Next Article in Journal
Phenolic Compounds of Catalpa speciosa, Taxus cuspidata, and Magnolia acuminata have Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity
Next Article in Special Issue
A Ratiometric and Colorimetric Hemicyanine Fluorescent Probe for Detection of SO2 Derivatives and Its Applications in Bioimaging
Previous Article in Journal
Evaluating the Toxic Impacts of Cadmium Selenide Nanoparticles on the Aquatic Plant Lemna minor
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 24
Issue 3
10.3390/molecules24030411
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

A Green-emitting Fluorescent Probe Based on a Benzothiazole Derivative for Imaging Biothiols in Living Cells

by
Xiaohua Ma
1,2,
Yuanqiang Hao
2,*,
Jiaxiang Liu
2,
Guoguang Wu
1,* and
Lin Liu
3,*
1
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
2
Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
3
Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials (Henan Province), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2019, 24(3), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030411
Submission received: 18 December 2018 / Revised: 9 January 2019 / Accepted: 18 January 2019 / Published: 23 January 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Biomolecules)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

A new green-emitting fluorescent probe 1 was developed for biothiol detection. The sensing mechanism was considered to be biothiol-induced cleavage of the 2,4-dinitrobenzene- sulfonate group in probe 1 and resulting inhibition of the probe’s photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process. Probe 1 exhibited favorable properties such as excellent selectivity, highly sensitive (0.12 µM), large Stokes shift (117 nm) and a remarkable turn-on fluorescence signal (148-fold). Furthermore, confocal fluorescence imaging indicated that probe 1 was membrane-permeable and suitable for visualization of biothiols in living A549 cells.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Biological thiols (biothiols) play essential functions in many physiological processes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes owing to their redox-relevant role and nucleophilicity [1,2,3]. Among them, cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione are the most plentiful low molecular weight and typical endogenous biothiols [4,5,6]. Their content is of critical significance, and the abnormal levels of biothiols are directly linked with the occurence of some diseases. For example, Cys is an essential amino acid for the production of proteins; Cys deficiency can result in hair depigmentation, children slow growth, liver damage and edema. Homocysteine has the function of detoxification and metabolism and heightened level of Hcy in plasma is considered as a risk factor for incidence of cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s diseases. GSH is known as maintaining normal immune system function and helping antiaging, while its abnormal levels are associated with cancer and HIV infection [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. At present, there are a series of analytical methods for thiol detection in the clinic, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrochemical methods and mass spectrometry [16,17,18]. Artificial sensors for monitoring the distribution and concentration of biothiols in biological samples have always attracted considerable attention. In terms of overcoming practical limitations, the use of fluorescence imaging provides a more desirable method due to its simplicity, great sensitivity, excellent selectivity, non-destructive analysis, as well as portability to real-time detection in actual living systems [19,20,21,22,23].
So far, many fluorescent probes for thiols have been already designed and developed. These studies have greatly advanced the research on the fluorescent detection of thiols [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. However, many of these probes show low sensitivity and small Stokes shifts, which limits their practical applications in biological systems. It is known that a large Stokes shift is beneficial for avoiding measurement errors derived from the self-quenching and autofluorescence [39,40]. Therefore, the development of an efficient fluorescent probe for the accurate detection of biothiols is still highly desired.
Due to its good photostability, large Stokes shift, good cell membrane permeability and low toxicity, 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl)phenol and its derivatives have been widely used for the design of fluorescent reagents [41,42,43]. Herein, we identified the 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate moiety (DNBS) as a reactive group and reaction switch specific for biothiols. Integration of this unique moiety into the phenothiazine benzothiazole-based dye 2 fluorophore afforded a new turn-on fluorescence probe 1 for detection of biothiols (Scheme 1). In view of the recommendable properties such as highly selective, remarkable fluorescence turn-on signal (148-fold enhancement), relatively low detection limit (0.12 µM) and a 117 nm Stokes shift, probe 1 has been successfully utilized to image biothiols in living A549 cells.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Spectroscopic Studies

