Harvest Age Effect on Phytochemical Content of White and Black Glutinous Rice Cultivars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Extraction Yield
2.2. HPLC Analysis for Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents
2.3. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.4. Total Chlorophyll Content (TCC)
2.5. Total Anthocyanin Content (TAC)
2.6. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
2.7. Proximate
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Plant Material and Extractions
4.3. Identification of Phenolics and Flavonoids by Using HPLC
4.4. Determination of Total Phenolic Contents
4.5. Determination of Total Chlorophyll Contents
4.6. Determination of Total Anthocyanins Content
4.7. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content
4.8. Proximate Analysis
4.8.1. Determination of Total Ash
4.8.2. Determination of Moisture
4.8.3. Determination of Fat
4.8.4. Determination of Protein
4.8.5. Determination of Carbohydrate
4.8.6. Determination of Energy
4.8.7. Determination of Dietary Fiber
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Standard Compounds | Retention Time (min) | ||
---|---|---|---|
280 nm | 320 nm | 370 nm | |
Hydroxybenzoic Acids | |||
Gallic acid (1) | 5.74 ± 0.01 | 5.74 ± 0.01 | ND |
Protocatechuic acid (2) | 8.58 ± 0.08 | 8.58 ± 0.08 | ND |
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (3) | 12.06 ± 0.03 | ND | ND |
Vanillic acid (5) | 14.89 ± 0.02 | ND | ND |
Syringic acid (7) | 17.19 ± 0.01 | ND | ND |
Hydroxycinnamic Acids | |||
Chlorogenic acid (4) | 13.71 ± 0.03 | 13.71 ± 0.03 | 13.71 ± 0.03 |
Caffeic acid (6) | 15.56 ± 0.03 | 15.64 ± 0.03 | 15.57 ± 0.03 |
p-Coumaric acid (8) | 23.10 ± 0.07 | 23.10 ± 0.07 | not detected |
Ferulic acid (9) | 27.29 ± 0.02 | 27.29 ± 0.02 | 27.24 ± 0.02 |
Flavonoids | |||
Rutin (10) | 32.89 ± 0.06 | 32.89 ± 0.06 | 32.89 ± 0.06 |
Compound (Peak Number) | Detected Amount (mg/g) and Harvest Date | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RD6 | BGR | |||||
5−7 Days | 10−15 Days | 20−25 Days | 5−7 Days | 10−15 Days | 20−25 Days | |
7–10 cm | 11–14 cm | 15–18 cm | 7–10 cm | 11–14 cm | 15–18 cm | |
Hydroxybenzoic Acids | ||||||
Protocatechuic acid (2) | 1.58 ± 0.12 a,A | 1.31 ± 0.08 b,B | 0.38 ± 0.03 d,C | 1.44 ± 0.12 ab,B | 0.90 ± 0.10 c,B | 0.56 ± 0.01 d,B |
Vanillic acid (5) | 1.45 ± 0.12 cd,A | 0.65 ± 0.06 d,C | 1.56 ± 0.14 c,A | 7.69 ± 0.58 a,A | 4.39 ± 0.48 b,A | 1.28 ± 0.01 cd,A |
Total | 3.04 ± 0.24 | 1.96 ± 0.14 | 1.94 ± 0.17 | 9.12 ± 0.7 | 5.29 ± 0.57 | 1.84 ± 0.03 |
Flavonoids | ||||||
Rutin (10) | 1.68 ± 0.11 a,A | 1.60 ± 0.10 a,A | 0.98 ± 0.08 c,B | 0.47 ± 0.04 d,C | 1.25 ± 0.08 b,B | 1.32 ± 0.01 b,A |
Total | 1.68 ± 0.11 | 1.60 ± 0.10 | 0.98 ± 0.08 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 1.25 ± 0.08 | 1.32 ± 0.01 |
Phytochemical or Component (Units) | RD6 | BGR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5–7 Days | 10–15 Days | 20–25 Days | 5–7 Days | 10–15 Days | 20–25 Days | |
7–10 cm | 11–14 cm | 15–18 cm | 7–10 cm | 11–14 cm | 15–18 cm | |
Phytochemical content (mg) per g of dry extract (DE) | ||||||
TPC (mg GAE) | 44.8 ± 1.6 a | 41.5 ± 2.2 b | 29.1 ± 1.4 c,d | 28.1 ± 0.6 d | 31.9 ± 1.1 c | 24.9 ± 1.3 e |
TCC (mg) | 40.5 ± 2.2 a | 34.6 ± 2.1 c | 35.9 ± 1.9 b | 19.3 ± 1.8 d | 40.8 ± 0.8 a | 40.6 ± 0.8 a |
TAC (mg C3GE) | 0.06 ± 0.001 c | 0.01 ± 0.001 c | 0.15 ± 0.001 c | 22.13 ± 0.002 a | 0.45 ± 0.001 b,c | 0.71 ± 0.001 b |
TFC (mg QE) | 34.2 ± 3.4 a | 32.6 ± 0.3 a,b | 16.3 ± 0.5 d | 21.5 ± 1.4 c | 30.3 ± 0.3 b | 29.2 ± 0.7 b |
Proximate composition (g) per 100 g fresh weight | ||||||
Carbohydrate | 12.22 | 12.68 | 15.34 | 16.39 | 24.54 | 15.09 |
Protein | 5.99 | 4.96 | 4.81 | 5.32 | 3.76 | 3.38 |
Fat | 0.75 | 0.32 | 1.01 | 0.39 | 1.20 | 0.78 |
Ash | 2.86 | 2.93 | 3.65 | 3.31 | 5.78 | 4.02 |
Moisture | 78.18 | 79.11 | 75.19 | 74.59 | 64.72 | 76.73 |
Energy | 79.59 | 73.44 | 89.69 | 90.35 | 124.00 | 80.90 |
Dietary fiber | nd | 11.98 | nd | nd | 16.92 | nd |
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Tamprasit, K.; Weerapreeyakul, N.; Sutthanut, K.; Thukhammee, W.; Wattanathorn, J. Harvest Age Effect on Phytochemical Content of White and Black Glutinous Rice Cultivars. Molecules 2019, 24, 4432. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244432
Tamprasit K, Weerapreeyakul N, Sutthanut K, Thukhammee W, Wattanathorn J. Harvest Age Effect on Phytochemical Content of White and Black Glutinous Rice Cultivars. Molecules. 2019; 24(24):4432. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244432
Chicago/Turabian StyleTamprasit, Kawintra, Natthida Weerapreeyakul, Khaetthareeya Sutthanut, Wipawee Thukhammee, and Jintanaporn Wattanathorn. 2019. "Harvest Age Effect on Phytochemical Content of White and Black Glutinous Rice Cultivars" Molecules 24, no. 24: 4432. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244432