The Effects of Biostimulants, Biofertilizers and Water-Stress on Nutritional Value and Chemical Composition of Two Spinach Genotypes (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Nutritional Value and Chemical Composition
2.1.1. Nutritional Value
2.1.2. Free Sugars
2.1.3. Organic Acids
2.1.4. Tocopherols
2.1.5. Fatty Acids
2.2. Phenolic Composition
2.3. Bioactive Properties
2.3.1. Antioxidant Activity
2.3.2. Cytotoxicity and Anti-inflammatory Activity
2.3.3. Antimicrobial Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material and Growing Conditions
3.2. Nutritional Value
3.3. Chemical Composition
3.4. Extracts Preparation
3.5. Phenolic Profile
3.6. Bioactive Properties
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Howladar, S.M. Potassium humate improves physio-biochemical attributes, defense systems activities and water-use efficiencies of eggplant under partial root-zone drying. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 2018, 240, 179–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schonhof, I.; Kläring, H.-P.; Krumbein, A.; Claußen, W.; Schreiner, M. Effect of temperature increase under low radiation conditions on phytochemicals and ascorbic acid in greenhouse grown broccoli. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007, 119, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Postel, S.L. Entering an era of water scarcity: The challenges ahead. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10, 941–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waśkiewicz, A.; Gładysz, O.; Beszterda, M.; Goliński, P. Water stress and vegetable crops. Water Stress Crop Plants A Sustain. Approach 2016, 2–2, 393–411. [Google Scholar]
- Parađiković, N.; Teklić, T.; Zeljković, S.; Lisjak, M.; Špoljarević, M. Biostimulants research in some horticultural plant species—A review. Food Energy Secur. 2019, 8, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colla, G.; Rouphael, Y. Biostimulants in horticulture. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 2015, 196, 1–2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colla, G.; Rouphael, Y.; Di Mattia, E.; El-Nakhel, C.; Cardarelli, M. Co-inoculation of Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma atroviride acts as a biostimulant to promote growth, yield and nutrient uptake of vegetable crops. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2015, 95, 1706–1715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chehade, L.A.; Al Chami, Z.; De Pascali, S.A.; Cavoski, I.; Fanizzi, F.P. Biostimulants from food processing by-products: Agronomic, quality and metabolic impacts on organic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). J. Sci. Food Agric. 2018, 98, 1426–1436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rouphael, Y.; Franken, P.; Schneider, C.; Schwarz, D.; Giovannetti, M.; Agnolucci, M.; De Pascale, S.; Bonini, P.; Colla, G. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi act as biostimulants in horticultural crops. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 2015, 196, 91–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petropoulos, S.A.; Taofiq, O.; Fernandes, Â.; Tzortzakis, N.; Ciric, A.; Sokovic, M.; Barros, L.; Ferreira, I.C. Bioactive properties of greenhouse-cultivated green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under biostimulants and water-stress effect. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2019, 99, 6049–6059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du Jardin, P. Plant biostimulants: Definition, concept, main categories and regulation. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 2015, 196, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Calvo, P.; Nelson, L.; Kloepper, J.W. Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant Soil 2014, 383, 3–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rouphael, Y.; Giordano, M.; Cardarelli, M.; Cozzolino, E.; Mori, M.; Kyriacou, M.C.; Bonini, P.; Colla, G. Plant-and seaweed-based extracts increase yield but differentially modulate nutritional quality of greenhouse spinach through biostimulant action. Agronomy 2018, 8, 126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rouphael, Y.; Kyriacou, M.C.; Petropoulos, S.A.; De Pascale, S.; Colla, G. Improving vegetable quality in controlled environments. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 2018, 234, 275–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halpern, M.; Bar-Tal, A.; Ofek, M.; Minz, D.; Muller, T.; Yermiyahu, U. The use of biostimulants for enhancing nutrient uptake. Adv. Agron. 2015, 130, 141–174. [Google Scholar]
- Bulgari, R.; Cocetta, G.; Trivellini, A.; Vernieri, P.; Ferrante, A. Biostimulants and crop responses: A review. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 2015, 31, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azcona, I.; Pascual, I.; Aguirreolea, J.; Fuentes, M.; García-Mina, J.M.; Sánchez-Díaz, M. Growth and development of pepper are affected by humic substances derived from composted sludge. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2011, 174, 916–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hernandez, O.L.; Calderín, A.; Huelva, R.; Martínez-Balmori, D.; Guridi, F.; Aguiar, N.O.; Olivares, F.L.; Canellas, L.P. Humic substances from vermicompost enhance urban lettuce production. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2014, 35, 225–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, C.; Leskovar, D.I. Effects of A. nodosum seaweed extracts on spinach growth, physiology and nutrition value under drought stress. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 2015, 183, 39–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiorentino, N.; Ventorino, V.; Woo, S.L.; Pepe, O.; De Rosa, A.; Gioia, L.; Romano, I.; Lombardi, N.; Napolitano, M.; Colla, G.; et al. Trichoderma-based biostimulants modulate rhizosphere microbial populations and improve N uptake efficiency, yield, and nutritional quality of leafy vegetables. Front. Plant Sci. 2018, 9, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Manaf, H.H. Beneficial effects of exogenous selenium, glycine betaine and seaweed extract on salt stressed cowpea plant. Ann. Agric. Sci. 2016, 61, 41–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Koleška, I.; Hasanagić, D.; Todorović, V.; Murtić, S.; Klokić, I.; Paradiković, N.; Kukavica, B. Biostimulant prevents yield loss and reduces oxidative damage in tomato plants grown on reduced NPK nutrition. J. Plant Interact. 2017, 12, 209–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ertani, A.; Pizzeghello, D.; Francioso, O.; Sambo, P.; Sanchez-Cortes, S.; Nardi, S. Capsicum chinensis L. growth and nutraceutical properties are enhanced by biostimulants in a long-term period: Chemical and metabolomic approaches. Front. Plant Sci. 2014, 5, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kunicki, E.; Grabowska, A.; Sękara, A.; Wojciechowska, R. The effect of cultivar type, time of cultivation, and biostimulant treatment on the yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Folia Hortic. 