The synthesis and characterization of probe 1 are described in the Materials and Methods section and in the Supplementary Information (Figures S7–S14). We firstly evaluated the sensing capability of probe 1 to detect biothiols in PBS buffer solution (50.0 mM, pH 7.4, 20% DMSO). Probe 1 showed a maximum absorption peak centering at 384 nm and little fluorescence due to an efficient photo induced electron transfer (PET) process [44] from the dye 2 to the 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate moiety (Figure 1).
After incubation with Cys (100.0 μM) for 15 min, a strong fluorescence (Figure 1B) at 530 nm was observed. Under these conditions, dye 2 displayed an absorption centred at 413 nm and an emission with λmax = 530 nm (Figure 1). Detection of compound 2 by HRMS analysis demonstrated that the sensing mechanism was the sulfonate ester cleavage mediated by biothiols in probe 1 to generate the dye 2 as shown in Scheme 1. Moreover, the HRMS spectral analysis of probe 1 treated with Cys confirmed the formation of dye 2. A prominent peak at m/z 405.1105 corresponding to the dye 2 was clearly observed (Figure S11).

2.2. Sensitivity Studies

We tested the sensitivity of probe 1 (5.0 μM) toward Cys. Upon addition of Cys (0.0~100.0 μM), fluorescent intensity at 530 nm gradually increase with the concentration of Cys. The change in fluorescent titration spectra terminated when the concentration of Cys reached 100.0 µM. At such concentration, the fluorescence intensity became about 148-fold higher than the baseline with no Cys (Figure 2).
As seen in Figure 3, a good linear relationship (y = 12.5969 + 20.2985x, R2 = 0.9972) between fluorescence intensity at 530 nm and the Cys concentrations (0.0~10 µM) was obtained. The detection limit of probe 1 for Cys was calculated to be 0.12 μM on the basis of S/N = 3. Additionally, similar results were obtained affording 0.14 μM and 0.21 μM detection limits for Hcy and GSH, respectively (Figures S1–S4). The results demonstrated that probe 1 could be used as a turn-on fluorescent indicator for biothiols in aqueous media.

2.3. Selective and Interference Fluorescence Response to Thiols

To investigate the selectivity performance of probe 1 (5.0 μM) for biothiols, biologically relevant compounds (100.0 μM), including Ala, Asn, Arg, Asp, Gly, Gln, Glu, Lys, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Trp, Tyr, Thr, Ser, His, Ile, Val, GSH, Hcy, Cys, KCl, NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, ZnCl2, FeCl3, Na2SO4, NaSCN, AcONa, Na2CO3, NaNO3, Na3PO4, NaNO2 and H2O2 were examined. As a result, only biothiols (Cys, GSH and Hcy) elicited a significant fluorescence enhancement of probe 1, whereas representative amino acids, typical biological ions and molecules had no response towards probe 1 (Figure 4A and Figure S5). Moreover, competitive assays indicated that probe 1 still retained sensing biothiols in the presence of representative amino acids, typical biological ions and molecules (Figure 4B and Figure S6). These phenomena confirmed that probe 1 had highly selective for biothiols over other competitive species under physiological conditions.

2.4. Kinetics and the Effects of pH

The real-time reaction kinetics of probe 1 towards biothiols was performed. As displayed in Figure 5A, upon the addition of biothiols (100.0 μM for Cys, GSH, Hcy), a high-intensity green emission at 530 nm was observed (148, 127 and 102 folds enhancement after 15 min, respectively). It was attributed to the cleavage of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate moiety in probe 1, thereby eliminating the PET process to generate the dye 2. However, the free probe 1 brought about negligible fluorescence change with the reaction time prolonged. These results manifested that the newly developed probe 1 possessed fast response characteristic toward biothiols. We proceeded to investigate the effect of pH on the response of probe 1 to biothiols (Cys). As seen in Figure 5B, free probe 1 (5.0 μM) exhibited no significant fluorescence fluctuation at 530 nm in broad pH range from 2.0 to 12.0, suggesting that the probe 1 works steadily in this pH range. However, addition of biothiols (100.0 μM) induced remarkable fluorescence enhancement at 530 nm in the pH range of 5.0~9.0. This indicated that the probe 1 was independent of pH and properly favorable for monitoring biothiols in biological environment applications.

