Investigation of Lactones as Innovative Bio-Sourced Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Structural Characterization of Lactones
2.1.1. ATR-IR
2.1.2. GC-MS
2.2. Analysis of Thermal Properties
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Synthesis of Lactones
4.3. Analytical Instruments and Methods
4.3.1. Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR)
4.3.2. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS)
4.3.3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
4.3.4. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
5. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
ATR-IR | Attenuated Total Reflectance InfraRed Spectroscopy |
DBC6O | Dibenzo-chromen-6-one |
DSC | Differential Scanning Calorimetry |
Et2O | Diethyl Ether |
GC-MS | Gas-Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry |
H2O2 | Hydrogen Peroxide |
LHS | Latent Heat Storage |
Na2CO3 | Sodium Carbonate |
Na2SO4 | Sodium sulfate |
NIST | National Institute of Standards and Technology |
PCL | Polycaprolactone |
PCM | Phase Change Material |
PFTBA | Perfluoroterbutylamine |
SNSF | Swiss National Science Foundation |
Tc | Crystallization Temperature |
Tm | Melting Temperature |
TFA | Trifluoroacetic acid |
TFPAA | Trifluoroperoxyacetic acid |
TGA | Thermogravimetric Analysis |
ΔH | Enthalpy of fusion |
Appendix A
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Compound | Retention Time (min) | Fragmentation Peaks, m/z with Relative Intensities (%) |
---|---|---|
Oxa-adamantanone | 9.27 | 122 (9), 94 (9), 80 (100), 67 (10), 55 (4) |
1,2-Campholide | 5.87 | 168 (5), 125 (83), 111 (78), 97 (6), 86 (5), 71 (5), 55 (100) |
DBC6O | 12.81 | 196 (100), 168 (27), 139 (23), 113 (2), 98 (2), 84 (2), 70 (9), 55 (1) |
Compound | Tc (Peak, °C) | Tm (peak, °C) | Tc (Onset, °C) | Tm (onset, °C) | ΔH (J/g) | T (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxa-adamantanone | 283.36 ± 7.97 | 287.69 ± 7.27 | 284.31 ± 7.95 | 281.82 ± 11.46 | 25.93 * ± 5.27 | 150 ± 10–250 ± 10 |
1,2-Campholide | 91.71 ± N.A. | 95.43 ± N.A. | 93.25 ± N.A. | 80.49 ± N.A. | 8.54 *± N.A. | 93 ± 6–225 ± 13 |
DBC6O | 49.80 ± 5.20 | 92.83 ± 0.30 | 51.05 ± 4.94 | 89.90 ± 1.34 | 62.60 ± 1.46 | 175 ± 5–307 ± 21 |
ε-Caprolactone | −29.63 ± 1.50 | −1.55 ± 1.77 | −28.36 ± 1.66 | −6.99 ± 1.28 | 121.7 ± 5.04 | 105 ± 7–205 ± 7 |
γ-Valerolactone | −69.03 ± 0.74 | −32.13 ± 0.50 | −68.91 ± 0.73 | −40.32 ± 0.99 | 109.8 ± 5.03 | 93 ± 4–188 ± 4 |
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Ravotti, R.; Fellmann, O.; Lardon, N.; Fischer, L.J.; Stamatiou, A.; Worlitschek, J. Investigation of Lactones as Innovative Bio-Sourced Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage. Molecules 2019, 24, 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071300
Ravotti R, Fellmann O, Lardon N, Fischer LJ, Stamatiou A, Worlitschek J. Investigation of Lactones as Innovative Bio-Sourced Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage. Molecules. 2019; 24(7):1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071300
Chicago/Turabian StyleRavotti, Rebecca, Oliver Fellmann, Nicolas Lardon, Ludger J. Fischer, Anastasia Stamatiou, and Jörg Worlitschek. 2019. "Investigation of Lactones as Innovative Bio-Sourced Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage" Molecules 24, no. 7: 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071300