2010, 22, 9–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Golubkina, N.A.; Kosheleva, O.V.; Krivenkov, L.V.; Dobrutskaya, H.G.; Nadezhkin, S.; Caruso, G. Intersexual differences in plant growth, yield, mineral composition and antioxidants of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) as affected by selenium form. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 2017, 225, 350–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vargas-Hernandez, M.; Bobadilla, I.M.; Guevara-Gonzalez, R.G.; Velazquez Rosalia, V.O.; Garcia, E.R.; Gomez, R.S.d.; Arquieta, A.L.d.; Pacheco, I.T. Plant Hormesis Management with Biostimulants of Biotic Origin in Agriculture. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fan, D.; Hodges, D.M.; Zhang, J.; Kirby, C.W.; Ji, X.; Locke, S.J.; Critchley, A.T.; Prithiviraj, B. Commercial extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum enhances phenolic antioxidant content of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) which protects Caenorhabditis elegans against oxidative and thermal stress. Food Chem. 2011, 124, 195–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chrysargyris, A.; Xylia, P.; Anastasiou, M.; Pantelides, I.; Tzortzakis, N. Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extracts on lettuce growth, physiology and fresh-cut salad storage under potassium deficiency. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2018, 98, 5861–5872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rouphael, Y.; Cardarelli, M.; Bonini, P.; Colla, G. Synergistic action of a microbial-based biostimulant and a plant derived-protein hydrolysate enhances lettuce tolerance to alkalinity and salinity. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dudaš, S.; Šola, I.; Sladonja, B.; Erhatić, R.; Ban, D.; Poljuha, D. The effect of biostimulant and fertilizer on “low input” lettuce production. Acta Bot. Croat. 2016, 75, 253–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Galla, N.R.; Pamidighantam, P.R.; Karakala, B.; Gurusiddaiah, M.R.; Akula, S. Nutritional, textural and sensory quality of biscuits supplemented with spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Int. J. Gastron. Food Sci. 2016, 7, 20–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panda, V.; Mistry, K.; Sudhamani, S.; Nandave, M.; Ojha, S.K. Amelioration of Abnormalities Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome by Spinacia oleracea (Spinach) Consumption and Aerobic Exercise in Rats. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017, 2017, 2359389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lomnitski, L.; Bergman, M.; Nyska, A.; Ben-Shaul, V.; Grossman, S. Composition, Efficacy, and Safety of Spinach Extracts. Nutr. Cancer 2003, 46, 222–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Petropoulos, S.A.; Constantopoulou, E.; Karapanos, I.; Akoumianakis, C.A.; Passam, H.C. Diurnal variation in the nitrate content of parsley foliage. Int. J. Plant Prod. 2011, 5, 431–438. [Google Scholar]
- Morales, P.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Carvalho, A.M.; Sánchez-Mata, M.C.; Cámara, M.; Fernández-Ruiz, V.; Pardo-de-Santayana, M.; Tardío, J. Mediterranean non-cultivated vegetables as dietary sources of compounds with antioxidant and biological activity. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 55, 389–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barcelos, C.; Machado, R.M.A.; Alves-Pereira, I.; Ferreira, R.; Bryla, D.R. Effects of substrate type on plant growth and nitrogen and nitrate concentration in spinach. Int. J. Plant Biol. 2017, 7, 44–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hmelak Gorenjak, A.; Cencič, A. Nitrate in vegetables and their impact on human health. A review. Acta Aliment. 2013, 42, 158–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carillo, P.; Colla, G.; Fusco, G.M.; Dell’Aversana, E.; El-Nakhel, C.; Giordano, M.; Pannico, A.; Cozzolino, E.; Mori, M.; Reynaud, H.; et al. Morphological and Physiological Responses Induced by Protein Hydrolysate-Based Biostimulant and Nitrogen Rates in Greenhouse Spinach. Agronomy 2019, 9, 450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, M.J.; Shim, C.K.; Kim, Y.K.; Ko, B.G.; Park, J.H.; Hwang, S.G.; Kim, B.H. Effect of biostimulator Chlorella fusca on improving growth and qualities of chinese chives and spinach in organic farm. Plant Pathol. J. 2018, 34, 567–574. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, S. Enhancing phytochemical levels, enzymatic and antioxidant activity of spinach leaves by chitosan treatment and an insight into the metabolic pathway using DART-MS technique. Food Chem. 2016, 199, 176–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, D.; Hodges, D.M.; Critchley, A.T.; Prithiviraj, B. A Commercial Extract of Brown Macroalga (Ascophyllum nodosum) Affects Yield and the Nutritional Quality of Spinach In Vitro. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2013, 44, 1873–1884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulkarni, M.G.; Rengasamy, K.R.R.; Pendota, S.C.; Gruz, J.; Plačková, L.; Novák, O.; Doležal, K.; Van Staden, J. Bioactive molecules derived from smoke and seaweed Ecklonia maxima showing phytohormone-like activity in Spinacia oleracea L. N. Biotechnol. 2019, 48, 83–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Petek, M.; Ćustić, M.H.; Tath, N.; Slunjski, S.; Čoga, L.; Pavlović, I.; Karažija, T.; Lazarević, B.; Cvetković, S. Nitrogen and Crude Proteins in Beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. Conditiva) under Different Fertilization Treatments. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca 2012, 40, 215–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rathinasabapathi, B. Metabolic engineering for stress tolerance: Installing osmoprotectant synthesis pathways. Ann. Bot. 2000, 86, 709–716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosa, M.; Prado, C.; Podazza, G.; Interdonato, R.; González, J.A.; Hilal, M.; Prado, F.E. Soluble sugars-metabolism, sensing and abiotic stress. A complex network in the life of plants. Plant Signal. Behav. 2009, 4, 388–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Goñi, O.; Quille, P.; Connell, S.O. Ascophyllum nodosum extract biostimulants and their role in enhancing tolerance to drought stress in tomato plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2018, 126, 63–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, E.; Lieth, H.J.; Jernstedt, J.A.; Labavitch, J.M.; Suslow, T.V.; Cantwell, M.I. Texture, composition and anatomy of spinach leaves in relation to nitrogen fertilization. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2013, 93, 227–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Craigie, J. Seaweed extract stimuli in plant science and agriculture. J. Appl. Phycol. 2011, 23, 371–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nuss, R.F.; Loewus, F.A. Further Studies on Oxalic Acid Biosynthesis in Oxalate-accumulating Plants. Plant Physiol. 