2.5. Bioimaging of Probe 1

A549 cells were taken for monitoring the practical applicability of probe 1 to detect biothiols in live cells. The pictures of brightfield and fluorescence images were performed through confocal fluorescence microscopy. As is depicted in Figure 6, the A549 cells were stained with probe 1 solely (5.0 μM), and green fluorescence signal was appeared inside the cells (d, e and f). In sharp contrast, when the A549 cells were pretreated with NEM (1.0 mM) for 30 min to diminish the interference from intracellular biothiols, and then subsequently stained with probe 1, there was almost no remarkable fluorescence after the above treatment (a, b and c). The capability of probe 1 for imaging biothiols in Hela cells was also evaluated, and the results displayed a similar pattern with that of A549 cells (Figure S15). Cellular viability tests further demonstrated that probe 1 is highly biocompatible (Figures S16 and S17). These results manifested that probe 1 was cell-permeable and suitable for rapid visualization of biothiols in biological applications.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Instruments and Chemicals

The data of absorption spectra and emission spectra were carried out using UV-2450 and RF5301PC instruments from Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan). Emission spectra were obtained with a set 5.0 nm for slit widths of excitation and emission. Cell imaging, mass spectrometric experiments, NMR spectra and pH measurements were performed on FV1000 microscope (Olympus, Kyoto, Japan) Xevo G2-S QTof™ mass spectrometer (Waters®, Manchester, UK), Bruker 400 spectrometer (Rheinstetten, Germany) and PHS-3C pH meter (Leici, Shanghai, China), respectively. All reagents were commercially available and not further purified to use. TLC plates and mesh 200–300 silica gel were purchased from Qingdao Chemical (Qingdao, China).

3.2. Preparation of Spectra Measurements

The concentration of stock solution of the probe 1 was configured 1.0 mM in DMSO. The tested element (Ala, Glu, Asn, Gly, Arg, Lys, Asp, Gln, Leu, Tyr, Met, Thr, Phe, Pro, His, Trp, Ser, Ile, Val, GSH, Hcy, Cys, KCl, NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, ZnCl2, FeCl3, Na2SO4, NaSCN, AcONa, Na2CO3, NaNO3, Na3PO4, NaNO2 and H2O2) were prepared in twice-distilled water. Place 5.0 μM of probe diluted solution mixed with appropriate analytes stock in 3.0 mL test cell (7.4 PBS buffer containing 20% DMSO), shake well and incubate 15 min each time at room temperature to make spectra measurements.

3.3. Cell Assay

A549 cells were seeded overnight to adhere on glass-bottomed dish in DMEM culture medium in air containing 5% CO2 at 37 °C. Prior to each experiment, cells were washed with PBS and the culture solution removed. The first group of A549 cell were stained with probe 1 for 30 min, and mounted on the microscope stage to capture the cellular fluorescence images using the Olympus FV1000 microscope. The second group of A549 cell were treated with 1.0 mM N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) prior to staining with the probe 1. After the above breeding experiment, cells were rinsed with PBS buffer and imaged on confocal microscope immediately.

3.4. Synthesis of Dye 2

To a solution of 10-butyl-2-hydroxy-10H-phenothiazine-3-carbaldehyde [1] (299 mg, 1.0 mmol) and o-aminothiophenol (125 mg, 1.0 mmol) in 10 mL ethanol were added 37% HCl (110 mg, 3.0 mmol) and 30% H2O2 (204 mg, 6.0 mmol). After stirring at ambient temperature for 2 h, the precipitated solid was collected by filtration and recrystallized (ethanol) to obtain the pure dye 2 (47%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.67 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.32–7.14 (m, 2H), 7.08 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 3.89 (s, 2H), 1.73 (s, 2H), 1.43 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 0.92 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 164.55, 157.27, 151.94, 148.77, 143.59, 134.47, 128.14, 127.60, 126.85, 126.15, 123.55, 123.47, 122.35, 122.15, 116.68, 104.05, 47.14, 28.54, 19.90, 14.13. HRMS (EI) m/z calcd for [C23H20N2OS2 + H]+: 405.1095, Found: 405.1104.

