Aucubin, An Active Ingredient in Aucuba japonica, Prevents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced Retinal Degeneration in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. AJE HPLC Analysis
2.2. AJE and Aucubin Inhibit Histological Retinal Changes
2.3. AJE and Aucubin Prevent Retinal Dysfunction
2.4. AJE and Aucubin Suppress Photoreceptor Cell Apoptosis
2.5. AJE and Aucubin Inhibit Oxidative Injury In Photoreceptor Cells
2.6. AJE and Aucubin Inhibit Oxidative Injury In Primary Cultured Retinal Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. AJE Preparation
4.2. Animals and Experimental Disign
4.3. Electororetinoragphy
4.4. Histopathology
4.5. TUNEL and Immunohistochemical Stainings
4.6. Primary Retinal Culture
4.7. Cell Viability, Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Assays
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Fletcher, A.E. Free radicals, antioxidants and eye diseases: Evidence from epidemiological studies on cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Res. 2010, 44, 191–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Winkler, B.S.; Boulton, M.E.; Gottsch, J.D.; Sternberg, P. Oxidative damage and age-related macular degeneration. Mol. Vis. 1999, 5, 32. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Anderson, B., Jr. Ocular effects of changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide tension. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 1968, 66, 423–474. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Brennan, L.A.; Kantorow, M. Mitochondrial function and redox control in the aging eye: Role of MsrA and other repair systems in cataract and macular degenerations. Exp. Eye Res. 2009, 88, 195–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rattner, A.; Nathans, J. Macular degeneration: Recent advances and therapeutic opportunities. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7, 860–872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rhone, M.; Basu, A. Phytochemicals and age-related eye diseases. Nutr. Rev. 2008, 66, 465–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hogg, R.; Chakravarthy, U. AMD and micronutrient antioxidants. Curr. Eye Res. 2004, 29, 387–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2001, 119, 1417–1436. [Google Scholar]
- Kimura, T.; But, P.P.H.; Guo, J.X.; Sung, C.K. International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine; World Scientific: Singapore, 1997; Volume 2. [Google Scholar]
- Shimizu, M.; Tomoo, T. Anti-inflammatory constituents of topically applied crude drugs. V. Constituents and anti-inflammatory effect of Aoki, Aucuba japonica Thunb. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 17, 665–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rombouts, J.E.; Links, J. The chemical nature of the antibacterial substances present in Aucuba japonica Thunbg. Experientia 1956, 12, 78–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bernini, R.; Iavarone, C.; Trogolo, C. 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyleucommiol, an iridoid glucoside from Aucuba japonica. Phytochemistry 1984, 23, 1431–1433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iwashina, T.; Kamenosono, K.; Hatta, H. Flavonoid glycosides from leaves of Aucuba japonica and Helwingia japonica (Cornaceae): Phytochemical relationship with the Genus Cornus. J. Jpn. Bot. 1997, 72, 337–346. [Google Scholar]
- Kang, W.S.; Jung, E.; Kim, J. Aucuba japonica extract and aucubin prevent desiccating stress-induced corneal epithelial cell injury and improve tear secretion in a mouse model of dry eye disease. Molecules 2018, 23, 2599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Beckman, K.B.; Ames, B.N. Oxidative decay of DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 19633–19636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paik, S.S.; Jeong, E.; Jung, S.W.; Ha, T.J.; Kang, S.; Sim, S.; Jeon, J.H.; Chun, M.H.; Kim, I.B. Anthocyanins from the seed coat of black soybean reduce retinal degeneration induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Exp. Eye Res. 2012, 97, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, F.L.; Lin, C.H.; Ho, J.D.; Yen, J.L.; Chang, H.M.; Chiou, G.C.; Cheng, Y.W.; Hsiao, G. The natural retinoprotectant chrysophanol attenuated photoreceptor cell apoptosis in an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mouse model of retinal degenaration. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 41086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fang, Y.; Su, T.; Qiu, X.; Mao, P.; Xu, Y.; Hu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Zheng, X.; Xie, P.; Liu, Q. Protective effect of alpha-mangostin against oxidative stress induced-retinal cell death. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 21018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liles, M.R.; Newsome, D.A.; Oliver, P.D. Antioxidant enzymes in the aging human retinal pigment epithelium. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1991, 109, 1285–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zgheib, O.; Huyen, Y.; DiTullio, R.A., Jr.; Snyder, A.; Venere, M.; Stavridi, E.S.; Halazonetis, T.D. ATM signaling and 53BP1. Radiother Oncol. 2005, 76, 119–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, L.; Xue, H.-Y.; Jin, L.-J.; Li, S.-Y.; Xu, Y.-P. Antioxidant and pancreas-protective effect of aucubin on rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 582, 162–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, I.-M. Liver-protective activities of aucubin derived from traditional oriental medicine. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1998, 102, 189–204. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Tsuruma, K.; Yamauchi, M.; Inokuchi, Y.; Sugitani, S.; Shimazawa, M.; Hara, H. Role of oxidative stress in retinal photoreceptor cell death in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated mice. J. Pharm. Sci 2012, 118, 351–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yang, C.L.; Zheng, X.L.; Ye, K.; Ge, H.; Sun, Y.N.; Lu, Y.F.; Fan, Q.X. NDRG2 suppresses proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of esophageal cancer cells through regulating the AKT/XIAP signaling pathway. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 2018, 99, 43–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds at amounts less than 1 mg are available from the authors. |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jung, E.; Park, S.-B.; Jung, W.K.; Kim, H.R.; Kim, J. Aucubin, An Active Ingredient in Aucuba japonica, Prevents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced Retinal Degeneration in Mice. Molecules 2019, 24, 4437. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244437
Jung E, Park S-B, Jung WK, Kim HR, Kim J. Aucubin, An Active Ingredient in Aucuba japonica, Prevents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced Retinal Degeneration in Mice. Molecules. 2019; 24(24):4437. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244437
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Eunsoo, Su-Bin Park, Woo Kwon Jung, Hyung Rae Kim, and Junghyun Kim. 2019. "Aucubin, An Active Ingredient in Aucuba japonica, Prevents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced Retinal Degeneration in Mice" Molecules 24, no. 24: 4437. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244437