1978, 61, 590–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Palmieri, F.; Estoppey, A.; House, G.L.; Lohberger, A.; Bindschedler, S.; Chain, P.S.G.; Junier, P. Chapter Two - Oxalic acid, a molecule at the crossroads of bacterial-fungal interactions. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 2019, 106, 49–77. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, S.; Choi, Y.; Jeong, H.S.; Lee, J.; Sung, J. Effect of different cooking methods on the content of vitamins and true retention in selected vegetables. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2018, 27, 333–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zeb, A. A simple, sensitive HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of carotenoids, chlorophylls and α-tocopherol in leafy vegetables. J. Food Meas. Charact. 2017, 11, 979–986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, D.; Ou, B.; Rior, R.L. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 1841–1856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kellős, T.; Tímár, I.; Szilágyi, V.; Szalai, G.; Galiba, G.; Kocsy, G. Stress hormones and abiotic stresses have different effects on antioxidants in maize lines with different sensitivity. Plant Biol. 2008, 10, 563–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Min, K.; Chen, K.; Arora, R. Short versus prolonged freezing differentially impacts freeze – thaw injury in spinach leaves: Mechanistic insights through metabolite profiling. Physiol. Plant. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elkelish, A.A.; Alnusaire, T.S.; Soliman, M.H.; Gowayed, S.; Senousy, H.H.; Fahad, S. Calcium availability regulates antioxidant system, physio-biochemical activities and alleviates salinity stress mediated oxidative damage in soybean seedlings. J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual. 2019, 92, 258–266. [Google Scholar]
- Laxa, M.; Liebthal, M.; Telman, W.; Chibani, K.; Dietz, K.J. The role of the plant antioxidant system in drought tolerance. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- El-Bassiouny, H.M.S.; El-Monem, A.A.A.; Abdallah, M.M.-S.; Soliman, K.M. Role of arbuscular mycorrhiza, α-tocopherol and nicotinamide on the nitrogen containing compounds and adaptation of sunflower plant to Water stress. Biosci. Res. 2018, 15, 2068–2088. [Google Scholar]
- Zemanová, V.; Pavlík, M.; Pavlíková, D.; Kyjaková, P. Changes in the contents of amino acids and the profile of fatty acids in response to cadmium contamination in spinach. Plant Soil Environ. 2015, 61, 285–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maeda, N.; Yoshida, H.; Mizushina, Y. Spinach and Health: Anticancer Effect. In Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health-Fruits and Vegetables; Watson, R.R., Preedy, V.R.B.T.-B.F., Eds.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2010; pp. 393–405. ISBN 978-0-12-374628-3. [Google Scholar]
- Upchurch, R.G. Fatty acid unsaturation, mobilization, and regulation in the response of plants to stress. Biotechnol. Lett. 2008, 30, 967–977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puglisi, I.; Barone, V.; Sidella, S.; Coppa, M.; Broccanello, C.; Gennari, M.; Baglieri, A. Biostimulant activity of humic-like substances from agro-industrial waste on Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda. Eur. J. Phycol. 2018, 53, 433–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, Y.; Kong, F.; Torres-Romero, I.; Burlacot, A.; Cuine, S.; Légeret, B.; Billon, E.; Brotman, Y.; Alseekh, S.; Fernie, A.R.; et al. Branched-chain amino acid catabolism impacts triacylglycerol homeostasis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 2019, 179, 1502–1514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Singh, J.; Jayaprakasha, G.K.; Patil, B.S. An optimized solvent extraction and characterization of unidentified flavonoid glucuronide derivatives from spinach by UHPLC-HR-QTOF-MS. Talanta 2018, 188, 763–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bergqust, S.Å.; Gertsson, U.E.; Knuthsen, P.; Olsson, M.E. Flavonoids in baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): Changes during plant growth and storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 9459–9464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bottino, A.; Degl’Innocenti, E.; Guidi, L.; Graziani, G.; Fogliano, V. Bioactive compounds during storage of fresh-cut spinach: The role of endogenous ascorbic acid in the improvement of product quality. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 2925–2931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Singh, J.; Jayaprakasha, G.K.; Patil, B.S. Rapid ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and selected reaction monitoring strategy for the identification and quantification of minor spinacetin derivatives in spinach. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2017, 31, 1803–1812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clifford, M.N.; Johnston, K.L.; Knight, S.; Kuhnert, N. Hierarchical scheme for LC-MSn identification of chlorogenic acids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 2900–2911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clifford, M.N.; Zheng, W.; Kuhnert, N. Profiling the chlorogenic acids of aster by HPLC-MSn. Phytochem. Anal. 2006, 17, 384–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pliakoni, E.D.; Nanos, G.D.; Gil, M.I. Two-season study of the influence of regulated deficit irrigation and reflective mulch on individual and total phenolic compounds of nectarines at harvest and during storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 11783–11789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parađiković, N.; Vinković, T.; Vrček, I.V.; Žuntar, I.; Bojić, M.; Medić-Šarić, M. Effect of natural biostimulants on yield and nutritional quality: An example of sweet yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2011, 91, 2146–2152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrozza, A.; Santaniello, A.; Summerer, S.; Di Tommaso, G.; Di Tommaso, D.; Paparelli, E.; Piaggesi, A.; Perata, P.; Cellini, F. Physiological responses to Megafol® treatments in tomato plants under drought stress: A phenomic and molecular approach. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 2014, 174, 185–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saa, S.; Del Rio, A.O.; Castro, S.; Brown, P.H. Foliar application of microbial and plant based biostimulants increases growth and potassium uptake in almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D. A. Webb). Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cho, M.J.; Howard, L.R.; Prior, R.L.; Morelock, T. Flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of spinach genotypes determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2008, 88, 1099–1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horwitz, W.; Latimer, G. (Eds.) AOAC Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International; AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Barros, L.; Pereira, E.; Calhelha, R.C.; Dueñas, M.; Carvalho, A.M.; Santos-Buelga, C.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Bioactivity and chemical characterization in hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. J. Funct. Foods 2013, 5, 1732–1740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, C.; Barros, L.; Carvalho, A.M.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Use of UFLC-PDA for the analysis of organic acids in thirty-five species of food and medicinal plants. Food Anal. Methods 2013, 6, 1337–1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bessada, S.M.F.; Barreira, J.C.M.; Barros, L.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P. Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f.: An underexploited and highly disseminated species. Ind. Crops Prod. 2016, 89, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pereira, C.; Calhelha, R.C.; Barros, L.; Queiroz, M.J.R.P.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Synergisms in antioxidant and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activities of artichoke, milk thistle and borututu syrups. Ind. Crops Prod. 2014, 52, 709–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lockowandt, L.; Pinela, J.; Roriz, C.L.; Pereira, C.; Abreu, R.M.V.; Calhelha, R.C.; Alves, M.J.; Barros, L.; Bredol, M.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Chemical features and bioactivities of cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) capitula: The blue flowers and the unexplored non-edible part. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 128, 496–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Corrêa, R.C.G.; De Souza, A.H.P.; Calhelha, R.C.; Barros, L.; Glamoclija, J.; Sokovic, M.; Peralta, R.M.; Bracht, A.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Bioactive formulations prepared from fruiting bodies and submerged culture mycelia of the Brazilian edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatoroseus Singer. Food Funct. 2015, 6, 2155–2164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Soković, M.; Glamočlija, J.; Marin, P.D.; Brkić, D.; van Griensven, L.J.L.D. Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model. Molecules 2010, 15, 7532–7546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Soković, M.; Van Griensven, L.J.L.D. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their components against the three major pathogens of the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2006, 116, 211–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample Availability: n/a. |
Treatment | Fat | Protein | Ash | Carbohydrates | Energy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Fuji | 7.8 ± 1.6a | 35.8 ± 1.8b | 18.55 ± 1.02b | 37.8 ± 2.6a | 364.9 ± 10.3a |
Viroflay | 6.2 ± 1.7b | 38.1 ± 1.7a | 21.4 ± 1.7a | 34.2 ± 1.5b | 345.5 ± 11.1b | |
Water stress | W– | 6.9 ± 2.0 | 36.5 ± 2.7 | 19.4 ± 1.3b | 37.2 ± 2.8a | 356.9 ± 13.7 |
W+ | 7.12 ± 1.64 | 37 ± 1 | 20.5 ± 2.3a | 34.9 ± 2.2b | 353 ± 15 | |
Biostimulant | Control | 7.3 ± 0.7a | 38.2 ± 0.9a | 19.8 ± 1.9b | 35 ± 2 | 357.2 ± 10.8a |
AM | 6.78 ± 0.9a | 38 ± 3a | 19.4 ± 1.6b | 36.1 ± 2.8 | 356.1 ± 10.8a | |
MEG | 7.7 ± 2.1a | 36.8 ± 1.9a | 19.5 ± 1.2b | 35.9 ± 1.2 | 360 ± 15a | |
TA | 5.3 ± 1.6b | 37 ± 1a | 21.5 ± 2.6a | 36 ± 3 | 340.3 ± 15.9b | |
V | 8 ± 1a | 35.2 ± 1.8b | 19.6 ± 1.8b | 37.0 ± 3.9 | 361.8 ± 7.3a | |
Fuji | CW– | 7.2 ± 0.3e | 37.2 ± 0.6fg | 18.97 ± 0.06gh | 36.6 ± 0.1e | 360 ± 1de |
AMW– | 9.4 ± 0.3b | 33.93 ± 0.05l | 18.9 ± 0.6hi | 37.8 ± 0.3d | 371 ± 3b | |
MEGW– | 10.7 ± 0.3a | 33.8 ± 0.4l | 17.53 ± 0.02jk | 37.8 ± 0.2d | 383.3 ± 0.9a | |
TAW– | 4.4 ± 0.1i | 35.4 ± 0.1k | 19.3 ± 0.1fg | 40.97 ± 0.05b | 344.6 ± 0.8j | |
VW– | 7.3 ± 0.4e | 32 ± 1m | 17.4 ± 0.3jk | 42.9 ± 0.3a | 367.0 ± 0.3c | |
CW+ | 8.3 ± 0.4c | 38 ± 1ef | 17.3 ± 0.4k | 36.5 ± 0.7e | 372 ± 2b | |
AMW+ | 5.9 ± 0.2g | 36.9 ± 0.3gh | 17.7 ± 0.6j | 39.4 ± 0.1c | 359 ± 2ef | |
MEGW+ | 8.0 ± 0.3d | 37.0 ± 0.2gh | 20.4 ± 0.1d | 34.68 ± 0.06h | 358 ± 1ef | |
TAW+ | 7.9 ± 0.3d | 38.05 ± 0.03de | 19.5 ± 0.2f | 34.6 ± 0.3h | 361.6 ± 0.6d | |
VW+ | 9.1 ± 0.4b | 35.71 ± 0.04jk | 18.6 ± 0.2i | 36.6 ± 0.4e | 371.1 ± 0.9b | |
Viroflay | CW– | 6.8 ± 0.3f | 39.2 ± 0.6b | 20.6 ± 0.5d | 33.5 ± 0.1i | 351.5 ± 0.4i |
AMW– | 4.3 ± 0.2i | 42.0 ± 0.3a | 19.3 ± 0.2fg | 34.4 ± 0.2h | 344 ± 1j | |
MEGW– | 7.2 ± 0.3e | 37.6 ± 0.5ef | 19.84 ± 0.08e | 35.3 ± 0.2g | 357 ± 1fg | |
TAW– | 4.8 ± 0.2h | 36.6 ± 0.2hi | 21.983 ± 0.001bc | 36.7 ± 0.2e | 335.9 ± 0.5k | |
VW– | 7.2 ± 0.2e | 37 ± 1hi | 20.5 ± 0.5d | 35.8 ± 0.5fg | 354 ± 2h | |
CW+ | 6.8 ± 0.3f | 38.4 ± 0.2cd | 22.33 ± 0.03b | 32.4 ± 0.3j | 345 ± 1j | |
AMW+ | 7.5 ± 0.2e | 38.0 ± 0.7de | 21.9 ± 0.2c | 32.6 ± 0.5j | 350 ± 1i | |
MEGW+ | 5.0 ± 0.2h | 38.8 ± 0.4bc | 20.3 ± 0.3d | 35.9 ± 0.3f | 344 ± 2j | |
TAW+ | 4.2 ± 0.2i | 37.2 ± 0.1fg | 25.4 ± 0.1a | 33.30 ± 0.05i | 319.4 ± 0.9l | |
VW+ | 8.5 ± 0.2c | 36.3 ± 0.1ij | 21.9 ± 0.5c | 32.7 ± 0.4j | 358 ± 3gh |
Treatment | Fructose | Glucose | Sucrose | Raffinose | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Fuji | 1.42 ± 0.03a | 2.46 ± 0.05 | 2.056 ± 0.03a | 2.736 ± 0.08a | 8.66 ± 0.09a |
Viroflay | 0.43 ± 0.01b | 2.11 ± 0.03 | 0.86 ± 0.02b | 2.266 ± 0.005b | 5.68 ± 0.06b | |
Water stress | W– | 0.965 ± 0.003 | 2.06 ± 0.06b | 1.71 ± 0.06a | 2.743 ± 0.001a | 7.488 ± 0.006 |
W+ | 0.887 ± 0.002 | 2.51 ± 0.03a | 1.21 ± 0.02b | 2.26 ± 0.07b | 6.86 ± 0.03 | |
Biostimulant | Control | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 2.148 ± 0.003ab | 1.75 ± 0.03 | 2.79 ± 0.08a | 7.63 ± 0.05 |
AM | 1.07 ± 0.03 | 2.58 ± 0.03a | 1.57 ± 0.06 | 2.67 ± 0.02a | 7.89 ± 0.06 | |
MEG | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 2.22 ± 0.08ab | 1.22 ± 0.04 | 2.41 ± 0.06ab | 6.73 ± 0.08 | |
TA | 0.79 ± 0.03 | 2.66 ± 0.03a | 1.22 ± 0.03 | 2.17 ± 0.04b | 6.83 ± 0.03 | |
V | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 1.8 ± 0.3b | 1.55 ± 0.08 | 2.47 ± 0.01ab | 6.76 ± 0.01 | |
Fuji | CW– | 1.28 ± 0.02f | 2.05 ± 0.09i | 2.8 ± 0.1a | 3.274 ± 0.007ab | 9.373 ± 0.001cd |
AMW– | 1.47 ± 0.01d | 1.75 ± 0.02l | 2.266 ± 0.005cd | 2.69 ± 0.03e | 8.17 ± 0.05f | |
MEGW– | 1.60 ± 0.08b | 2.6 ± 0.1fg | 2.14 ± 0.06e | 3.10 ± 0.03c | 9.4 ± 0.2bc | |
TAW– | 1.25 ± 0.03f | 2.431 ± 0.003h | 2.22 ± 0.02d | 3.34 ± 0.08a | 9.24 ± 0.03de | |
VW– | 1.37 ± 0.02e | 2.75 ± 0.03e | 2.41 ± 0.07b | 2.53 ± 0.06f | 9.1 ± 0.2e | |
CW+ | 1.55 ± 0.06c | 3.2 ± 0.2c | 2.43 ± 0.09b | 2.5 ± 0.1fg | 9.6 ± 0.3b | |
AMW+ | 2.1 ± 0.1a | 3.43 ± 0.02a | 2.3 ± 0.1c | 2.86 ± 0.02d | 10.74 ± 0.02a | |
MEGW+ | 1.117 ± 0.005g | 2.5 ± 0.1gh | 0.89 ± 0.03j | 2.4 ± 0.1h | 6.9 ± 0.3h | |
TAW+ | 1.02 ± 0.03h | 1.92 ± 0.08jk | 1.86 ± 0.07f | 2.3 ± 0.1i | 7.1 ± 0.3h | |
VW+ | 1.42 ± 0.06d | 2.0 ± 0.1ij | 1.24 ± 0.03h | 2.4 ± 0.1gh | 7.0 ± 0.1h | |
Viroflay | CW– | 0.71 ± 0.02i | 0.84 ± 0.03m | 1.26 ± 0.05h | 3.05 ± 0.04c | 5.86 ± 0.09j |
AMW– | 0.47 ± 0.02j | 2.62 ± 0.05f | 1.00 ± 0.01i | 3.21 ± 0.02b | 7.298 ± 0.004g | |
MEGW– | 0.423 ± 0.009jkl | 1.83 ± 0.06kl | 0.95 ± 0.01ij | 1.75 ± 0.02l | 4.96 ± 0.05m | |
TAW– | 0.41 ± 0.02l | 2.99 ± 0.08d | 0.35 ± 0.01o | 1.56 ± 0.05m | 5.3 ± 0.2l | |
VW– | 0.675 ± 0.004i | 0.72 ± 0.03n | 1.77 ± 0.05g | 2.91 ± 0.02d | 6.08 ± 0.09i | |
CW+ | 0.244 ± 0.002n | 2.536 ± 0.005fg | 0.54 ± 0.02m | 2.36 ± 0.07hi | 5.68 ± 0.05jk | |
AMW+ | 0.222 ± 0.003n | 2.52 ± 0.02fgh | 0.683 ± 0.004l | 1.93 ± 0.06k | 5.36 ± 0.08l | |
MEGW+ | 0.42 ± 0.01kl | 1.94 ± 0.02j | 0.89 ± 0.02j | 2.386 ± 0.003h | 5.64 ± 0.02k | |
TAW+ | 0.466 ± 0.006jk | 3.32 ± 0.04b | 0.45 ± 0.02n | 1.48 ± 0.04n | 5.71 ± 0.01jk | |
VW+ | 0.299 ± 0.003m | 1.77 ± 0.02l | 0.789 ± 0.001k | 2.02 ± 0.07j | 4.87 ± 0.09m |
8 | Treatment | Oxalic Acid | Malic Acid | Fumaric Acid | Ascorbic Acid | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Fuji | 4.20 ± 0.03 | 2.951 ± 0.007a | tr | 0.0097 ± 0.0001a | 7.158 ± 0.008a |
Viroflay | 4.41 ± 0.06 | 2.24 ± 0.06b | tr | 0.0040 ± 0.0001b | 6.65 ± 0.06b | |
Water stress | W– | 4.20 ± 0.06 | 2.803 ± 0.005a | tr | 0.0055 ± 0.002b | 7.008 ± 0.002 |
W+ | 4.41 ± 0.05 | 2.39 ± 0.04b | tr | 0.0108 ± 0.0001a | 6.8 ± 0.1 | |
Biostimulant | Control | 4.45 ± 0.05a | 2.72 ± 0.06 | tr | 0.0135 ± 0.0003a | 7.17 ± 0.03a |
AM | 4.04 ± 0.01b | 2.68 ± 0.02 | tr | 0.0103 ± 0.0001ab | 6.72 ± 0.01ab | |
MEG | 4.44 ± 0.03a | 2.58 ± 0.03 | tr | 0.0015 ± 0.0002c | 7.02 ± 0.03ab | |
TA | 4.15 ± 0.08ab | 2.46 ± 0.04 | tr | 0.0092 ± 0.0006ab | 6.61 ± 0.05b | |
V | 4.446 ± 0.005a | 2.54 ± 0.02 | tr | 0.0081 ± 0.001b | 6.99 ± 0.01ab | |
Fuji | CW– | 4.3 ± 0.1ef | 3.1 ± 0.1c | tr | 0.0087 ± 0.0001cd | 7.41 ± 0.01c |
AMW– | 3.76 ± 0.03h | 3.6 ± 0.1a | tr | n.d. | 7.4 ± 0.1c | |
MEGW– | 4.7 ± 0.1b | 3.27 ± 0.07b | tr | 0.0008 ± 0.0001e | 8.0 ± 0.2a | |
TAW– | 3.3 ± 0.1j | 3.0 ± 0.1c | tr | n.d. | 6.27 ± 0.03jk | |
VW– | 4.5 ± 0.2cd | 3.30 ± 0.08b | tr | 0.0067 ± 0.0002cd | 7.78 ± 0.09b | |
CW+ | 4.32 ± 0.06ef | 2.77 ± 0.06de | tr | 0.0183 ± 0.0007a | 7.108 ± 0.002de | |
AMW+ | 4.5 ± 0.2cd | 2.7 ± 0.1ef | tr | 0.0148 ± 0.0004b | 7.2 ± 0.3d | |
MEGW+ | 4.4 ± 0.1de | 2.575 ± 0.004g | tr | n.d. | 7.0 ± 0.1ef | |
TAW+ | 3.6 ± 0.1i | 2.5 ± 0.1gh | tr | 0.0092 ± 0.0004c | 6.1 ± 0.2l | |
VW+ | 4.7 ± 0.1b | 2.74 ± 0.04de | tr | 0.0095 ± 0.0001c | 7.4 ± 0.2c | |
Viroflay | CW– | 4.5 ± 0.1cd | 2.20 ± 0.04i | tr | n.d. | 6.66 ± 0.08i |
AMW– | 4.3 ± 0.1ef | 2.5 ± 0.1gh | tr | 0.0057 ± 0.0002d | 6.8 ± 0.2hi | |
MEGW– | 4.0 ± 0.2g | 2.2 ± 0.1i | tr | n.d. | 6.2 ± 0.1kl | |
TAW– | 4.6 ± 0.2bc | 2.61 ± 0.04fg | tr | n.d. | 7.2 ± 0.2d | |
VW– | 4.2 ± 0.1f | 2.23 ± 0.05i | tr | n.d. | 6.44 ± 0.07j | |
CW+ | 4.7 ± 0.2b | 2.8 ± 0.1d | tr | n.d. | 7.5 ± 0.4c | |
AMW+ | 3.7 ± 0.2hi | 1.89 ± 0.04j | tr | n.d. | 5.6 ± 0.1m | |
MEGW+ | 4.66 ± 0.02b | 2.28 ± 0.07i | tr | 0.0022 ± 0.0001e | 6.9 ± 0.1fg | |
TAW+ | 5.15 ± 0.02a | 1.73 ± 0.02k | tr | n.d. | 6.88 ± 0.04gh | |
VW+ | 4.40 ± 0.04de | 1.91 ± 0.01j | tr | n.d. | 6.31 ± 0.0jk |
Treatment | α-Tocopherol | γ-Tocopherol | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Fuji | 8.01 ± 0.09a | 0.763 ± 0.008b | 8.77 ± 0.07a |
Viroflay | 6.55 ± 0.03b | 0.989 ± 0.003a | 7.539 ± 0.002b | |
Water stress | W– | 8.117 ± 0.005a | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 8.975 ± 0.003a |
W+ | 6.44 ± 0.08b | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 7.335 ± 0.008b | |
Biostimulant | Control | 6.39 ± 0.02bc | 0.86 ± 0.01a | 7.26 ± 0.03b |
AM | 7.44 ± 0.01ab | 1.03 ± 0.02a | 8.48 ± 0.02a | |
MEG | 8.46 ± 0.08a | 0.89 ± 0.06a | 9.35 ± 0.02a | |
TA | 5.51 ± 0.02c | 0.68 ± 0.02b | 6.19 ± 0.06c | |
V | 8.59 ± 0.03a | 0.91 ± 0.03a | 9.49 ± 0.04a | |
Fuji | CW– | 5.2 ± 0.1j | 0.60 ± 0.02kl | 5.8 ± 0.1m |
AMW– | 9.9 ± 0.2b | 0.63 ± 0.03jk | 10.6 ± 0.2b | |
MEGW– | 10.5 ± 0.4a | 0.69 ± 0.02hi | 11.2 ± 0.3a | |
TAW– | 6.72 ± 0.04g | 0.85 ± 0.02ef | 7.57 ± 0.06gh | |
VW– | 10.8 ± 0.2a | 0.70 ± 0.03hi | 11.5 ± 0.2a | |
CW+ | 6.685 ± 0.008g | 0.762 ± 0.008g | 7.446 ± 0.001hi | |
AMW+ | 7.03 ± 0.05f | 1.30 ± 0.05a | 8.338 ± 0.001f | |
MEGW+ | 9.2 ± 0.5c | 0.84 ± 0.03f | 10.0 ± 0.5c | |
TAW+ | 5.6 ± 0.1i | 0.60 ± 0.01kl | 6.2 ± 0.1l | |
VW+ | 8.4 ± 0.3d | 0.66 ± 0.03ij | 9.1 ± 0.4e | |
Viroflay | CW– | 8.07 ± 0.02e | 1.21 ± 0.03b | 9.28 ± 0.05de |
AMW– | 6.71 ± 0.07g | 1.09 ± 0.02d | 7.81 ± 0.09g | |
MEGW– | 8.3 ± 0.2de | 1.15 ± 0.05c | 9.4 ± 0.3d | |
TAW– | 6.531 ± 0.008g | 0.58 ± 0.02l | 7.11 ± 0.02j | |
VW– | 8.4 ± 0.2d | 1.07 ± 0.03d | 9.5 ± 0.2d | |
CW+ | 5.67 ± 0.02i | 0.882 ± 0.005e | 6.55 ± 0.01k | |
AMW+ | 6.09 ± 0.04h | 1.11 ± 0.02cd | 7.20 ± 0.02ij | |
MEGW+ | 5.9 ± 0.1hi | 0.889 ± 0.006e | 6.7 ± 0.2k | |
TAW+ | 3.21 ± 0.02k | 0.705 ± 0.003h | 3.92 ± 0.02n | |
VW+ | 6.65 ± 0.04g | 1.20 ± 0.02b | 7.85 ± 0.01g |
Treatment | C6:0 | C8:0 | C10:0 | C12:0 | C14:0 | C15:0 | C16:0 | C16:1 | C17:0 | C18:0 | C18:1n9c | C18:2n6c | C18:3n6 | C18:3n3 | C20:0 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuji | CW– | nd | nd | 0.027 ± 0.001fg | 0.038 ± 0.003e | 0.15 ± 0.01fg | 0.101 ± 0.006f | 8.8 ± 0.1c | 1.68 ± 0.05a | 0.066 ± 0.003c | 0.95 ± 0.06c | 2.19 ± 0.05def | 12.1 ± 0.2ij | nd | 72.37 ± 0.04d | 0.17 ± 0.01j |
AMW– | nd | nd | 0.037 ± 0.003d | 0.023 ± 0.001i | 0.111 ± 0.001kl | 0.057 ± 0.001k | 7.0 ± 0.3k | 1.00 ± 0.04j | 0.041 ± 0.001m | 0.74 ± 0.05fgh | 1.9 ± 0.1k | 11.7 ± 0.3j | nd | 75.7 ± 0.2a | 0.162 ± 0.009jk | |
MEGW– | 0.028 ± 0.002b | 0.016 ± 0.001d | 0.028 ± 0.001f | 0.03 ± 0.01gh | 0.133 ± 0.001j | 0.086 ± 0.001h | 7.7 ± 0.3g | 1.4 ± 0.1d | 0.061 ± 0.003d | 0.91 ± 0.06c | 2.57 ± 0.06b | 14.7 ± 0.4c | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 71±2f | 0.199 ± 0.006h | |
TAW– | nd | 0.011 ± 0.001f | 0.026 ± 0.001g | 0.028 ± 0.001h | 0.111 ± 0.009kl | 0.078 ± 0.002j | 7.6 ± 0.7gh | 1.327 ± 0.003ef | 0.055 ± 0.001ef | 0.698 ± 0.008hi | 2.27 ± 0.08cd | 13.1 ± 0.7ef | nd | 73±2c | 0.157 ± 0.006jk | |
VW– | 0.023 ± 0.001c | 0.007 ± 0.001g | 0.013 ± 0.001kl | 0.045 ± 0.001d | 0.14 ± 0.01hij | 0.091 ± 0.004g | 7.7 ± 0.1gh | 1.26 ± 0.04fgh | 0.054 ± 0.001fg | 0.62 ± 0.01kl | 2.1 ± 0.1ghi | 12.20 ± 0.08hij | nd | 75.1 ± 0.3a | 0.177 ± 0.004i | |
CW+ | nd | nd | 0.013 ± 0.001kl | 0.017 ± 0.001k | 0.118 ± 0.006k | 0.083 ± 0.001hi | 7.31 ± 0.04ijk | 1.54 ± 0.04c | 0.051 ± 0.001hij | 0.71 ± 0.02ghi | 1.951 ± 0.006jk | 12.5 ± 0.2ghi | nd | 75.2 ± 0.2a | 0.163 ± 0.006jk | |
AMW+ | nd | nd | 0.011 ± 0.001m | 0.022 ± 0.001ij | 0.099 ± 0.006m | 0.079 ± 0.001ij | 7.6 ± 0.5ghi | 1.33 ± 0.04e | 0.061 ± 0.001d | 0.64 ± 0.02jk | 2.1 ± 0.1gh | 12.4 ± 0.2ghi | nd | 74 ± 1b | 0.155 ± 0.003k | |
MEGW+ | nd | nd | 0.023 ± 0.001h | 0.037 ± 0.001e | 0.143 ± 0.009hi | 0.098 ± 0.002f | 7.6 ± 0.7hij | 1.142 ± 0.003i | 0.062 ± 0.004d | 0.795 ± 0.008e | 1.96 ± 0.08ijk | 14.9 ± 0.7bc | nd | 71.6 ± 0.6e | 0.23 ± 0.02ef | |
TAW+ | nd | nd | 0.012 ± 0.001lm | 0.019 ± 0.001jk | 0.91 ± 0.002m | 0.077 ± 0.001j | 7.2 ± 0.3jk | 1.46 ± 0.05d | 0.049 ± 0.003jk | 0.60 ± 0.03kl | 2.03 ± 0.02ghi | 12.6 ± 0.2fgh | nd | 74 ± 1b | 0.134 ± 0.002l | |
VW+ | 0.03 ± 0.01a | 0.014 ± 0.001e | 0.034 ± 0.001e | 0.066 ± 0.004c | 0.28 ± 0.01c | 0.121 ± 0.008d | 8.2 ± 0.1ef | 1.27 ± 0.05efg | 0.067 ± 0.004bc | 0.68 ± 0.02ij | 1.67 ± 0.03l | 12.5 ± 0.3ghi | nd | 73.6 ± 0.2bc | 0.23 ± 0.02f | |
Viroflay | CW– | nd | 0.026 ± 0.001c | 0.054 ± 0.001c | 0.092 ± 0.006b | 0.242 ± 0.003d | 0.115 ± 0.008e | 8.6 ± 0.3cd | 1.2 ± 0.1gh | 0.057 ± 0.001e | 1.04 ± 0.02b | 2.23 ± 0.02de | 12.8 ± 0.1fg | nd | 71.2 ± 0.5ef | 0.243 ± 0.004cd |
AMW– | nd | nd | 0.014 ± 0.001jk | 0.02 ± 0.001ijk | 0.111 ± 0.001l | 0.097 ± 0.005f | 8.1 ± 0.1f | 1.60 ± 0.09bc | 0.045 ± 0.002l | 0.58 ± 0.02l | 2.34 ± 0.02c | 16 ± 1a | nd | 69 ± 1g | 0.232 ± 0.001ef | |
MEGW– | nd | nd | 0.015 ± 0.001j | 0.037 ± 0.001e | 0.16 ± 0.01f | 0.092 ± 0.006g | 8.1 ± 0.1f | 1.44 ± 0.04d | 0.044 ± 0.004l | 0.76 ± 0.06efg | 2.03 ± 0.01hij | 13.40 ± 0.02de | nd | 71.6 ± 0.3e | 0.292 ± 0.006ab | |
TAW– | nd | nd | 0.025 ± 0.001g | 0.046 ± 0.001d | 0.245 ± 0.001d | 0.133 ± 0.004c | 9.20 ± 0.09b | 1.46 ± 0.04d | 0.052 ± 0.004ghi | 0.93 ± 0.07c | 2.18 ± 0.03def | 14.74 ± 0.02bc | nd | 68.5 ± 0.3h | 0.29 ± 0.01a | |
VW– | nd | nd | 0.014 ± 0.001jkl | 0.036 ± 0.001ef | 0.15 ± 0.01gh | 0.113 ± 0.004e | 8.48 ± 0.04de | 1.400 ± 0.001d | 0.049 ± 0.001ijk | 0.78 ± 0.05ef | 2.10 ± 0.04ghi | 13.91 ± 0.03d | nd | 70.7 ± 0.2f | 0.284 ± 0.005b | |
CW+ | nd | 0.032 ± 0.002b | 0.069 ± 0.005b | 0.091 ± 0.005b | 0.321 ± 0.004b | 0.138 ± 0.004b | 9.2 ± 0.3b | 1.59 ± 0.06bc | 0.069 ± 0.001b | 0.93 ± 0.02c | 2.20 ± 0.04def | 13.82 ± 0.03d | nd | 69.0 ± 0.1gh | 0.30 ± 0.01a | |
AMW+ | nd | nd | 0.018 ± 0.001i | 0.035 ± 0.002ef | 0.139 ± 0.006hij | 0.092 ± 0.005g | 8.33 ± 0.01ef | 1.26 ± 0.03gh | 0.047 ± 0.001k | 0.87 ± 0.05d | 2.6 ± 0.2b | 15.5 ± 0.8a | nd | 68.88 ± 0.07gh | 0.249 ± 0.001c | |
MEGW+ | nd | 0.033 ± 0.001a | 0.111 ± 0.001a | 0.132 ± 0.008a | 0.59 ± 0.01a | 0.154 ± 0.005a | 9.57 ± 0.04a | 1.60 ± 0.09bc | 0.082 ± 0.001a | 1.282 ± 0.001a | 3.086 ± 0.006a | 14.622 ± 0.004c | nd | 66.44 ± 0.07i | 0.245 ± 0.001cd | |
TAW+ | nd | nd | 0.027 ± 0.001fg | 0.033 ± 0.001fg | 0.173 ± 0.004e | 0.117 ± 0.001de | 8.46 ± 0.03de | 1.20 ± 0.04hi | 0.052 ± 0.001ghi | 0.640 ± 0.001jk | 2.15 ± 0.02fgh | 15.3 ± 0.2ab | nd | 68.9 ± 0.2gh | 0.218 ± 0.009g | |
VW+ | nd | nd | 0.037 ± 0.001d | 0.031 ± 0.001gh | 0.135 ± 0.006ij | 0.098 ± 0.003f | 9.16 ± 0.16b | 1.61 ± 0.02bc | 0.053 ± 0.001gh | 0.86 ± 0.05d | 2.13 ± 0.04gh | 14.8 ± 0.03bc | nd | 68.8 ± 0.06gh | 0.239 ± 0.004de |
Treatment | C20:1 | C20:2 | C20:3n6 | C20:3n3 | C20:4n6 | C20:5n3 | C21:0 | C22:0 | C22:6n3 | C23:0 | C24:0 | SFA | MUFA | PUFA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuji | CW– | 0.167 ± 0.001gh | 0.32 ± 0.006a | 0.55 ± 0.01a | nd | nd | nd | 0.137 ± 0.003a | 0.124 ± 0.004k | nd | nd | 0.083 ± 0.005h | 10.6 ± 0.2fg | 4.027 ± 0.002cd | 85.3 ± 0.2fg |
AMW– | 0.137 ± 0.008k | 0.070 ± 0.004m | 0.152 ± 0.009c | nd | nd | 0.052 ± 0.002k | nd | 0.193 ± 0.001j | 0.218 ± 0.006a | nd | 0.68 ± 0.04f | 9.1 ± 0.4k | 3.0 ± 0.2j | 87.9 ± 0.2a | |
MEGW– | 0.155 ± 0.001ij | 0.1159 ± 0.001jk | nd | 0.128 ± 0.004f | nd | 0.070 ± 0.002h | nd | 0.231 ± 0.009h | nd | 0.050 ± 0.001hi | 0.61 ± 0.05g | 10.1 ± 0.3hi | 4.12 ± 0.05bc | 85.8 ± 0.8e | |
TAW– | 0.148 ± 0.001j | 0.115 ± 0.001k | Nd | 0.106 ± 0.002g | nd | nd | nd | 0.253 ± 0.009g | nd | 0.047 ± 0.001i | 0.70 ± 0.05f | 9.8 ± 0.7ij | 3.72 ± 0.07f | 86.5 ± 0.8d | |
VW– | 0.122 ± 0.006l | nd | 0.040 ± 0.002e | nd | 0.153 ± 0.004b | nd | 0.069 ± 0.004b | nd | nd | nd | 0.045 ± 0.002i | 9.0 ± 0.1k | 3.5 ± 0.1h | 87.5 ± 0.2bc | |
CW+ | 0.157 ± 0.001hij | 0.126 ± 0.003j | 0.061 ± 0.004d | nd | nd | nd | 0.009 ± 0.001d | nd | nd | nd | 0.035 ± 0.002i | 8.506 ± 0.009l | 3.63 ± 0.03fg | 87.85 ± 0.02ab | |
AMW+ | 0.127 ± 0.006kl | 0.135 ± 0.009i | 0.149 ± 0.008c | nd | nd | 0.058 ± 0.004j | nd | 0.25 ± 0.02gh | nd | nd | 0.819 ± 0.003e | 9.7 ± 0.5j | 3.5 ± 0.2h | 86.8 ± 0.8d | |
MEGW+ | 0.167 ± 0.002g | 0.102 ± 0.004l | 0.016 ± 0.001f | 0.127 ± 0.008f | nd | 0.048 ± 0.001l | nd | 0.31 ± 0.02f | nd | nd | 0.92 ± 0.04d | 10.02 ± 0.03hij | 3.28 ± 0.03i | 86.7 ± 0.2d | |
TAW+ | 0.163 ± 0.006ghi | 0.113 ± 0.001k | nd | 0.156 ± 0.002c | nd | 0.062 ± 0.001i | nd | 0.212 ± 0.001i | nd | nd | 0.70 ± 0.04f | 9.1 ± 0.7k | 3.69 ± 0.07fg | 87.2 ± 0.4c | |
VW+ | 0.159 ± 0.008ghi | 0.208 ± 0.008b | 0.194 ± 0.008b | nd | nd | nd | 0.060 ± 0.005c | 0.38 ± 0.03c | 0.156 ± 0.006b | nd | 0.028 ± 0.001i | 10.2 ± 0.1h | 3.10 ± 0.03j | 86.68 ± 0.08d | |
Viroflay | CW– | 0.25 ± 0.02ab | 0.151 ± 0.008ef | nd | 0.156 ± 0.006c | nd | 0.081 ± 0.001f | nd | 0.357 ± 0.005de | 0.035 ± 0.001e | 0.073 ± 0.002ef | 0.894 ± 0.001d | 11.8 ± 0.4c | 3.7 ± 0.1fg | 84.5 ± 0.5i |
AMW– | 0.22 ± 0.01f | 0.173 ± 0.007c | nd | 0.157 ± 0.006bc | nd | 0.074 ± 0.001g | nd | 0.29 ± 0.01f | 0.042 ± 0.001d | 0.058 ± 0.004g | 0.832 ± 0.004e | 10.33 ± 0.07gh | 4.18 ± 0.08b | 85.5 ± 0.2ef | |
MEGW– | 0.24 ± 0.02bc | 0.143 ± 0.006gh | nd | 0.161 ± 0.003b | nd | 0.131 ± 0.004c | nd | 0.34 ± 0.02e | 0.023 ± 0.001g | 0.070 ± 0.001f | 0.912 ± 0.001d | 10.9 ± 0.2ef | 3.717 ± 0.004fg | 85.43 ± 0.09ef | |
TAW– | 0.228 ± 0.001de | 0.147 ± 0.002fg | nd | 0.147 ± 0.001d | nd | 0.140 ± 0.003b | nd | 0.414 ± 0.003b | 0.037 ± 0.001e | 0.098 ± 0.007b | 1.02 ± 0.05b | 12.5 ± 0.2b | 3.9 ± 0.1e | 83.7 ± 0.3k | |
VW– | 0.23 ± 0.01ef | 0.138 ± 0.008hi | nd | 0.172 ± 0.004a | nd | 0.082 ± 0.001f | nd | 0.39 ± 0.02c | 0.025 ± 0.001g | 0.091 ± 0.001c | 0.89 ± 0.05d | 11.28 ± 0.03d | 3.72 ± 0.06f | 85.0 ± 0.3gh | |
CW+ | 0.24 ± 0.01cd | 0.155 ± 0.004de | nd | 0.138 ± 0.001e | nd | 0.09 ± 0.001e | nd | 0.42 ± 0.02b | 0.023 ± 0.001g | 0.076 ± 0.006e | 1.02 ± 0.03b | 12.7 ± 0.4b | 4.0 ± 0.1cd | 83.3 ± 0.2l | |
AMW+ | 0.251 ± 0.003a | 0.136 ± 0.001hi | nd | 0.17 ± 0.008a | 0.117 ± 0.004d | nd | 0.37 ± 0.02cd | 0.036 ± 0.003e | 0.069 ± 0.002f | 0.90 ± 0.03d | 11.11 ± 0.01de | 4.1 ± 0.2bcd | 84.83 ± 0.02h | ||
MEGW+ | 0.23 ± 0.01ef | 0.179 ± 0.008c | nd | 0.155 ± 0.001c | nd | 0.081 ± 0.001f | nd | 0.377 ± 0.004c | 0.037 ± 0.002e | 0.052 ± 0.001h | 0.977 ± 0.006c | 13.60 ± 0.04a | 4.9 ± 0.1a | 81.1 ± 0.3m | |
TAW+ | 0.237 ± 0.008cde | 0.161 ± 0.008d | nd | 0.127 ± 0.004f | nd | 0.169 ± 0.002a | nd | 0.51 ± 0.02a | 0.063 ± 0.002c | 0.103 ± 0.002a | 1.34 ± 0.02a | 11.7 ± 0.4c | 3.59 ± 0.0gh2 | 84.7 ± 0.2hi | |
VW+ | 0.245 ± 0.003abc | 0.150 ± 0.006efg | nd | 0.145 ± 0.001d | nd | 0.080 ± 0.001f | nd | 0.358 ± 0.008de | 0.03 ± 0.002f | 0.086 ± 0.007d | 0.90 ± 0.03d | 11.97 ± 0.06c | 3.99 ± 0.02de | 84.1 ± 0.2j |
Peak | Rt (min) | λmax (nm) | [M − H]− (m/z) | MS2 (m/z) | Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 14.4 | 258,270,346 | 787 | 655(100),331(95) | Patuletin-3-glucosyl-(1-6)[apiosyl(1-2)]-glucoside |
2 | 15.03 | 314 | 337 | 191(25),173(5),163(11),113(5) | 5-p-Coumaroylquinic acid |
3 | 16.89 | 256,271,345 | 801 | 651(57),345(100) | Spinacetin-3-glucosyl-(1-6)[apiosyl(1-2)]-glucoside |
4 | 17.71 | 275,318 | 933 | 787(100),655(98),331(75) | Patuletin-3-O-β-d-(2-ρ-coumaroylglucopyranosyl-(1→6)- [β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside isomer |
5 | 18.36 | 275,318 | 933 | 787(100),655(98),331(75) | Patuletin-3-O-β-d-(2-ρ-coumaroylglucopyranosyl-(1→6)- [β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside |
6 | 19.58 | 253,271,226 | 963 | 787(100),655(95),331(70) | Patuletin-3-O-β-d-(2-feruloylglucopyranosyl)-(1→6)-[β-Dapiofuranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside |
7 | 20.63 | 252,274,336 | 947 | 801(100),345(98) | Spinacetin-3-O-β-d-(2-ρ-coumaroyl glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-[β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside isomer |
8 | 21.39 | 259,276,318 | 947 | 801(100),345(98) | Spinacetin-3-O-β-d-(2-ρ-coumaroyl glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-[β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside |
9 | 22.2 | 252,275,334 | 977 | 669(60),345(100) | Spinacetin-3-(2′′-feruloylglucosyl)(1-6)[apiosyl(1-2)]-glucoside |
10 | 25.14 | 254,271,340 | 521 | 345(100),330(5) | Spinacetin glucuronide |
11 | 27.93 | 252,272,340 | 535 | 359(100),345(5) | Jaceidin glucuronide |
12 | 31.54 | 252,278,340 | 519 | 343(100),328(5) | 5,3′,4′-Trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6:7-methylenedioxyflavone-4′-glucuronide |
13 | 33.8 | 249,278,340 | 533 | 357(100) | 5,4′-Dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-6:7-methylenedioxiflavone-4′-glucuronide |
Peak Number* | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Treatment | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | TPA | TF | TPC |
Fuji | CW– | 12.8 ± 0.4d | 3.51 ± 0.07k | 12.9 ± 0.3a | tr | tr | 7.06 ± 0.07c | tr | tr | 1.95 ± 0.04d | 12.0 ± 0.1g | 1.70 ± 0.01e | 30.4 ± 0.1f | 12.1 ± 0.2d | 3.51 ± 0.07k | 90.9 ± 0.4c | 94.4 ± 0.5e |
AMW– | 7.45 ± 0.02l | 2.73 ± 0.0l | 4.68 ± 0.05m | tr | tr | 1.64 ± 0.02k | tr | tr | tr | 6.72 ± 0.02o | tr | 23.51 ± 0.09kl | 4.70 ± 0.02n | 2.73 ± 0.06l | 48.71 ± 0.04h | 51.43 ± 0.02k | |
MEGW– | 7.8 ± 0.2j | 6.58 ± 0.01g | 6.48 ± 0.03j | tr | tr | 1.83 ± 0.05k | tr | tr | 1.22 ± 0.02f | 12.94 ± 0.02f | 2.224 ± 0.01c | 42.0 ± 0.2c | 14.9 ± 0.2b | 6.58 ± 0.01g | 89.4 ± 0.2c | 96.0 ± 0.2e | |
TAW– | 8.43 ± 0.06i | 2.33 ± 0.07m | 7.64 ± 0.01g | tr | tr | 1.27 ± 0.03l | tr | tr | tr | 3.8 ± 0.1p | tr | 17.3 ± 0.1m | 5.86 ± 0.03l | 2.33 ± 0.07m | 44.2 ± 0.2i | 46.5 ± 0.3l | |
VW– | 12.8 ± 0.1d | 6.78 ± 0.04g | 5.8 ± 0.1k | tr | tr | 3.062 ± 0.003j | tr | tr | tr | 11.3 ± 0.3h | tr | 28.97 ± 0.06gh | 6.5 ± 0.1k | 6.78 ± 0.04g | 68.5 ± 0.7f | 75.3 ± 0.7g | |
CW+ | 10.4 ± 0.2g | 5.35 ± 0.03i | 8.0 ± 0.2f | tr | tr | 5.92 ± 0.04e | tr | tr | 0.80 ± 0.03g | 10.391 ± 0.008j | 0.751 ± 0.005i | 26.6 ± 0.2j | 9.0 ± 0.3gh | 5.35 ± 0.03i | 71.8 ± 0.2ef | 77.1 ± 0.2g | |
AMW+ | 11.57 ± 0.04e | 7.42 ± 0.02f | 7.718 ± 0.002g | tr | tr | 5.8 ± 0.2ef | tr | tr | 0.066 ± 0.001j | 10.0 ± 0.1k | 0.61 ± 0.01i | 23.3 ± 0.3l | 10.8 ± 0.2f | 7.42 ± 0.02f | 69.8 ± 0.8f | 77.2 ± 0.8g | |
MEGW+ | 7.64 ± 0.02k | 4.93 ± 0.01j | 5.70 ± 0.07k | tr | tr | 1.130 ± 0.009m | tr | tr | tr | 8.8 ± 0.2l | tr | 28.5 ± 0.2h | 9.5 ± 0.2g | 4.93 ± 0.02j | 61.2 ± 0.2g | 66.1 ± 0.1ij | |
TAW+ | 15.37 ± 0.05c | 9.9 ± 0.3d | 10.72 ± 0.03c | tr | tr | 7.98 ± 0.08b | tr | tr | 1.45 ± 0.02e | 13.5 ± 0.2e | 2.02 ± 0.08d | 29.5 ± 0.1g | 11.5 ± 0.3e | 9.9 ± 0.3d | 92.1 ± 0.5c | 102.0 ± 0.8d | |
VW+ | 20.2 ± 0.2a | 5.65 ± 0.04h | 10.08 ± 0.03d | tr | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 9.44 ± 0.08a | tr | tr | 3.76 ± 0.06ab | 17.7 ± 0.3c | 1.38 ± 0.08f | 41.3 ± 0.2c | 10.5 ± 0.2f | 5.65 ± 0.04h | 114.8 ± 0.3b | 120.5 ± 0.3c | |
Viroflay | CW– | 15.9 ± 0.2b | 6.794 ± 0.002g | 12.42 ± 0.03b | tr | tr | 5.7 ± 0.2f | tr | tr | 3.90 ± 0.04a | 19.16 ± 0.06b | 5.20 ± 0.03a | 61.4 ± 0.2a | 17.50 ± 0.07a | 6.79 ± 0.02g | 141.2 ± 0.6a | 148.0 ± 0.6a |
AMW– | 7.73 ± 0.03jk | 10.0 ± 0.1d | 7.80 ± 0.03g | tr | tr | 5.3 ± 0.2g | tr | tr | 2.423 ± 0.008c | 11.9 ± 0.1g | 1.91 ± 0.02d | 29.0 ± 0.3g | 10.4 ± 0.2f | 10.0 ± 0.1d | 76.4 ± 0.1de | 86.4 ± 0.2f | |
MEGW– | 9.3 ± 0.2h | 3.39 ± 0.02k | 8.2 ± 0.2e | tr | tr | 4.367 ± 0.002i | tr | tr | tr | 7.07 ± 0.05n | 0.42 ± 0.01j | 23.794 ± 0.005k | 9.34 ± 0.06h | 3.39 ± 0.02k | 62.47 ± 0.02g | 65.86 ± 0.05ij | |
TAW– | 5.3 ± 0.2n | 7.28 ± 0.02f | 4.6 ± 0.2m | tr | tr | 1.203 ± 0.002lm | tr | tr | 0.164 ± 0.001i | 10.37 ± 0.05j | 1.05 ± 0.01h | 35.904 ± 0.005d | 8.00 ± 0.06j | 7.28 ± 0.02f | 66.59 ± 0.02f | 73.87 ± 0.05gh | |
VW– | 12.65 ± 0.09d | 6.598 ± 0.005g | 5.55 ± 0.04l | tr | tr | 2.99 ± 0.01j | tr | tr | tr | 11.0 ± 0.2i | tr | 27.95 ± 0.03i | 4.02 ± 0.02o | 6.60 ± 0.05g | 64.1 ± 0.2fg | 70.7 ± 0.2hi | |
CW+ | 5.33 ± 0.05n | 5.03 ± 0.04j | 3.6 ± 0.1n | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 7.6 ± 0.2m | tr | 32.3 ± 0.1e | 8.24 ± 0.03i | 5.03 ± 0.04j | 57.1 ± 0.2g | 62.1 ± 0.1j | |
AMW+ | 11.5 ± 0.1e | 13.69 ± 0.07a | 7.108 ± 0.009i | tr | tr | 5.0 ± 0.1h | tr | tr | 3.62 ± 0.04b | 19.7 ± 0.1a | 4.1 ± 0.1b | 53.7 ± 0.3b | 13.73 ± 0.05c | 13.69 ± 0.07a | 118.6 ± 0.1b | 132.25 ± 0.07b | |
MEGW+ | 10.91 ± 0.09f | 11.7 ± 0.1b | 7.467 ± 0.004h | tr | tr | 6.2 ± 0.1d | tr | tr | 0.674 ± 0.003h | 14.5 ± 0.2d | 1.98 ± 0.02d | 32.8 ± 0.6e | 8.39 ± 0.04i | 11.7 ± 0.2b | 82.9 ± 0.4d | 94.6 ± 0.3e | |
TAW+ | 2.91 ± 0.01o | 11.0 ± 0.1c | 1.617 ± 0.005o | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 10.9 ± 0.2i | 1.16 ± 0.06g | 27.5 ± 0.3i | 5.4 ± 0.1m | 11.0 ± 0.1c | 49.5 ± 0.6h | 60.5 ± 0.7j | |
VW+ | 5.71 ± 0.03m | 8.4 ± 0.1e | 4.6 ± 0.1m | tr | tr | 0.759 ± 0.002n | tr | tr | 0.034 ± 0.001k | 11.255 ± 0.001h | 1.61 ± 0.03e | 35.2 ± 0.3d | 7.9 ± 0.1j | 8.4 ± 0.1e | 67.1 ± 0.2f | 75.54 ± 0.08g |
Genotype | Treatment | OxHLIA* | TBARS |
---|---|---|---|
Fuji | CW– | 387 ± 11c | 579 ± 2p |
AMW– | na | 260 ± 13i | |
MEGW– | na | 267 ± 7i | |
TAW– | na | 94 ± 4c | |
VW– | 396 ± 10c | 85 ± 3b | |
CW+ | na | 563 ± 27o | |
AMW+ | na | 202 ± 7g | |
MEGW+ | na | 292 ± 14j | |
TAW+ | na | 105 ± 1d | |
VW+ | 187 ± 1b | 109 ± 1d | |
Viroflay | CW– | na | 522 ± 6n |
AMW– | na | 141 ± 3e | |
MEGW– | na | 472 ± 17m | |
TAW– | na | 166 ± 8f | |
VW– | na | 346 ± 13k | |
CW+ | na | 569 ± 10o | |
AMW+ | na | 240 ± 12h | |
MEGW+ | na | 283 ± 13j | |
TAW+ | na | 147 ± 7e | |
VW+ | na | 379 ± 16l | |
Trolox | 19.6 ± 0.6a | 5.8 ± 0.6a |
Genotype | Treatment | NCI-H460 | HeLa | HepG2 | MCF-7 | PLP2 | RAW 264.7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuji | CW– | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 |
AMW– | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
MEGW– | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
TAW– | >400 | 280 ± 22 | 322 ± 5 | 283 ± 11 | >400 | >400 | |
VW– | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
CW+ | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
AMW+ | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
MEGW+ | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
TAW+ | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
VW+ | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
Viroflay | CW– | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 |
AMW– | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
MEGW– | >400 | 339 ± 5 | 377 ± 17 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
TAW– | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
VW– | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
CW+ | >400 | 364 ± 20 | 383 ± 15 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
AMW+ | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
MEGW+ | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
TAW+ | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
VW+ | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | >400 | |
Ellipticine | 1.03 ± 0.09 | 1.91 ± 0.06 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.91 ± 0.04 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | - | |
Dexamethaxone | - | - | - | - | - | 16 ± 1 |
Genotype | Treatments | S.a. | B.c. | L.m. | E.c. | S.t. | En.cl. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuji | CW– | MIC | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 |
MBC | 4 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 8 | ||
AMW– | MIC | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
MBC | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | ||
MEGW– | MIC | 4 | 0.5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
MBC | 8 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
TAW– | MIC | >8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
MBC | >8 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | ||
VW– | MIC | >8 | 1 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | |
MBC | >8 | 2 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
CW+ | MIC | 4 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
MBC | 8 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
AMW+ | MIC | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | |
MBC | 8 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | ||
MEGW+ | MIC | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 4 | |
MBC | 8 | 4 | 8 | 8 | >8 | 8 | ||
TAW+ | MIC | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | |
MBC | 8 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 8 | ||
VW+ | MIC | 4 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
MBC | 8 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Viroflay | CW– | MIC | >8 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 4 |
MBC | >8 | 8 | >8 | 4 | >8 | 8 | ||
AMW– | MIC | 8 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | |
MBC | >8 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 8 | ||
MEGW– | MIC | 4 | 1 | >8 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
MBC | 8 | 2 | >8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | ||
TAW– | MIC | >8 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
MBC | >8 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
VW– | MIC | 8 | 2 | 8 | 4 | >8 | 8 | |
MBC | >8 | 4 | >8 | 8 | >8 | >8 | ||
CW+ | MIC | 8 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
MBC | >8 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
AMW+ | MIC | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | >8 | 4 | |
MBC | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | >8 | 8 | ||
MEGW+ | MIC | 4 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
MBC | 8 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | ||
TAW+ | MIC | >8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
MBC | >8 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
VW+ | MIC | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | |
MBC | 8 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 8 | ||
Streptomycin* | MIC | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.043 | |
MBC | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.25 | ||
Ampicilin* | MIC | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.75 | 0.086 | |
MBC | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.20 | 0.37 |
Genotype | Treatments | A.n. | A.v. | P.f. | P.v.c. | P.o. | T.v. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuji | CW– | MIC | 8 | 8 | 8 | >8 | >8 | 8 |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
AMW– | MIC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
MEGW– | MIC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
TAW– | MIC | 4 | 4 | 2 | >8 | >8 | 4 | |
MFC | 8 | 8 | 4 | >8 | >8 | 8 | ||
VW– | MIC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
CW+ | MIC | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
MFC | 8 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 4 | ||
AMW+ | MIC | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
MEGW+ | MIC | 8 | 8 | 4 | >8 | >8 | 8 | |
MFC | 8 | 8 | 8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | ||
TAW+ | MIC | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
VW+ | MIC | >8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | >8 | 8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
Viroflay | CW– | MIC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
AMW– | MIC | 2 | 2 | 2 | >8 | >8 | 2 | |
MFC | 4 | 4 | 4 | >8 | >8 | 4 | ||
MEGW– | MIC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
TAW– | MIC | 8 | 8 | 8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
VW– | MIC | >8 | 8 | 8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
CW+ | MIC | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |
MFC | 8 | 8 | 8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | ||
AMW+ | MIC | 8 | 8 | 8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | |
MFC | 8 | 8 | 8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | ||
MEGW+ | MIC | 4 | 4 | 4 | >8 | 4 | 4 | |
MFC | 8 | 8 | 8 | >8 | 8 | 8 | ||
TAW+ | MIC | 8 | 8 | 8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
VW+ | MIC | 8 | 8 | 8 | >8 | >8 | 8 | |
MFC | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | >8 | ||
Ketoconazole* | MIC | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 3.8 | 4.75 | |
MFC | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.64 | ||
Bifonazole* | MIC | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 3.8 | 5.70 | |
MFC | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.64 | 0.80 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Pereira, C.; Dias, M.I.; Petropoulos, S.A.; Plexida, S.; Chrysargyris, A.; Tzortzakis, N.; Calhelha, R.C.; Ivanov, M.; Stojković, D.; Soković, M.; et al. The Effects of Biostimulants, Biofertilizers and Water-Stress on Nutritional Value and Chemical Composition of Two Spinach Genotypes (Spinacia oleracea L.). Molecules 2019, 24, 4494. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244494
Pereira C, Dias MI, Petropoulos SA, Plexida S, Chrysargyris A, Tzortzakis N, Calhelha RC, Ivanov M, Stojković D, Soković M, et al. The Effects of Biostimulants, Biofertilizers and Water-Stress on Nutritional Value and Chemical Composition of Two Spinach Genotypes (Spinacia oleracea L.). Molecules. 2019; 24(24):4494. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244494
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira, Carla, Maria Inês Dias, Spyridon A. Petropoulos, Sofia Plexida, Antonios Chrysargyris, Nikos Tzortzakis, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Marija Ivanov, Dejan Stojković, Marina Soković, and et al. 2019. "The Effects of Biostimulants, Biofertilizers and Water-Stress on Nutritional Value and Chemical Composition of Two Spinach Genotypes (Spinacia oleracea L.)" Molecules 24, no. 24: 4494. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244494