3.5. Synthesis of Probe 1

To a mixture of dye 2 (80.0 mg, 0.2 mmol) and Et3N (24.0 mg, 0.24 mmol) in dry CH2Cl2 (10 mL) 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (70.0 mg, 0.24 mmol) was added. After stirring at ambient temperature for 7 h, the crude residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (mixtures of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as eluent; 6:1, v/v) to yield the probe 1 (87.1%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 14.7 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 31.9 Hz, 2H), 7.34–7.15 (m, 2H), 7.16–6.96 (m, 2H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 3.81 (s, 2H), 1.60 (s, 2H), 1.36 (s, 2H), 0.87 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO) δ 161.10, 152.72, 151.12, 148.18, 148.04, 146.17, 143.21, 135.34, 133.65, 128.54, 127.88, 127.10, 123.25, 122.53, 121.06, 120.78, 111.02, 47.19, 28.36, 19.79, 13.98. HRMS (EI) m/z calcd for [C29H23N4O7S3 + H]+: 635.0729, Found: 635.0737.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we have developed a new fluorescent off-on probe 1 with high sensitivity and selectivity for biothiol detection. Probe 1 displays remarkable turn-on fluorescence signals (148-fold) at 530 nm and a large Stokes shift (117 nm) towards biothiols. The detection limit of probe 1 for Cys was found to be 0.12 μM in PBS buffer solution. Most importantly, confocal fluorescence imaging of biothiols in living A549 cells suggested that probe 1 might serve as a useful bioanalytical molecular tool.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online. Figure S1: Fluorescence spectra changes of probe 1 (5.0 μM) upon the addition of Hcy (0.0–100.0 μM) in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min), Figure S2: Fluorescence intensity of probe 1 (5.0 μM) at 530 nm as a function of Hcy concentration (0.0–100.0 μM) in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min). Inset: The linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and Hcy at low concentrations, Figure S3: Fluorescence spectra changes of probe 1 (5.0 μM) upon the addition of GSH (0.0–100.0 μM) in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min), Figure S4: Fluorescence intensity of probe 1 (5.0 μM) at 530 nm as a function of GSH concentration (0.0–100.0 μM) in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min). Inset: The linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and GSH at low concentrations, Figure S5: The fluorescence intensity at 530 nm of probe 1 (5.0 μM) upon the addition of the various common amino acid (A-O: 100.0 μM for K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, SO42−, SCN−, AcO−, CO32−, NO3−, PO43−, NO2−, H2O2, Cys) (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min), Figure S6: The fluorescence intensity at 530 nm of probe 1 (5.0 μM) to Cys (100.0 μM) with the competition analytes in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min), Figure S7: Synthetic route to probe 1, Figure S8: 1H-NMR spectrum of probe 1 in DMSO-d6, Figure S9: 13C NMR spectrum of probe 1 in DMSO-d6, Figure S10: Mass spectrum of probe 1, Figure S11: Mass spectrum of probe 1+Cys, Figure S12: 1H-NMR spectrum of dye 2 in DMSO-d6, Figure S13: 13C-NMR spectrum of dye 2 in DMSO-d6, Figure S14: HPLC-MS result of compound 2, Figure S15: Confocal fluorescence contrast images: bright image (a,d) fluorescence image (b,e) and overlay image (c,f). Top row: living HeLa cells pretreated with 1.0 mM NEM and then incubated with probe 1; bottom row: living HeLa cells only incubated with probe 1 for 30 min at 37 °C, Figure S16: Percentage of viable A549 cells after treatment with different concentrations of probe 1 for 24 h, Figure S17: Percentage of viable A549 cells after treatment with different concentrations of dye 2 for 24 h, Table S1: Comparison of fluorescent probes for biothiols.

Author Contributions

L.L. and G.W. conceived and designed the experiments. X.M., J.L., and Y.H. performed the experiments. X.M., L.L., and Y.H. analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21804085) and the Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talents at the University of Henan Province (18HASTIT005), the Fund Project for Young Scholar sponsored by Henan province (2016GGJS-122) and the Program for Innovative Research Team of Science and Technology in the University of Henan Province (18IRT-STHN004).

