibition, and Phytochemical Composition of Propolis from Eastern Canada. Molecules 2020, 25, 2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102397
Sambou M, Jean-François J, Ndongou Moutombi FJ, Doiron JA, Hébert MPA, Joy AP, Mai-Thi N-N, Barnett DA, Surette ME, Boudreau LH, et al. Extraction, Antioxidant Capacity, 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibition, and Phytochemical Composition of Propolis from Eastern Canada. Molecules. 2020; 25(10):2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102397
Chicago/Turabian StyleSambou, Mariama, Jacques Jean-François, Fanta J. Ndongou Moutombi, Jérémie A. Doiron, Mathieu P.A. Hébert, Andrew P. Joy, Ngoc-Nu Mai-Thi, David A. Barnett, Marc E. Surette, Luc H. Boudreau, and et al. 2020. "Extraction, Antioxidant Capacity, 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibition, and Phytochemical Composition of Propolis from Eastern Canada" Molecules 25, no. 10: 2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102397