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Yintang Zhang (Shangqiu Normal University) very much for his advices during the HPLC-MS analysis.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Chen, X.; Zhou, Y.; Peng, X.; Yoon, J. Fluorescent and colorimetric probes for detection of thiols. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 2120–2135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Ma, T.; Ding, H.; Xu, H.J.; Lv, Y.L.; Liu, H.; Wang, H.D.; Tian, Z.Y. Dual-functional probes for sequential thiol and redox homeostasis sensing in live cells. Analyst 2015, 140, 322–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Yang, J.J.; Yu, Y.W.; Wang, B.X.; Jiang, Y.L. A sensitive fluorescent probe based on coumarin for detection of cysteine in living cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2017, 338, 178–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Gao, J.H.; Tao, Y.F.; Wang, N.N.; He, J.L.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, W.L. BODIPY-based turn-on fluorescent probes for cysteine and homocysteine. Spectrochim. Acta Part A 2018, 203, 77–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Townsend, D.M.; Tew, K.D.; Tapiero, H. The importance of glutathione in human disease. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2003, 57, 145–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Zhang, S.; Ong, C.N.; Shen, H.M. Critical roles of intracellular thiols and calcium in parthenolide-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2004, 208, 143–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Weerapana, E.; Wang, C.; Simon, G.M.; Richter, F.; Khare, S.; Dillon, M.B.D.; Bachovchin, D.A.; Mowen, K.; Baker, D.; Cravatt, B.F. Quantitative reactivity profiling predicts functional cysteines in proteomes. Nature 2010, 468, 790–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Chu, P.Y.; Liu, M.Y. Amino acid cysteine induces senescence and decelerates cell growth in melanoma. J. Funct. Foods 2015, 18, 455–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Dorszewska, J.; Prendecki, M.; Oczkowska, A.; Dezor, M.; Kozubski, W. Molecular basis of familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Curr. Alzheimer. Res. 2016, 13, 952–963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Kong, F.P.; Liu, R.P.; Chu, R.R.; Wang, X.; Xu, K.H.; Tang, B. A highly sensitive near-infrared fluorescent probe for cysteine and homocysteine in living cells. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 9176–9178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Nekrassova, O.; Lawrence, N.S.; Compton, R.G. Analytical determination of homocysteine: A review. Talanta 2003, 60, 1085–1095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Seshadri, S.; Beiser, A.; Selhub, J.; Jacques, P.F.; Rosenberg, I.H.; D’Agostino, R.B.; Wilson, P.W.F.; Wolf, P.A. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 346, 476–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Yin, C.X.; Huo, F.J.; Zhang, J.J.; Martinez-Manez, R.; Yang, Y.T.; Lv, H.G.; Li, S.D. Thiol-addition reactions and their applications in thiol recognition. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 6032–6059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Forman, H.J.; Zhang, H.Q.; Rinna, A. Glutathione: Overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Mol. Aspects Med. 2009, 30, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Atkuri, K.R.; Mantovani, J.J.; Herzenberg, L.A.; Herzenberg, L.A. N-Acetylcysteine—A safe antidote for cysteine/glutathione deficiency. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2007, 7, 355–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Yu, Y.W.; Yu, J.J.; Xu, X.H.; Jiang, Y.L.; Wang, B.X. A novel fluorescent probe for highly sensitive and selective detection of cysteine and its application in cell imaging. Sensor. Actuat B Chem. 2017, 251, 902–908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Tang, Y.; Yang, H.R.; Sun, H.B.; Liu, S.J.; Wang, J.X.; Zhao, Q.; Liu, X.M.; Xu, W.J.; Li, S.B.; Huang, W. Rational design of an “off-on” phosphorescent chemodosimeter based on an Iridium (III) complex and its application for time-resolved luminescent detection and bioimaging of cysteine and homocysteine. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 1311–1319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Wei, M.J.; Yin, P.; Shen, Y.M.; Zhang, L.L.; Deng, J.H.; Xue, S.Y.; Li, H.T.; Guo, B.; Zhang, Y.Y.; Yao, S.Z. A new turn-on fluorescent probe for selective detection of glutathione and cysteine in living cells. Chem. Common. 2013, 49, 4640–4642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Cheng, D.; Xu, W.; Yuan, L.; Zhang, X. Investigation of drug-induced hepatotoxicity and its remediation pathway with reaction-based fluorescent probes. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 7693–7700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Chen, S.; Li, H.M.; Hou, P. A novel cyanobiphenyl benzothiazole-based fluorescent probe for detection of biothiols with a large Stokes shift and its application in cell imaging. Tetrahedron 2017, 73, 589–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Cheng, D.; Pan, Y.; Yin, B.C.; Yuan, L.; Zhang, X.B. A new fluorescent probe with ultralow background fluorescence for imaging of endogenous cellular selenol under oxidative stress. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2017, 28, 1987–1990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Ren, T.B.; Xu, W.; Jin, F.P.; Cheng, D.; Zhang, L.L.; Yuan, L.; Zhang, X.B. rational engineering of bioinspired anthocyanidin fluorophores with excellent two-photon properties for sensing and imaging. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 11427–11434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Chen, S.; Li, H.M.; Hou, P. Imidazo[1,5-α]pyridine-derived fluorescent turn-on probe for cellular thiols imaging with a large Stokes shift. Tetrahedron Lett. 2017, 58, 2654–2657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Wang, J.; Li, B.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, X.; Luo, X.; Corkins, M.E.; Cole, S.L.; Wang, C.; Xiao, Y.; Bi, X.; et al. Two-photon near infrared fluorescent turn-on probe toward cysteine and its imaging applications. ACS Sensors 2016, 1, 882–887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Liu, X.J.; Gao, L.; Yang, L.; Zou, L.F.; Chen, W.Q.; Song, X.Z. A phthalimide-based fluorescent probe for thiol detection with a large Stokes shift. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 18177–18182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Dai, X.; Wu, Q.H.; Wang, P.C.; Tian, J.; Xu, Y.; Wang, S.Q.; Miao, J.Y.; Zhao, B.X. A simple and effective coumarin-based fluorescent probe for cysteine. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014, 59, 35–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Shen, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Jin, J.; Li, H.; Yao, S. A novel colorimetric/fluorescence dual-channel sensor based on NBD for the rapid and highly sensitive detection of cysteine and homocysteine in living cells. Anal. Methods 2016, 8, 2420–2426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Zhou, X.; Jin, X.; Sun, G.; Wu, X. A Sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for cysteine based on a new response-assisted electrostatic attraction strategy: The role of spatial charge configuration. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 7817–7824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Wang, P.; Liu, J.; Lv, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Guo, W. A naphthalimide-based glyoxal hydrazone for selective fluorescence turn-on sensing of Cys and Hcy. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 520–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Jiang, W.N.; Yang, S.L.; Lu, W.; Gao, B.H.; Xu, L.; Sun, X.; Jiang, D.; Xu, H.J.; Ma, M.T.; Cao, F.L. A novel fluorescence “turn off-on” nano-sensor for detecting Cu2+ and cysteine in living cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2018, 362, 14–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Chen, C.Y.; Liu, W.; Xu, C.; Liu, W.S. A colorimetric and fluorescent probe for detecting intracellular biothiols. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2016, 85, 46–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Chen, S.; Hou, P.; Wang, J.; Fu, S.; Liu, L. A highly sensitive fluorescent probe based on the Michael addition mechanism with a large Stokes shift for cellular thiols imaging. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2018, 410, 4323–4330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Chen, S.; Hou, P.; Wang, J.; Fu, S.; Liu, L. A simple but effective fluorescent probe with large stokes shift for specific detection of cysteine in living cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol A 2018, 363, 7–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Zhang, H.; Qin, N.; Fang, Z. A novel dicyanoisophorone-based ratiometric fluorescent probe for selective detection of cysteine and its bioimaging application in living cells. Molecules 2018, 23, 475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Zeng, R.-F.; Lan, J.-S.; Li, X.-D.; Liang, H.-F.; Liao, Y.; Lu, Y.-J.; Zhang, T.; Ding, Y. A fluorescent coumarin-based probe for the fast detection of cysteine with live cell application. Molecules 2017, 22, 1618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Jiang, G.Y.; Liu, X.; Chen, Q.Q.; Zeng, G.J.; Wu, Y.Q.; Dong, X.B.; Zhang, G.X.; Li, Y.D.; Fan, X.L.; Wang, J.G. A new tetraphenylethylene based AIE probe for light-up and disxriminatory detection of Cys over Hcy and GSH. Sensor. Actuat B Chem. 2017, 252, 712–716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Ding, S.Y.; Liu, M.J.; Hong, Y.N. Biothiol-specific fluorescent probes with aggregation-induced emission characteristics. Sci. China Chem. 2018, 61, 882–891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Tang, Y.H.; Tang, B.Z. Principles and Applications of Aggregation-Induced Emission; Springer: Gewerbestrasse, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 391–407. [Google Scholar]
  39. Chen, S.; Li, H.M.; Hou, P. A novel imidazo[1,5-α]pyridine-based fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for imaging hydrogen sulfide. Sensor. Actuat B-Chem. 2018, 256, 1086–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Chen, S.; Li, H.M.; Hou, P. A large Stokes shift fluorescent probe for sensing of thiophenols based on imidazo[1,5-α]pyridine in both aqueous medium and living cells. Anal. Chim. Acta 2017, 993, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Nguyen, K.H.; Hao, Y.Q.; Zeng, K.; Fan, S.N.; Li, F.; Yuan, S.K.; Ding, X.J.; Xu, M.T.; Liu, Y.N. A benzothiazole-based fluorescent probe for hypochlorous acid detection and imaging in living cells. Spectrochim. Acta Part A 2018, 199, 189–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. He, L.; Yang, X.; Xu, K.; Kong, X.; Lin, W. A multi-signal fluorescent probe for simultaneously distinguishing and sequentially sensing cysteine/homocysteine, glutathione, and hydrogen sulfide in living cells. Chem. Sci. 2017, 8, 6257–6265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Chen, S.; Hou, P.; Wang, J.X.; Song, X.Z. A highly sulfite-selective ratiometric fluorescent probe based on ESIPT. RSC Adv. 2012, 2, 10869–10873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Dai, X.; Zhang, T.; Miao, J.Y.; Zhao, B.X. A ratiometric fluorescent probe with DNBS group for biothiols in aqueous solution. Sensor. Actuat B Chem. 2016, 223, 274–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.
Molecules 24 00411 sch001
Scheme 1. Sensing mechanism of 1 for biothiols.
Scheme 1. Sensing mechanism of 1 for biothiols.
Molecules 24 00411 sch001
Molecules 24 00411 g001
Figure 1. Normalized absorption (A) and fluorescence emission spectra (B) of probe 1 (5 μM), probe 1 (5 μM) with Cys (100 μM) with 15 min of reaction time, and compound 2 (5 μM) in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm).
Figure 1. Normalized absorption (A) and fluorescence emission spectra (B) of probe 1 (5 μM), probe 1 (5 μM) with Cys (100 μM) with 15 min of reaction time, and compound 2 (5 μM) in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm).
Molecules 24 00411 g001
Molecules 24 00411 g002
Figure 2. Fluorescence spectra of probe 1 (5.0 μM) upon the addition of Cys (0.0~100.0 μM) in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm) (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min). Inset: the corresponding fluorescence images of probe 1 (5.0 μM) in the absence (left) and presences (right) of Cys (100.0 μM) under a 365 nm UV lamp.
Figure 2. Fluorescence spectra of probe 1 (5.0 μM) upon the addition of Cys (0.0~100.0 μM) in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm) (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min). Inset: the corresponding fluorescence images of probe 1 (5.0 μM) in the absence (left) and presences (right) of Cys (100.0 μM) under a 365 nm UV lamp.
Molecules 24 00411 g002
Molecules 24 00411 g003
Figure 3. Fluorescence intensity of probe 1 (5.0 μM) at 530 nm as a function of Cys concentration (0.0~100.0 μM) in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min). Inset: the linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and Cys at low concentrations.
Figure 3. Fluorescence intensity of probe 1 (5.0 μM) at 530 nm as a function of Cys concentration (0.0~100.0 μM) in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min). Inset: the linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and Cys at low concentrations.
Molecules 24 00411 g003
Molecules 24 00411 g004
Figure 4. (A) The fluorescence intensity at 530 nm of probe 1 (5.0 μM) upon the addition of the various common amino acid (from left to right: 100.0 μM for Ala, Asn, Arg, Asp, Gly, Gln, Glu, Lys, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Trp, Tyr, Thr, Ser, His, Ile, Val, GSH, Hcy, Cys). (B) The fluorescence intensity at 530 nm of probe 1 (5.0 μM) to Cys (100.0 μM) with the competition amino acid in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO. The error bar represents the standard deviation of three independent experiments (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min).
Figure 4. (A) The fluorescence intensity at 530 nm of probe 1 (5.0 μM) upon the addition of the various common amino acid (from left to right: 100.0 μM for Ala, Asn, Arg, Asp, Gly, Gln, Glu, Lys, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Trp, Tyr, Thr, Ser, His, Ile, Val, GSH, Hcy, Cys). (B) The fluorescence intensity at 530 nm of probe 1 (5.0 μM) to Cys (100.0 μM) with the competition amino acid in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO. The error bar represents the standard deviation of three independent experiments (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min).
Molecules 24 00411 g004
Molecules 24 00411 g005
Figure 5. (A) Time-dependent fluorescence intensity of probe 1 (5.0 μM) at 530 nm reacted with 100.0 μM for Cys, Hcy, GSH in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO. (B) pH effect on the fluorescence intensity of only probe 1 (5.0 μM) (black) and in the presence (red) of Cys (100.0 μM) at 530 nm (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min).
Figure 5. (A) Time-dependent fluorescence intensity of probe 1 (5.0 μM) at 530 nm reacted with 100.0 μM for Cys, Hcy, GSH in the solution containing PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 50.0 mM) and 20% of DMSO. (B) pH effect on the fluorescence intensity of only probe 1 (5.0 μM) (black) and in the presence (red) of Cys (100.0 μM) at 530 nm (λexc = 413 nm, and t = 15 min).
Molecules 24 00411 g005
Molecules 24 00411 g006
Figure 6. Confocal fluorescence contrast images: bright image (a,d) fluorescence image (b,e) and overlay image (c,f). Top row: Living A549 cells pretreated with 1.0 mM NEM and then incubated with probe 1; bottom row: living A549 cells only incubated with probe 1 for 30 min at 37 °C.
Figure 6. Confocal fluorescence contrast images: bright image (a,d) fluorescence image (b,e) and overlay image (c,f). Top row: Living A549 cells pretreated with 1.0 mM NEM and then incubated with probe 1; bottom row: living A549 cells only incubated with probe 1 for 30 min at 37 °C.
Molecules 24 00411 g006

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ma, X.; Hao, Y.; Liu, J.; Wu, G.; Liu, L. A Green-emitting Fluorescent Probe Based on a Benzothiazole Derivative for Imaging Biothiols in Living Cells. Molecules 2019, 24, 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030411

AMA Style

Ma X, Hao Y, Liu J, Wu G, Liu L. A Green-emitting Fluorescent Probe Based on a Benzothiazole Derivative for Imaging Biothiols in Living Cells. Molecules. 2019; 24(3):411. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030411

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ma, Xiaohua, Yuanqiang Hao, Jiaxiang Liu, Guoguang Wu, and Lin Liu. 2019. "A Green-emitting Fluorescent Probe Based on a Benzothiazole Derivative for Imaging Biothiols in Living Cells" Molecules 24, no. 3: 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030411

APA Style

Ma, X., Hao, Y., Liu, J., Wu, G., & Liu, L. (2019). A Green-emitting Fluorescent Probe Based on a Benzothiazole Derivative for Imaging Biothiols in Living Cells. Molecules, 24(3), 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030411

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop