Next Article in Journal
Structural Analysis, Molecular Modelling and Preliminary Competition Binding Studies of AM-DAN as a NMDA Receptor PCP-Site Fluorescent Ligand
Next Article in Special Issue
Synthesis of Bis-Glyoxylamide Peptidomimetics Derived from Bis-N-acetylisatins Linked at C5 by a Methylene or Oxygen Bridge
Previous Article in Journal
Automated Photochemically Induced Method for the Quantitation of the Neonicotinoid Thiacloprid in Lettuce
Previous Article in Special Issue
Synthesis and Cyclooxygenase Inhibition of Sulfonamide-Substituted (Dihydro)Pyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indoles and Their Potential Prodrugs
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 24
Issue 22
10.3390/molecules24224090
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

[b]-Annulated Halogen-Substituted Indoles as Potential DYRK1A Inhibitors

by
Christian Lechner
1,2,
Maren Flaßhoff
1,
Hannes Falke
1,
Lutz Preu
1,
Nadége Loaëc
3,4,
Laurent Meijer
4,
Stefan Knapp
5,
Apirat Chaikuad
5 and
Conrad Kunick
1,2,*
1
Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
2
Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
3
Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé UBO, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29200-Brest, France
4
ManRos Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, France
5
Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2019, 24(22), 4090; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224090
Submission received: 12 September 2019 / Revised: 5 November 2019 / Accepted: 7 November 2019 / Published: 13 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indole Derivatives: Synthesis and Application)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Since hyperactivity of the protein kinase DYRK1A is linked to several neurodegenerative disorders, DYRK1A inhibitors have been suggested as potential therapeutics for Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. Most published inhibitors to date suffer from low selectivity against related kinases or from unfavorable physicochemical properties. In order to identify DYRK1A inhibitors with improved properties, a series of new chemicals based on [b]-annulated halogenated indoles were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for biological activity. Analysis of crystal structures revealed a typical type-I binding mode of the new inhibitor 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one in DYRK1A, exploiting mainly shape complementarity for tight binding. Conversion of the DYRK1A inhibitor 8-chloro-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one into a corresponding Mannich base hydrochloride improved the aqueous solubility but abrogated kinase inhibitory activity.

1. Introduction

The dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is the most prominent member of the DYRK group of kinases [1]. DYRK1A is involved in elementary physiological processes such as neuronal differentiation [2], apoptosis [3,4], cell cycle regulation [5], transcription regulation [6], splicing [7], EGFR stabilization [8] and synaptic processes [9]. dyrk1a gene is located within the Down syndrome (DS) critical region on the human chromosome 21. Individuals with trisomy 21 exhibit a 1.5-fold expression of DYRK1A compared to subjects with only two chromosome 21 copies. The characteristic symptom of Down syndrome, intellectual disability, has been linked to this overexpression of DYRK1A [10,11,12]. Overexpression of DYRK1A is also involved in the formation of the neurotoxic β-amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylation of the tau-protein as seen in Alzheimer’s disease. In accordance with these observations, DS individuals frequently show an early onset of AD [11,12,13].
Based on the pathological consequences of increased DYRK1A activity, the enzyme has been suggested as a therapeutic drug target for treatment of DS and AD [10,11,12]. Thus, various small molecules representing a broad variety of chemotypes were described as DYRK1A inhibitors in recent years [12,14,15,16].
DYRKs belong to the CMGC kinase family and are structurally related to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), glycogen synthase kinases (GSKs) and cdc2-like kinases (CLKs) [17]. Since all members of the CMGC group bind ATP in their catalytic domain, the structural differences within the ATP binding site are low. The closest structural relatives of DYRK1A are DYRK1B (85% overall similarity) and CLK1 (30% overall similarity). The catalytic domain of DYRK1B differs by just one amino acid in the hinge region from DYRK1A and the binding pocket of CLK1 has a similarity of 70% compared to DYRK1A [18]. Hence, the design of selective and potent inhibitors for individual members of the CMGC group is challenging, and consequently many of the DYRK1A inhibitors published to date exhibit only a limited degree of selectivity.
Harmine (1), a β-carboline alkaloid, is a strong DYRK1A inhibitor but, due to inhibition of monoamine-oxidase A (MAO-A), is not suitable as drug candidate [19]. Leucettine L41 (2), derived from the marine natural product leucettamine B, is a dual DYRK1A/CLK1 inhibitor and one of the pharmacologically best profiled DYRK1A inhibitors [20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. The halogenated indole derivative KH-CB19 (3) also inhibits CLK1 and DYRK1A [27]. The benzothiazole derivatives INDY (inhibitor of DYRK, 4), proINDY (5), and TG003 (6) showed a comparable inhibitory activity and selectivity profile to 1, but 4 showed no MAO-A inhibition [28,29]. A class of DYRK1A inhibitors with remarkable potency is represented by EHT 5372 (7), which exhibited subnanomolar activity on DYRK1A and DYRK1B [30,31]. The DYRK1A-inhibitor F-DANDY (8) was reported to show efficacy in DS mice [32]. A particular mechanism of inhibition is displayed by FINDY (9) which is targeting the DYRK1A folding process by selective inhibition of autophosphorylation on Ser97 [33] (Figure 1).
KuFal194 (10) is a potent DYRK1A inhibitor (IC50DYRK1A = 6 nM) which displays reasonable selectivity versus DYRK1B (IC50DYRK1B = 600 nM) and CLK1 (IC50CLK1 = 500 nM). Despite a high in vitro activity of 10, the activity in cellular DYRK1A inhibition assays (IC50 = 2.1 µM) was unsatisfactory [34]. The disparity between in vitro and in cellulo activity of 10 was explained by a low cellular uptake due to its poor physicochemical properties [35]. Representing a 7-halogenated indole derivative, the iodo-substituted indolo[3,2-c]quinoline 10 structurally resembles the dichloro-substituted inhibitor KH-CB19 (3).
In order to improve the physicochemical properties of 10 by downsizing the structure, the [b]-annulated chloro-substituted indoles 11–15 were designed [36] (Figure 2). Although in the series of indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-6-carboxylic acids related to compound 10 the iodo-substituted analogues had shown a stronger effect, chloro-substituted compounds were prepared for the study presented here. The main reason for this was that compared to iodine, chlorine increases molar mass and lipophilicity less strongly and is also less toxicologically problematic. In addition, chlorine compounds are easier to synthesize than their iodine analogues. Prior to synthesis, the fitting probabilities of the structures to the ATP binding pocket of DYRK1A were evaluated by docking analyses, employing the published X-ray structure of 10 in DYRK1A as template [34]. For improvement of solubility, the Mannich base hydrochloride 16 was derived from 13. Testing of these new [b]-annulated indoles revealed 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11) as a novel submicromolar dual CLK1/DYRK1A inhibitor. The binding mode of inhibitor 11 as predicted by previous docking studies was confirmed by an X-ray structure analysis of the DYRK1A-ligand complex.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Structure Design Considerations and Docking Analyses

In all newly designed analogues, a halogen substituent was retained, since it was shown previously that such a substitution motive is important for DYRK1A inhibitory activity [34]. When the so-designed molecules 11–16 were docked into the structure of the DYRK1A-10 complex (PDB:4YLJ), all congeners fitted nicely into the ATP binding pocket and displayed similar poses as the actual ligand 10. For example, the docked cyclohexenone analogue 13 was located near the hinge region in the adenine binding area, displaying a hydrogen bond to the terminal amino group of the conserved Lys188. Similar to 10, 13 is not forming direct hydrogen bonds to the hinge, but straightens its halogen substituent towards the backbone carbonyl oxygen of Leu241, albeit the distance of 4.8 Å between chlorine and oxygen appears too large for a halogen bond (Figure 3a). During later studies, co-crystals of the analogue 11 with the DYRK1A were produced (see below). The structure of the DYRK1A-11 complex as established by X-ray analyses showed a similar overall orientation as predicted by the docking results for all analogues with the hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen of the ligand and Lys188 as well as the chloro substituent alignment towards Leu241. In this case, the distance of halogen and oxygen is closer (3.9 Å) but still not fulfilling the requirements for strong halogen bonding (Figure 3c). Although compounds such as 11 and 13 are smaller and less lipophilic compared to the model structure 10, they proved to be poorly soluble. To improve the solubility, a piperidinomethyl side chain was atttached to the 3-position of ligand 13. When the resulting derivative 16 was docked into DYRK1A, only the (S)-isomer adopted the canonical orientation observed for the aforementioned congeners (Figure 3b). In contrast, the (R)-isomer displayed an orientation with a flipped tetrahydrocarbazolone motive which nevertheless fitted the ATP binding site (Figure 3d). In the docking poses, both enantiomers of 16 displayed additional hydrogen bonds between the protonated piperidine nitrogen and the backbone carbonyl oxygen of Asn292.

2.2. Syntheses

2-Chlorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride (17) and cyclopentanone (18) were reacted in a Fischer indole synthesis to yield the cyclopentane-annulated indole 20 [37] which upon oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) furnished 5-chloro-3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[b]in-dol-1(2H)-one (12) [38]. The Fischer reaction of cycloheptanone (19) with 2-chloro-phenylhydrazine was carried out in a low melting mixture of (l)-tartaric acid and N,N’-dimethylurea [39] since conventional reaction conditions furnished only small yields with these starting materials. The resulting annulated indole 21 was oxidized with DDQ yielding the ketone 22. The following aromatization of 22 with phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide (PTAB) and lithium chloride gave 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11) (Scheme 1).
The cyclohexanone-annulated indole 13 was prepared by Fischer indole reaction from cyclohexane-1,3-dione (23) in aqueous sulfuric acid. For the preparation of lactames, the cyclic ketones 12 and 13 were converted into the oximes 24 and 25, respectively. A subsequent Beckmann rearrangement in hot polyphosphoric acid afforded the desired ring enlarged products 14 and 15. For the preparation of the Mannich base hydrochloride 16, the classical reaction with formaldehyde and secondary amine afforded poor product yields. Therefore, the cyclic ketone 13 was initially converted into the α,β-unsaturated ketone 26 by reaction with N,N-dimethylmethylene iminium chloride. Nucleophilic addition of piperidine to 26 and subsequent treatment with hydrogen chloride afforded the desired salt 16 (Scheme 2).

2.3. Kinase Inhibitory Activity

The new compounds 11–16 were tested on an array of protein kinases of the CMGC family. First, the kinases were incubated with 10 µM solutions of the test compounds and the residual activities compared to controls were measured. The IC50 values of promising compounds were then determined from concentration-response curves (Table 1).
The results of the kinase inhibition assays show that with exception of the Mannich base 16, all other tested derivatives are inhibitors of DYRK1A with IC50 values in the low micromolar or submicromolar concentration range. However, compared to the model compound 10, the new congeners are less active by two orders of magnitude and are nonselective versus the closely related CLK1. In terms of selectivity versus other CMGC kinases, congeners 11 and 12 show a considerable selectivity versus CDKs, CK1, and GSK-3, while especially 14 and 15 appear to be rather promiscuous.
A striking result was the complete loss of DYRK1A inhibitory activity observed with the Mannich base hydrochloride 16, since the docking analyses with this molecule had predicted favorable orientations of both enantiomers in the ATP binding pocket of DYRK1A. To ensure that the piperidine structure 16 is not an inactive outlier in a series of otherwise active inhibitors, we also prepared the hydrochlorides of the morpholine and the dimethylamine analogues 27 and 28 (Figure 4). These derivatives turned out to be inactive as DYRK1A inhibitors, too. The observed lack of inhibitory activity is probably explained by the fact that Mannich bases like 16, 27, and 28 form intramolecular hydrogen bonds involving the protonated amino group and the carbonyl oxygen. The existence of the indicated hydrogen bond becomes obvious by the diasterotopic relationship of the methyl groups in 28, which appear in the 1H NMR spectrum as two distinct singlets with 3H intensity each. The puckered conformation resulting from the intramolecular hydrogen bonding is unable to fit into the ATP binding pocket of DYRK1A. Prior to accommodation of these Mannich bases to the ATP binding pocket, detachment of the intramolecular hydrogen bond would be necessary. However, the energy for breaking the intramolecular hydrogen bond is probably not sufficiently compensated by the new contacts formed upon binding of the Mannich base to the host protein.

2.4. Solubility

The main objective for the design and preparation of the derivatives described here was the generation of a selective DYRK1A inhibitor derived from 10 with improved solubility. Although none of the new [b]-annulated indoles 12–16 showed activity or selectivity comparable to the model compound 10, 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11) was identified as a novel submicromolar dual DYRK1A/CLK1 inhibitor. In order to determine the suitability of 11 as chemical probe in biological assays, its kinetic and thermodynamic solubility [40] in aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was evaluated and compared to both 10 and 16 (Table 2). Both KuFal194 (10) and 11 exhibited very poor thermodynamic solubility with saturation concentrations below the limit of quantification (< 5 µM) in the HPLC system. For standard biological assays under HTS conditions, the kinetic solubility (the solubility of the fastest precipitating polymorph) is more relevant. Regarding this parameter, 11 displayed a fivefold improved solubility compared to 10. Although totally inactive as DYRK1A inhibitor, the Mannich base hydrochloride 16 was also investigated for solubility. As expected, the compound performed much better in both assays, exhibiting double digit millimolar solubility in the thermodynamic and single digit millimolar solubility in the kinetic assay.

2.5. Crystal Structure Analysis

To confirm the binding mode of the [b]-annulated indoles, we determined the crystal structure of DYRK1A in complex with the representative inhibitor 11 (Table 3). The binding mode of the inhibitor observed in the crystal structure was in agreement with the one suggested by our docking analyses. Specifically, the flat heterocyclic core element of 11 was located in the adenine pocket and kept in position by a hydrogen bond between its carbonyl oxygen and the ε-amino group of catalytic Lys188. The chloro substituent was directed towards the backbone carbonyl oxygen of the hinge Leu241. The latter topology suggests a weak halogen bond, although both the Cl···O distance (3.9 Å) as well as the σ-hole angle (141°) were outside or near the limits defining this non-classical interaction (< 3.27 Å and 140°–180°, respectively [41]) (Figure 3c). Limited direct contacts between the kinase and 11 suggested that the inhibitor likely achieved its potency through excellent shape complementarity.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

The starting materials and reagents were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium), Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany), and Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). All reagents and solvents were used without further purification unless otherwise stated. Silica gel (40–63 µm) was used for purification by column chromatography. Reaction monitoring was performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC): Polygram SIL G/UV254, 0.2 mm silica gel 60, 40 × 80 mm (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany), visualization by UV light (254 nm). The melting points (m.p.) were detected in open-glass capillaries on an electric variable heater (Electrothermal IA 9200, Bibby Scientific, Stone, UK). The infrared spectra were recorded on a Thermo Nicolet FT-IR 200 spectrometer (Thermo Nicolet, Madison, WI, USA) using KBr pellets. 1H NMR spectra and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance III 400, Bruker Avance II 600 or Bruker Avance III HD 500 spectrometers (Bruker Biospin, Rheinstetten, Germany) (at the NMR laboratories of the Chemical Institutes of the Technische Universität Braunschweig) in DMSO-d6. Chemical shifts are reported as parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane as internal standard (δ = 0 ppm). Signals in 13C spectra were assigned based on results of 13C DEPT135 experiments. Electron ionization (EI) mass spectra were recorded on a Finnigan-MAT 95 (Thermo Finnigan, Bremen, Germany), (EI) MS: ionization energy 70 eV. Accurate measurements were performed according to the peakmatch method using perfluorokerosene (PFK) as an internal mass reference (Department of mass spectrometry of the Chemical Institutes, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, German). Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) spectra were determined with an expressionL cmS spectrometer (Advion, Ltd., Harlow, UK), the APCI source was coupled with ASAP (atmospheric solids analysis probe). The ESI measurements were performed by acetic acid addition in THF or ethyl acetate via direct injection. The elemental analyses were performed on a CE Instruments Flash EA® 1112 Elemental Analyzer (Thermo Quest, San Jose, CA, USA). If the elemental analysis was inconclusive a HRMS (described above) study was performed. Purity was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods with isocratic or gradient elution. All compounds tested in biological systems had purity ≥95%, if not stated otherwise. The following HPLC devices and settings were used: system 1: Merck Hitachi Elite LaChrom system (Hitachi High Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) (diode array detector (DAD): L-2450; pump: L-2130; autosampler: L-2200; organizer box: L-2000); system 2: VWR Hitachi Chromaster system (Hitachi High Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) (DAD detector: 5430; column oven: 5310; pump: 5110; autosampler: 5260); column: Merck LiChroCART 125-4, LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (5 μm) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); system 3: Merck Hitachi Elite LaChrom system (Hitachi High Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) detector: L-2400; pump: L-2130; autosampler: L-2200; organizer box: L-2000); flow rate: 1.000 mL/min; detection wavelength: 254 nm and 280 nm ( isocratic), 254 nm (gradient); overall run time: 20 min (gradient), 7–60 min (isocratic); AUC, % method; tms = retention time, tm = dead time related to DMSO. If not stated otherwise, an acetonitrile/water mixture was used for gradient elution (0–2 min: 10% ACN; 2–12 min: 10%→90% ACN (linear) 12–20 min: 90% ACN). For isocratic elution, different acetonitrile/water or acetonitrile/buffer mixtures were used. Absorption maxima (λmax) were extracted from the UV spectra recorded by the DAD detector in the peak maxima during HPLC runs. For the measurements of the purity, the thermodynamic solubility, and calibration with external standard of the Mannich bases, a triethylamine/triethylammonium sulfate buffer (pH 2.4) was used. For its preparation, triethylamine (20 mL) was dissolved in water (980 mL) and sodium hydroxide (242 mg) was added. The pH was adjusted to 2.4 by adding concentrated H2SO4 dropwise. The column was equilibrated with ACN/buffer (10/90) for 40 min. After that the desired ACN/buffer ratio (range 10/90–35/65) was adjusted.

3.2. Syntheses

3.2.1. General procedure for the synthesis of the Mannich base hydrochlorides (Procedure A)

8-Chloro-3-methylene-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one 26 (1 eq.) was suspended in a mixture of 1,4-dioxane/water (1:1). The amine (3 eq.) was added and stirred for the given time at the given temperature. After the reaction, the crude product was either recrystallized or extracted. For extraction ethyl acetate (30 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and extracted with aq. sulfuric acid (5%, v/v, 3 × 20 mL). The combined aqueous layers were alkalized with aq. 5M NaOH. The resulting basic phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 × 50 mL). The combined org. phases were washed with brine, water and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After filtration and removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the free base (1 eq.) was dissolved in a small amount of propan-2-ol (1–5 mL). An equimolar amount of HCl in propan-2-ol (5–6 M) was added dropwise. If no precipitate formed, diethyl ether was added dropwise and the precipitate was filtered off.

3.2.2. Synthesis and Characterization of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28

4-Chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11): To a solution of 4-chloro-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-cyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (22; 83.0 mg, 0.355 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL) phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide (PTAB) (267 mg, 0.710 mmol) was added. After stirring the mixture for 28 h at room temperature, a further portion of PTAB (267 mg, 0.710 mmol) was added and stirring was continued for 20 h. A precipitate was filtered off and washed with a small portion of THF. The filtrate was evaporated and the remaining brown oil was dissolved in DMF (5 mL). Lithium chloride (48.9 mg, 1.14 mmol) was added and the mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for 2.5 h. Subsequent column chromatography (toluene-ethyl acetate 1:1) yielded a brown solid (47.4 mg, 58%). M.p.: Dec. starting at 240 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3434 (NH), 1631 (C=O) cm−1 (Figure S3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) = 7.07 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 7.14–7.21 (m, 1H), 7.27–7.38 (m, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 8.72 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 12.77 (s, 1H, NH) (Figure S1); 13C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) = 122.3, 122.7, 125.6, 126.4, 129.1, 133.0, 139.3 (CH), 115.6, 122.9, 127.9, 134.4, 142.0, 181.9 (C) (Figure S2); MS (APCI+): m/z (%) 229.8 [M + H]+ (100), 200.8 [M − 29]+ (15.5) (Figure S4); MS (APCI−): m/z (%) 227.8 [M − H]− (100) (Figure S5); C13H8ClNO (229.66) HR-EIMS m/z [M]+• calc. 229.02889, found 229.02923 (Figure S6); HPLC (isocr.): 99.3% at 254 nm, 99.9% at 280 nm, tms = 4.2 min, tm = 1.2 min (ACN/H2O 40:60) (system 2) (Figure S8); HPLC (gradient): 97.9% at 254 nm, tms = 9.6 min, tm = 1.2 min (system 1), λmax = 220, 238, 280, 368 nm (Figure S7).
5-Chloro-3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-1(2H)-one (12): 5-Chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indole (20, 170 mg, 0.89 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane/water (10:1, 11 mL) and stirred at 0 °C (ice bath). Then 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ, 408 mg, 1.78 mmol) was added in small amounts. The mixture was allowed to heat up to rt. After 3 h, the precipitating solid was collected and dissolved in chloroform (30 mL) and washed with saturated aq. NaHCO3 (120 mL). The chloroform layer was dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. After purification by column chromatography (toluene-ethyl acetate-diethylamine 2:2:1) a colorless solid (96 mg, 52%) was obtained. M.p.: 280–282 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3442 (NH), 1658 cm−1 (C=O); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz) δ (ppm) = 2.84–2.87 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.09–3.12 (m, 2H, CH2), 7.18 (t, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.32 (dd, 1H, J = 7.8, 1.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.64 (dd, 1H, J = 7.8, 0.9 Hz, Ar-H), 12.40 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz) δ (ppm) = 21.1, 40.7 (CH2), 118.3, 122.5, 122.6 (CH), 116.2, 119.8, 122.5, 138.7, 168.6, 194.9 (C=O) (C); C11H8ClNO (205.64) calc. C 64.25, H 3.92, N 6.81, found C 64.39, H 3.89, N 6.89; HR-EIMS m/z [M]+ calc. 204.02107, found 204.02086; EIMS m/z (%) 205 (89), 204 (30), 177 (100); HPLC (isocr.): 100% at 254 nm, 100% at 280 nm, tms = 4.8 min, tm = 1.0 min (ACN/H2O 30:70) (system 1) λmax 239, 259, 292 nm; HPLC (gradient): 98.5% at 254 nm, tms = 8.0 min, tm = 1.2 min (system 3).
8-Chloro-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one (13): 1,3-Cyclohexanedione (23, 561 mg, 5.00 mmol) was dissolved in water (30 mL) and 2-chlorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride (17, 896 mg, 5.00 mmol) was added in small amounts. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at rt. The resulting orange precipitate was filtrated and washed with water and petroleum ether. After drying the precipitate at 60 °C for 2 h, aq. sulfuric acid was added (20%, 100 mL). After the mixture reacted at 100 °C for 2 h, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. After recrystallization from ethanol 96%, a yellow solid (340 mg, 31%) was obtained. M.p.: 266–267 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3139 (N=H), 1633 cm−1 (C=O); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ (ppm) = 2.13 (quint, 2H, J = 6.2 Hz, CH2), 2.43–2.48 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.00 (t, 2H, J = 6.2 Hz, CH2), 7.15 (t, 1H, J =7.7 Hz, Ar-H), 7.25 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7,1.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.91 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 0.8 Hz, Ar-H), 12.19 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz): δ (ppm) = 22.7, 23.2, 37.7 (CH2), 119.0, 122.0, 122.7 (CH), 112.5, 115.9, 126.4, 132.8, 153.5, 193.1 (C=O) (C); C12H10ClNO (219.67) calc. C 65.61, H 4.59, N 6.38, found C 65.57, H 4.68, N 6.42; EIMS m/z (%) 219 (60), 191 (100), 163 (58); HPLC (isocr.): 99.1% at 254 nm, 99.1% at 280 nm, tms = 6.2 min, tm = 1.0 min (ACN/buffer 30:70) (system 1) λmax 240, 265, 299 nm; HPLC (gradient): 98.9% at 254 nm, tms = 9.0 min, tm = 1.1 min (system 3).
6-Chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-1-one (14): 5-Chloro-2,3-dihydrocyclopenta[b]in-dol-1(4H)-one oxime (24, 57 mg, 0.26 mmol) was added to PPA (4 g) at 140 °C and stirred for 1 h. After cooling to 60 °C, the mixture was poured on water (100 mL) and neutralized with aq. NaOH (2M). After extraction with ethyl acetate (3 × 50 mL) and removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the resulting solid was purified by column chromatography (toluene-ethyl acetate-diethylamine 2:2:1). A yellow solid (24 mg, 42%) was obtained. M.p.: 284–286 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3413, 3389 (NH), 1634 cm−1 (C=O); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz) δ (ppm) = 2.99 (t, 2H, J = 6.9 Hz, CH2), 3.47 (dt, 2H, J =6.9, 2.5 Hz, CH2), 7.10 (t, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.13 (t, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz, lactam-NH), 7.19 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.82 (dd, 1H, J = 7.9, 0.8 Hz, Ar-H), 11.98 (s, 1H, indole-NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz) δ (ppm) = 22.3, 39.7 (CH2), 118.4, 120.9, 121.6 (CH), 106.2, 115.8, 127.0,132.6, 145.6, 165.3 (C=O) (C); C11H9ClN2O (220.65); HR-EIMS m/z (%) [M]+ calc. 220.03979, found 220.03987; EIMS m/z (%) 220 (67), 191 (100), 163 (55); HPLC (isocr.): 99.2% at 254 nm, 99.8% at 280 nm, tms = 3.4 min, tm = 1.0 min (ACN/H2O 30:70) (system 1) λmax 252, 278 nm; HPLC (gradient): 94.3% at 254 nm, tms = 7.4 min, tm = 1.2 min (system 3).
7-Chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroazepino[4,3-b]indol-1(2H)-one (15): 8-Chloro-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro4H-carb-azol-4-one oxime (25, 100 mg, 0.426 mmol) was added to PPA (4 g) at 140 °C and stirred for 1 h. After cooling to 60 °C, the mixture was poured on water (100 mL) and neutralized with aq. NaOH (2M). After extraction with ethyl acetate (3 × 50 mL) and removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the resulting solid was purified by column chromatography (toluene-ethyl acetate-diethylamine 2:2:1). A yellow solid (45 mg, 45%) was obtained. M.p.: 261–262 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3413, 3262 (NH), 1626 cm−1 (C=O); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz) δ (ppm) = 1.97–2.03 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.14 (t, 2H, J = 6.7 Hz, CH2), 3.21 (dt, 2H, J = 5.2, 5.0 Hz, CH2), 7.04 (t, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar-H),7.16 (dd, 1H, J = 7.6, 0.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.52 (t, 1H, J = 5.1 Hz, lactam-NH), 8.15 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 0.8 Hz, Ar-H), 11.71 (s, 1H, indole-NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz) δ (ppm) = 26.0, 28.0, 40.7 (CH2), 120.5, 120.9, 121.0 (CH), 107.7, 114.7, 130.4, 132.3, 143.5, 167.1 (C=O) (C); C12H11ClN2O (234.68); calc. C 61.41, H 4.72, N 11.94, found C 61.11, H 4.66, N 12.08; EIMS m/z (%) 234 (100), 191 (30), 177 (23), 163 (16); HPLC (isocr.): 100% at 254 nm, 100% at 280 nm, tms = 4.3 min, tm = 1.0 min (ACN/H2O 30:70) (system 1) λmax 281 nm.
(R,S)-8-Chloro-3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one hydrochloride (16): According to Procedure A from 8-chloro-3-methylene-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one (26, 150 mg, 0.647 mmol) and piperidine (195 µL, 1.95 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane/water (1:1, 4 mL) for 16 h at 55 °C. After filtration, extraction and precipitation a beige solid (130 mg, 57%) was obtained. M.p.: 215–216 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3420 (NH), 2619, 2515 (NH+), 1618 cm−1 (C=O); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 500 MHz) δ (ppm) = 1.35–1.49 (m, 1H), 1.60–1.89 (m, 5H), 1.97–2.11 (m, 1H), 2.38–2.47 (m, 1H), 2.90–3.22 (m, 6H), 3.46–3.65 (m, 3H), 7.19 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.29 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.92 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 9.48 (s, 1H, NH+), 12.39 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 126 MHz) δ (ppm) = 21.2, 22.0, 22.1, 22.2, 28.3, 52.5, 52.9, 56.5 (CH2), 41.2, 118.8, 122.3, 123.0 (CH), 111.6, 116.1, 126.3, 133.1, 153.7, 192.5 (C); C18H22Cl2N2O (353.29) calc. C 61.20, H 6.28, N 7.93 found C 60.94, H 6.34, N 7.74; MS (ESI+) m/z (%) 573 [M + 221]+ (13), 555 [M + 203]+ (15), 317 [M-Cl−]+ (100), 98 [M-Cl− − 219]+ (73); HPLC (isocr.): 99.4% at 254 nm, 99.3% at 280 nm, tms = 3.3 min, tm = 1.1 min (ACN/buffer 30:70) (system 1) λmax 245, 266, 302 nm.
5-Chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indole (20): 2-Chlorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride (17, 538 mg, 27.9 mmol) and sodium acetate (246 mg, 3.00 mmol) were dissolved in glacial acetic acid (10 mL). Cyclopentanone (18, 0.27 mL, 3.00 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 90 °C (oil bath temperature). After addition of conc. H2SO4 (0.25 mL), the mixture was stirred for an additional hour at 110 °C. After cooling to rt, the mixture was poured into sodium acetate solution (5%, 20 mL). The precipitate was filtered off and purified by column chromatography (toluene). A colorless solid (360 mg, 63%) was obtained. M.p.: 57–59 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3385 cm−1 (NH); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ (ppm) = 2.42–2.50 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.71–2.76 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.81–2.86 (m, 2H, CH2), 6.93(t, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz, Ar-H), 7.03 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.1 Hz, Ar-H), 7.28 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 0.9 Hz, Ar-H), 11.13 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100.5 MHz) δ (ppm) = 24.0, 25.3, 28.2 (CH2), 116.8, 119.0, 119.4 (CH), 115.4, 118.7, 125.9,137.2, 145.8 (C); C11H9ClN (291.66); HR-EIMS m/z (%) [M]+• calc. 190.04180, found 190.04170; EIMS m/z (%) 191 (99), 190 (100); HPLC (isocr.): 89.1% at 254 nm, 95.5% at 280 nm, tms = 4.2 min, tm = 1.0 min (ACN/H2O 70:30) (system 1) λmax 235, 283 nm.
4-Chloro-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocyclohepta[b]indole (21): A mixture of (l)-tartaric acid and N,N’-dimethylurea (30:70, 7.5 g) was melted at 70 °C with stirring. 2-Chlorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride (17, 1.79 g, 10.0 mmol) and cycloheptanone (19, 1.29 mL, 10.0 mmol) were added to the melt and stirring was continued at 70 °C. After 3 h, water was added and the mixture was cooled to room temperature. A resulting brown precipitate was filtered off with suction and washed with a small portion of water. Purification by column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate, 5:1) and crystallization (EtOH:H2O (7:3)) yielded a beige colored solid (470 mg, 2.14 mmol, 21%). M.p.: 99–101 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max = 3387 (NH), 2925 (CH aliph.), 734 (Cl) cm−1; 1H NMR: (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) = 1.61–1.73 (m, 4H, 2 CH2), 1.79–1.90 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.69–2.76 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.84–2.91 (m, 2H, CH2), 6.92 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.02 (dd, J = 7.6, 0.9 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.31–7.38 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 10.96 (s, 1H, NH) ppm; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) = 24.3, 27.0, 28.0, 28.4, 31.4 (CH2), 116.1, 119.0 (2C) (CH), 113.3, 114.9, 116.1, 119.0 (2C), 130.5, 130.9, 139.8 (C); C13H14ClN (219.71) calc. C 71.07, N 6.38, H 6.42, found C 71.08, N 6.18, H 6.37. MS (APCI+): m/z (%) = 220.1 [M + H]+ (100), 185.1 [M − 35]+ (59.4), 163.9 [M − 56]+ (46.3); MS (APCI−): m/z (%) = 218.1 [M − H]−(100); HPLC (gradient): 96% at 254 nm, tms = 13.4 min, tm = 1.3 min (system 3), λmax = 221, 238, 276 nm.
4-Chloro-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrocyclohepta[b]indole-10(5H)-one (22): To a solution of 4-chloro-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocyclohepta[b]indole 21 (70.0 mg, 0.319 mmol, 1 eq.) in a mixture of 1,4-dioxane/water (10:1; 5.5 mL) at 0 °C was added DDQ (145 mg, 0.638 mmol) in small portions. The resulting reaction mixture was slowly allowed to warm up to room temperature. After 3 h, the resulting precipitate was filtered off with suction. The filtrate was then evaporated and chloroform (50 mL) was added to the residue. The resulting solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution (50 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and evaporated. After purification by column chromatography (toluene-ethyl acetate 5:1), the residue was isolated as colorless solid (48 mg, 64%). M.p.: 260–264 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜   max 3434 (NH), 1624 cm−1 (C=O); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ (ppm) = 1.78–1.89 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.89–1.97 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.64–2.72 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.14–3.22 (m, 2H, CH2), 7.12 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.22 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.10 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 12.00 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz) δ (ppm) = 21.6, 24.1, 26.6, 42.6 (CH2), 119.7, 121.7, 122.4 (CH), 114.6, 115.3, 129.0, 132.0, 150.4, 196.6 (C); C13H12ClNO (233.70) calc. C 66.81, N 5.99, H 5.18, found C 67.07, N 5.53, H 5.46. MS (APCI+): m/z (%) = 234.1 [M + H]+ (100), 164.0 [M − 70]+ (8.8), 190.0 [M − 44]+ (6.3); MS (APCI−): m/z (%) 232.1 [M − H]− (100); HPLC (gradient): 99.1% at 254 nm, tms = 10.1 min, tm = 1.3 min (system 3) λmax 221, 240, 271, 303 nm.
5-Chloro-2,3-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-1(4H)-one oxime (24): 5-Chloro-2,3-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-1(4H)-one (12, 76 mg, 0.37 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (104 mg, 1.48 mmol), and sodium acetate (122 mg, 1.48 mmol) were refluxed in a mixture of ethanol (5 mL) and water (2 mL) until the starting material was no longer detectable by tlc. Silical gel (2 g) was added and the solvent was removed by evaporation. Isolation of the title compound by column chromatography (toluene-ethyl acetate-diethylamine 2:2:1) yielded pale yellow crystals (22 mg, 27%). M.p.: 248–249 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3424 (NOH), 1658 cm−1 (C=N); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400.4 MHz) δ (ppm) = 2.98–3.01 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.11–3.15 (m, 2H, CH2), 7.09 (t, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz, Ar-H), 7.20 (dd, 1H, J = 7.8, 1.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.47 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 0.9 Hz, Ar-H), 10.12 (s, 1H, NOH), 11.81 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100.7 MHz) δ (ppm) = 22.8, 30.8 (CH2), 118.1, 121.1 (2C) (CH), 116.0, 116.4, 122.6, 138.0, 155.2, 156.3 (C); C11H9ClN2O (220.65); calc. C 59.88, H 4.11, N 12.70; found C 59.59, H 4.04, N 12.47; MS (EI): m/z (%) = 220 [M]+• (100), 203 [M − OH]+ (90); HPLC (isocr.): 96.7% at 254 nm and 95.3% at 280 nm, tms = 5.0 min, tm = 1.0 min (ACN/H2O 30:70) (system 1); λmax: 222 nm und 258 nm; HPLC (gradient): 93.6% at 254 nm, tms = 8.3 min, tm = 1.2 min (ACN/H2O; 0 min:10/90; 13 min:90/10; 20 min:90/10) (system 3).
8-Chloro-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one oxime (25): 8-Chloro-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro4H-carb-azol-4-one (13, 104 mg, 0.470 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (50 mg, 0.71 mmol), and sodium acetate (59 mg, 0.71 mmol) were refluxed in a mixture of ethanol (5 mL) and water (2 mL) until the starting material was no longer detectable by tlc. Silical gel (2 g) was added and the solvent was removed by evaporation. Isolation of the title compound by column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate 3:2) yielded colorless crystals (70 mg, 64%). M.p.: 214–218 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3436 (NOH), 1630 cm−1 (C=N); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 400.4 MHz) δ (ppm) = 1.92 (quint, 2H, J = 6.2 Hz, CH2), 2.66–2.72 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.84 (t, 2H, J = 6.2 Hz, CH2), 7.04 (t, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.15 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.84 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.0 Hz, Ar-H), 10.38 (s, 1H, NOH), 11.55 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100.7 MHz) δ (ppm) = 21.9, 22.3, 22.5 (CH2), 119.9, 120.8 (2C) (CH), 107.6, 115.4, 126.0, 132.8, 142.7, 152.1 (C); C12H11ClN2O (234.68); calc. C 61.41, H 4.72, N 11.94, found C 61.24, H 4.71, N 11.68; MS (EI): m/z (%) = 234 [M]+• (100), 218 [M-O]+ (42), 190 [M − 44]+ (98), 189 [M − 45]+ (64); HPLC (isocr.): 99.7% at 254 nm and 99.7% at 280 nm, tms = 4.8 min, tm = 1.0 min (ACN/H2O 40:60) (system 1); λmax 234, 263 nm; HPLC (gradient): 94.2% at 254 nm, tms = 9.7 min, tm = 1.1 min (ACN/H2O; 0 min:10/90; 13 min:90/10; 20 min:90/10) (system 3).
8-Chloro-3-methylene-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one (26): 8-Chloro-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carb-azol-4-one (13, 1.03 g, 4.70 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL). N,N-Dimethylmethylene iminium chloride (500 mg, 5.34 mmol) was added and the solution was heated at 130 °C for 4 h. After cooling to rt., water (25 mL) was added and the precipitate was filtered off and dried to yield a beige solid (800 mg, 65%). M.p.: 225–227 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3434 (NH), 1647 cm−1 (C=O); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ (ppm) = 2.87–2.96 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.05–3.12 (m, 2H, CH2), 5.41–5.46 (m, 1H, C=CH2), 5.91 – 5.95 (m, 1H, C=CH2), 7.19 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.29 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.98 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 12.34 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 101 MHz) δ (ppm) = 22.9, 30.6, 118.5 (CH2), 119.3, 122.4, 123.0 (CH), 113.1, 116.1, 126.7, 133.4, 144.11, 153.6, 182.5 (C); C13H10ClNO (231.68); HR-EIMS m/z [M]+ calc. 231.04509, found 231.04454; EIMS m/z (%) 231 (100), 191 (34), 163 (37), 44 (30); MS (APCI+) m/z (%) 232 [M + H]+(100), MS (APCI–): m/z (%) = 230 [M − H]− (100); HPLC (isocr.): 96.3% at 254 nm, 96.7% at 280 nm, tms = 12.4 min, tm = 1.1 min (ACN/buffer 30:70) (system 1) λmax 252, 274, 320 nm.
(R,S)-8-Chloro-3-(morpholinomethyl)-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one hydrochloride (27): According to general Procedure A from 8-chloro-3-methylene-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one (26, 100 mg, 0.432 mmol) and morpholine (115 µL, 1.33 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane/water (1:1, 4 mL) for 6 h at 100 °C. After filtration, extraction and precipitation a beige solid (88 mg, 58%) was obtained. M.p.: 222–224 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3429 (NH), 2458 (NH+), 1613 cm−1 (C=O); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 500 MHz) δ (ppm) = 1.98–2.09 (m, 1H), 2.36–2.44 (m, 1H), 3.10–3.15 (m, 2H), 3.15–3.25 (m, 4H), 3.50–3.59 (m, 2H), 3.67–3.73 (m, 1H), 3.79–3.87 (m, 2H), 3.95–4.02 (m, 2H), 7.20 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.30 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.88–7.95 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 9.88 (s, 1H, NH+), 12.39 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 126 MHz) δ (ppm) = 22.1, 28.0, 51.7 (2C), 56.8, 62.9, 63.0 (CH2), 40.7, 118.8, 122.4, 123.1 (CH), 111.6, 116.1, 126.2, 133.1, 153.7, 192.4 (C); C17H20Cl2N2O2 (355.26); HR-ESIMS m/z (%) [[2M-2HCl + Na+]+ calc. 659.21623 found 659.21657, [M-HCl + Na+]+ calc. 341.10274 found 341.10254 (5), [M – Cl−]+ calc. 319.12078 found 319.12115 (100), [M-Cl − Cl−]+ calc. 285.15975 found 285.16009; MS (ESI+) m/z (%) 319 [M − Cl−]+ (22), 179 [M − Cl−-140]+ (71), 100 [M − Cl−-219]+ (100); HPLC (isocr.): 96.4% at 254 nm, 95.3% at 280 nm, tms = 5.2 min, tm = 1.1 min (ACN/buffer 20:80) (system 1) λmax 246, 266, 303 nm.
(R,S)-8-Chloro-3-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one hydrochloride (28): According to Procedure A with 8-chloro-3-methylene-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one (26, 150 mg, 0.647 mmol) and dimethylamine (250 µL, 1.95 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane/water (1:1, 4 mL) for 17 h at 55 °C. After filtration, extraction and precipitation a beige solid (31 mg, 15%) was obtained. M.p.: 202-203 °C; IR (KBr): v ˜     max 3398 cm−1 (NH), 2615 cm−1 (NH+), 1634 cm−1 (C=O), 1618 cm−1 (C=C), 1473 cm−1 (HN-C=C-C); 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) = 1.95–2.05 (m, 1H), 2.30–2.37 (m, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.86 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.08–3.20 (m, 4H), 3.59–3.67 (m, 1H), 7.20 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.30 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.88–7.93 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 9.55 (s, 1H, NH+), 12.43 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz) δ (ppm) = 42.6, 43.4 (CH3) 22.1, 27.6, 57.5 (CH2), 40.8, 118.7, 122.4, 123.1 (CH), 111.6, 116.1, 126.2, 133.2, 153.9, 193.2 (C); C15H18Cl2N2O (313.22); HR-ESIMS m/z (%) [M − Cl−]+ calc. 277.11022, found 277.11051 (100); MS (ESI+) m/z (%) 371 [M–HCl + 95]+ (30), 277 [M − Cl−]+ (100), 145 [M-HCl − 131]+ (20), 58 [M-HCl − 218]+ (64), MS (ESI−) m/z (%) 275 [M-Cl − 2H+]- (100); HPLC (isocr.): 99.3% at 254 nm, 99.4% at 280 nm, tms = 4.7 min, tm = 1.1 min (ACN/buffer 20:80) (system 1) λmax 245, 266, 303 nm.

3.3. Molecular Docking

The program GOLD [42] (version 5.2.2) on a Windows 7 system was used for docking studies. The crystal structure 4YLJ was downloaded from the protein data bank (pdb) [43]. Chain A was used as template structure because it best fulfilled the requirements for a halogen bond between the iodine atom and a water molecule. Protein preparation was performed using the Quick preparation function of MOE (Molecular Operating Environment, version 2015.1001) [44] by selecting the options “Use Structure Preparation”, “Use Protonate 3D for Protonation” and “Allow ASN/GLN/HIS Flips in Protonate 3D”, “Delete Water Molecules farther then 4.5 Å from Ligand or Receptor/Ligand”, “Tether Receptor” (Strength 10, Buffer 0.25), “Fix Atoms Farther than 8 Å from Ligands”, “Hydrogens close to Ligands will not be Fixed” and “Refine” (RMS Gradient of 0.1 kcal/mol/Å) in the QuickPrep panel were selected for refinement, protonation and energy minimization of the protein structure. The protein and ligand were protonated at pH 7. The prepared protein was saved as a mol2 file. The ligands (both stereo isomers for 16, 27, 28) were also created with MOE. The ligands were protonated with “Protonate 3D” (T = 300, pH = 7.4, Salt = 0.1, Electrostatics: GB/VI, Dielectric: 2, van der Waals: 800R3, Cutoff (A): 15, Solvent: 80, Cutoff (A): 10; enable disconnected metal treatment) and the conformations with the lowest energy were evaluated with “Energy Minimize” (Forcefield: Amber10:EHT, R-Field 1:80, Cutoff (8,10); Cell: No Periodicity; Charges: The System Appears Reasonable; Constraints: Rigid Water Molecules; Gradient: 0.1 RMS kcal/mol/Å2). The conformations with the lowest energies were evaluated and saved as mol2 files. Docking runs were performed using the wizard of GOLD in the HERMES interface (version 1.6.2) (CCDC Software Ltd., Cambridge, UK). Missing hydrogen atoms were added, and the ligands and all water molecules distant from the binding pocket were removed from the protein structure. The binding site was defined as a zone of 10 Å around the co-crystallized inhibitor. The implemented scoring function chemscore_kinase was used for evaluation and ranking of the docking results. Search efficiency was set to 200%, 10 different poses were generated, the function “generate diverse solutions” was activated and the option “allow early termination” was turned off. For the retained water molecules, the option “toggle” was used. Results of docking experiments were analyzed and visualized using UCSF Chimera, version 1.12 (Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics at the University of California, San Francisco, USA (supported by NIGMS P41-GM103311)) [45].

3.4. Protein Kinase Assays

Protein kinase assays with the derivatives 11–15 were carried out by radiometric methods using protein kinases, reagents, and conditions as described before [34]. The DYRK1A inhibitory activities of the Mannich bases 16, 27 and 28 were assayed in 384-well plates using the ADP-GloTM assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. This assay is a luminescent ADP detection assay that provides a homogeneous and high-throughput screening method to measure kinase activity by quantifying the amount of ADP produced during a kinase reaction. Briefly, the reactions were carried out in a final volume of 6 µL for 30 min at 30 °C in appropriate kinase buffer, with either protein or peptide as substrate in the presence of 10 µM ATP. After that, 6 µL of ADP-GloTM Kinase Reagent was added to stop the kinase reaction. After an incubation time of 50 min at room temperature (rt), 12 µL of Kinase Detection Reagent was added for one hour at rt. The transmitted signal was measured using the Envision (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA) microplate luminometer and expressed in Relative Light Units (RLU). In order to determine the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), the assays were performed in duplicate in the absence or presence of increasing doses of the tested compounds. Kinase activities are expressed in % of maximal activity, i.e. measured in the absence of inhibitor. The peptide substrate was obtained from Proteogenix (Schiltigheim, France). RnDYRK1A-kd was assayed in buffer A with 0.033 μg/µl of the peptide KKISGRLSPIMTEQ as substrate (buffer A: 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 50 µg/mL heparin). All data points for construction of dose response curves were recorded in triplicate. Typically, the standard deviation of single data points was below 10%.

3.5. Determination of Thermodynamic Solubility

For determination of thermodynamic solubility [35] an aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 with sodium chloride was used. The buffer was prepared by dissolving Na2HPO4 × 2 H2O (298 mg), KH2PO4 (19 mg) and NaCl (800 mg) in water (100 mL). The pH was adjusted to 7.4 by addition of aq. hydrochloric acid (3 mol/L). The thermodynamic solubility was determined using a shake-flask method with quantification by a buffer-HPLC method. The test compounds were added to a sealed Whatman miniUniPrep vial (GE Healthcare, Freiburg, Germany) until the test compound showed visual solids in aqueous phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (300 µL). The mixtures were shaken at 25 °C and 400 rpm for 24 and 48 h (IKA KS 3000 ic control, IKA-Werke, Staufen, Germany). For each time (24 and 48 h) two independent measurements at two different detection wavelengths (254 and 280 nm) were determined. After 24 h and 48 h the mixtures were inspected for remaining solids. The concentrations in the resulting saturated solutions were quantified by isocratic HPLC with external standard calibration. The equilibrium was considered to have been reached after 48 h if the concentration was comparable to the 24 h measurement. For calibration, a stock solution of the test compounds in DMSO was prepared and diluted with DMSO to suitable concentrations. The AUC at the wavelength 254 nm and 280 nm was used for quantification. If the compounds caused signals lower than the limit of quantification, the thermodynamic solubility was indicated as <5.0 µM, which was the lowest detectable concentration of the calibration solutions.

3.6. Determination of Kinetic Solubility

The kinetic solubility was determined using laser nephelometry [35]. A stock solution based on the results of the thermodynamic solubility measurement of the test compounds in DMSO was prepared. The stock solution was diluted with DMSO to get different concentrations. The DMSO dilutions (5 µL) were placed on a 96-well plate filled with aqueous phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (195 µL, same buffer as for thermodynamic solubility). Two dilution series of the stock solution were measured. A blank was determined for every measurement. The well plate was scanned by a nephelometer (Nephelostar Plus, BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, Germany). Precipitated particles scatter the laser light which is detected by the nephelometer. The intensity of the scattered light is assumed to be proportional to the particle concentration in the suspension. The different concentrations were plotted versus the intensities measured by the nephelometer. The resulting kick-off curves led directly to the kinetic solubility by determining the intersection of the linear straight line paralleling the x axis and the linear slope.

3.7. Crystallization of DYRK1A-11 Complex, Data Collection and Structure Determination

Crystallization of the DYRK1A-11 complex was carried out as described previously[34], albeit with using solution containing 31% PEG 400, 0.2 M lithium sulfate and 0.1 M tris, pH 7.5. Diffraction data collected at Diamond Light Source, I04-1 were processed using Xia2 [46] and scaled with Scala [47]. Molecular replacement was performed using Phaser [48] and the coordinates of DYRK1A [34]. Model rebuilding was performed in COOT [49], alternated with refinement in REFMAC [50]. The final structure was validated for geometric correctness with Molprobity [51], and was deposited under accession code 6T6A.

4. Conclusions

In the search for DYRK1A inhibitors with improved solubility based on the model compound 10, [b]-annulated halogenated indoles were designed, synthesized and evaluated for biological activity. Among a variety of new structures, 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11) was identified as a new submicromolar dual DYRK1A/CLK1 inhibitor with slightly improved kinetic solubility. A cocrystallization of 11 with DYRK1A enabled an X-ray structure analysis, which corroborated the binding mode of the ligand as predicted by previous docking studies. Mannich base hydrochlorides of the structurally related 8-chloro-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one (13) proved to be inactive as DYK1A inhibitors.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/22/4090/s1, Figure S1: 1H NMR of 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11), Figure S2: 13C NMR of 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11), Figure S3: IR of 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11), Figure S4: MS (APCI+) of 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11), Figure S5: MS (APCI-) of 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11), Figure S6: HRMS/EIMS of 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11), Figure S7: HPLC gradient of 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11), Figure S8: HPLC isocratic of 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11).

Author Contributions

C.L., M.F., H.F., L.M., S.K., A.C., and C.K. conceived and designed the experiments; C.L., M.F., H.F., N.L. and A.C. performed the experiments; C.L., M.F., L.P., H.F., N.L. and A.C. analyzed the data; C.L., S.K, A.C., L.M. and C.K. wrote the paper.

Funding

This research was supported by grants from the “Fonds Unique Interministériel” (FUI) TRIAD project (LM), the “Fondation Jérôme Lejeune” (LM), and an FP7-KBBE-2012 grant (BlueGenics) (LM). AC and SK are grateful for support by the SGC, a registered charity (number 1097737) that receives funds from AbbVie, Bayer Pharma AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Eshelman Institute for Innovation, Genome Canada, Innovative Medicines Initiative (EU/EFPIA) [ULTRA-DD grant no. 115766], Janssen, Merck KGaA, Germany, MSD, Novartis Pharma AG, Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, Pfizer, São Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP, Takeda, Wellcome [106169/ZZ14/Z]. AC is supported by the Collaborative Sonderforschungsbereich 1177 Autophagy (SFB1177). CK and MF are supported by a grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG, Grant No. Ku-1371/10-1). Publication was supported by the German Research Foundation and the Open Access Publication Funds of the Technische Universität Braunschweig.

Acknowledgments

We thank staffs at Diamond Light Source for their assistance during crystallographic X-ray data collection.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Becker:, W.; Weber, Y.; Wetzel, K.; Eirmbter, K.; Tejedor, F.J.; Joost, H.G. Sequence characteristics, subcellular localization, and substrate specificity of DYRK-related kinases, a novel family of dual specificity protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 25893–25902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Hammerle, B.; Ulin, E.; Guimera, J.; Becker, W.; Guillemot, F.; Tejedor, F.J. Transient expression of Mnb/Dyrk1a couples cell cycle exit and differentiation of neuronal precursors by inducing p27KIP1 expression and suppressing NOTCH signaling. Development 2011, 138, 2543–2554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Seifert, A.; Allan, L.A.; Clarke, P.R. DYRK1A phosphorylates caspase 9 at an inhibitory site and is potently inhibited in human cells by harmine. FEBS J. 2008, 275, 6268–6280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Laguna, A.; Aranda, S.; Barallobre, M.J.; Barhoum, R.; Fernandez, E.; Fotaki, V.; Delabar, J.M.; de la Luna, S.; de la Villa, P.; Arbones, M.L. The protein kinase DYRK1A regulates caspase-9-mediated apoptosis during retina development. Dev. Cell 2008, 15, 841–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Becker, W. Emerging role of DYRK family protein kinases as regulators of protein stability in cell cycle control. Cell Cycle 2012, 11, 3389–3394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Kim, M.Y.; Jeong, B.C.; Lee, J.H.; Kee, H.J.; Kook, H.; Kim, N.S.; Kim, Y.H.; Kim, J.K.; Ahn, K.Y.; Kim, K.K. A repressor complex, AP4 transcription factor and geminin, negatively regulates expression of target genes in nonneuronal cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 13074–13079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Shi, J.; Zhang, T.; Zhou, C.; Chohan, M.O.; Gu, X.; Wegiel, J.; Zhou, J.; Hwang, Y.W.; Iqbal, K.; Grundke-Iqbal, I.; et al. Increased dosage of Dyrk1A alters alternative splicing factor (ASF)-regulated alternative splicing of tau in Down syndrome. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283, 28660–28669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Pozo, N.; Zahonero, C.; Fernandez, P.; Linares, J.M.; Ayuso, A.; Hagiwara, M.; Perez, A.; Ricoy, J.R.; Hernandez-Lain, A.; Sepulveda, J.M.; et al. Inhibition of DYRK1A destabilizes EGFR and reduces EGFR-dependent glioblastoma growth. J. Clin. Investig. 2013, 123, 2475–2487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Grau, C.; Arato, K.; Fernandez-Fernandez, J.M.; Valderrama, A.; Sindreu, C.; Fillat, C.; Ferrer, I.; de la Luna, S.; Altafaj, X. DYRK1A-mediated phosphorylation of GluN2A at Ser(1048) regulates the surface expression and channel activity of GluN1/GluN2A receptors. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2014, 8, 331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Duchon, A.; Herault, Y. DYRK1A, a Dosage-Sensitive Gene Involved in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Is a Target for Drug Development in Down Syndrome. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2016, 10, 104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Abbassi, R.; Johns, T.G.; Kassiou, M.; Munoz, L. DYRK1A in neurodegeneration and cancer: Molecular basis and clinical implications. Pharmacol. Ther. 2015, 151, 87–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Becker, W.; Soppa, U.; Tejedor, F.J. DYRK1A: A potential drug target for multiple Down syndrome neuropathologies. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2014, 13, 26–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Wegiel, J.; Gong, C.X.; Hwang, Y.W. The role of DYRK1A in neurodegenerative diseases. FEBS J. 2011, 278, 236–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Nguyen, T.L.; Fruit, C.; Herault, Y.; Meijer, L.; Besson, T. Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) inhibitors: A survey of recent patent literature. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2017, 27, 1183–1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Smith, B.; Medda, F.; Gokhale, V.; Dunckley, T.; Hulme, C. Recent advances in the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of selective DYRK1A inhibitors: A new avenue for a disease modifying treatment of Alzheimer’s? ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2012, 3, 857–872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Stotani, S.; Giordanetto, F.; Medda, F. DYRK1A inhibition as potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Future Med. Chem. 2016, 8, 681–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Varjosalo, M.; Keskitalo, S.; Van Drogen, A.; Nurkkala, H.; Vichalkovski, A.; Aebersold, R.; Gstaiger, M. The protein interaction landscape of the human CMGC kinase group. Cell Rep. 2013, 3, 1306–1320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Esvan, Y.J.; Zeinyeh, W.; Boibessot, T.; Nauton, L.; Thery, V.; Knapp, S.; Chaikuad, A.; Loaec, N.; Meijer, L.; Anizon, F.; et al. Discovery of pyrido[3,4-g]quinazoline derivatives as CMGC family protein kinase inhibitors: Design, synthesis, inhibitory potency and X-ray co-crystal structure. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 118, 170–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Kim, H.; Sablin, S.O.; Ramsay, R.R. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase A by beta-carboline derivatives. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1997, 337, 137–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Souchet, B.; Audrain, M.; Billard, J.M.; Dairou, J.; Fol, R.; Orefice, N.S.; Tada, S.; Gu, Y.; Dufayet-Chaffaud, G.; Limanton, E.; et al. Inhibition of DYRK1A proteolysis modifies its kinase specificity and rescues Alzheimer phenotype in APP/PS1 mice. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 2019, 7, 46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Nguyen, T.L.; Duchon, A.; Manousopoulou, A.; Loaec, N.; Villiers, B.; Pani, G.; Karatas, M.; Mechling, A.E.; Harsan, L.A.; Limanton, E.; et al. Correction of cognitive deficits in mouse models of Down syndrome by a pharmacological inhibitor of DYRK1A. Dis. Models Mech. 2018, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Loaec, N.; Attanasio, E.; Villiers, B.; Durieu, E.; Tahtouh, T.; Cam, M.; Davis, R.A.; Alencar, A.; Roue, M.; Bourguet-Kondracki, M.L.; et al. Marine-Derived 2-Aminoimidazolone Alkaloids. Leucettamine B-Related Polyandrocarpamines Inhibit Mammalian and Protozoan DYRK & CLK Kinases. Mar. Drugs 2017, 15, 316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Fant, X.; Durieu, E.; Chicanne, G.; Payrastre, B.; Sbrissa, D.; Shisheva, A.; Limanton, E.; Carreaux, F.; Bazureau, J.P.; Meijer, L. cdc-like/dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases inhibitor leucettine L41 induces mTOR-dependent autophagy: Implication for Alzheimer’s disease. Mol. Pharmacol. 2014, 85, 441–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Burgy, G.; Tahtouh, T.; Durieu, E.; Foll-Josselin, B.; Limanton, E.; Meijer, L.; Carreaux, F.; Bazureau, J.P. Chemical synthesis and biological validation of immobilized protein kinase inhibitory Leucettines. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2013, 62, 728–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Tahtouh, T.; Elkins, J.M.; Filippakopoulos, P.; Soundararajan, M.; Burgy, G.; Durieu, E.; Cochet, C.; Schmid, R.S.; Lo, D.C.; Delhommel, F.; et al. Selectivity, cocrystal structures, and neuroprotective properties of leucettines, a family of protein kinase inhibitors derived from the marine sponge alkaloid leucettamine B. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 9312–9330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Debdab, M.; Carreaux, F.; Renault, S.; Soundararajan, M.; Fedorov, O.; Filippakopoulos, P.; Lozach, O.; Babault, L.; Tahtouh, T.; Baratte, B.; et al. Leucettines, a class of potent inhibitors of cdc2-like kinases and dual specificity, tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinases derived from the marine sponge leucettamine B: Modulation of alternative pre-RNA splicing. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 4172–4186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Fedorov, O.; Huber, K.; Eisenreich, A.; Filippakopoulos, P.; King, O.; Bullock, A.N.; Szklarczyk, D.; Jensen, L.J.; Fabbro, D.; Trappe, J.; et al. Specific CLK inhibitors from a novel chemotype for regulation of alternative splicing. Chem. Biol. 2011, 18, 67–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Muraki, M.; Ohkawara, B.; Hosoya, T.; Onogi, H.; Koizumi, J.; Koizumi, T.; Sumi, K.; Yomoda, J.; Murray, M.V.; Kimura, H.; et al. Manipulation of alternative splicing by a newly developed inhibitor of Clks. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 24246–24254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Ogawa, Y.; Nonaka, Y.; Goto, T.; Ohnishi, E.; Hiramatsu, T.; Kii, I.; Yoshida, M.; Ikura, T.; Onogi, H.; Shibuya, H.; et al. Development of a novel selective inhibitor of the Down syndrome-related kinase Dyrk1A. Nat. Commun. 2010, 1, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Foucourt, A.; Hedou, D.; Dubouilh-Benard, C.; Girard, A.; Taverne, T.; Casagrande, A.S.; Desire, L.; Leblond, B.; Besson, T. Design and synthesis of thiazolo[5,4-f]quinazolines as DYRK1A inhibitors, part II. Molecules 2014, 19, 15411–15439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Chaikuad, A.; Diharce, J.; Schroder, M.; Foucourt, A.; Leblond, B.; Casagrande, A.S.; Desire, L.; Bonnet, P.; Knapp, S.; Besson, T. An unusual binding model of the methyl 9-anilinothiazolo[5,4-f] quinazoline-2-carbimidates (EHT 1610 and EHT 5372) confers high selectivity for dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 59, 10315–10321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Neumann, F.; Gourdain, S.; Albac, C.; Dekker, A.D.; Bui, L.C.; Dairou, J.; Schmitz-Afonso, I.; Hue, N.; Rodrigues-Lima, F.; Delabar, J.M.; et al. DYRK1A inhibition and cognitive rescue in a Down syndrome mouse model are induced by new fluoro-DANDY derivatives. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 2859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Kii, I.; Sumida, Y.; Goto, T.; Sonamoto, R.; Okuno, Y.; Yoshida, S.; Kato-Sumida, T.; Koike, Y.; Abe, M.; Nonaka, Y.; et al. Selective inhibition of the kinase DYRK1A by targeting its folding process. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 11391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Falke, H.; Chaikuad, A.; Becker, A.; Loaec, N.; Lozach, O.; Abu Jhaisha, S.; Becker, W.; Jones, P.G.; Preu, L.; Baumann, K.; et al. 10-iodo-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-6-carboxylic acids are selective inhibitors of DYRK1A. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 3131–3143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Meine, R.; Becker, W.; Falke, H.; Preu, L.; Loaec, N.; Meijer, L.; Kunick, C. Indole-3-carbonitriles as DYRK1A inhibitors by fragment-based drug design. Molecules 2018, 23, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  36. Falke, H. Neue Selektive Hemmstoffe der Proteinkinase DYRK1A. Dissertation Technische Universität Braunschweig; Shaker Verlag: Aachen, Germany, 2014. [Google Scholar]
  37. Cuthbertson, T.J.; Ibanez, M.; Rijnbrand, C.A.; Jackson, A.J.; Mittapalli, G.K.; Zhao, F.; MacDonald, J.E.; Wong-Staal, F. Hepatitis c Virus Entry Inhibitors. WO 2008/021745, 21 February 2008. [Google Scholar]
  38. Yamane, K.; Fujimori, K. A convenient synthesis of indolotropones and 6-substituted 5-azabenz[b]azulenes. Bull. Soc. Chem. Jpn. 1976, 49, 1101–1104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Gore, S.; Baskaran, S.; König, B. Fischer indole synthesis in low melting mixtures. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 4568–4571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Saal, C.; Petereit, A.C. Optimizing solubility: Kinetic versus thermodynamic solubility temptations and risks. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2012, 47, 589–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Wilcken, R.; Zimmermann, M.O.; Lange, A.; Joerger, A.C.; Boeckler, F.M. Principles and applications of halogen bonding in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 1363–1388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Jones, G.; Willett, P.; Glen, R.C.; Leach, A.R.; Taylor, R. Development and validation of a genetic algorithm for flexible docking. J. Mol. Biol. 1997, 267, 727–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  43. Berman, H.M.; Westbrook, J.; Feng, Z.; Gilliland, G.; Bhat, T.N.; Weissig, H.; Shindyalov, I.N.; Bourne, P.E. The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, 28, 235–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  44. CCG. Molecular Operating Environment; 2015.1001; Chemical Computing Group Inc.: Montreal, QC, Canada, 2015. [Google Scholar]
  45. Pettersen, E.F.; Goddard, T.D.; Huang, C.C.; Couch, G.S.; Greenblatt, D.M.; Meng, E.C.; Ferrin, T.E. UCSF Chimera—A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J. Comput. Chem. 2004, 25, 1605–1612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  46. Winter, G.; Lobley, C.M.; Prince, S.M. Decision making in xia2. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 2013, 69, 1260–1273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  47. Evans, P.R. An introduction to data reduction: Space-group determination, scaling and intensity statistics. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 2011, 67, 282–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  48. McCoy, A.J. Acknowledging Errors: Advanced Molecular Replacement with Phaser. Methods Mol. Biol. 2017, 1607, 421–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  49. Emsley, P. Tools for ligand validation in Coot. Acta Crystallogr. D Struct. Biol. 2017, 73, 203–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Skubak, P.; Murshudov, G.N.; Pannu, N.S. Direct incorporation of experimental phase information in model refinement. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 2004, 60, 2196–2201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Williams, C.J.; Headd, J.J.; Moriarty, N.W.; Prisant, M.G.; Videau, L.L.; Deis, L.N.; Verma, V.; Keedy, D.A.; Hintze, B.J.; Chen, V.B.; et al. MolProbity: More and better reference data for improved all-atom structure validation. Protein Sci. 2018, 27, 293–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample Availability: Not available.
Molecules 24 04090 g001 550
Figure 1. Structures of DYRK1A and/or cdc2-like kinases (CLK) inhibitors mentioned in the literature: harmine (1); leucettine L41 (2); KH-CB19 (3); INDY (4); proINDY (5); TG003 (6); EHT 5372 (7); F-DANDY (8) and FINDY (9).
Figure 1. Structures of DYRK1A and/or cdc2-like kinases (CLK) inhibitors mentioned in the literature: harmine (1); leucettine L41 (2); KH-CB19 (3); INDY (4); proINDY (5); TG003 (6); EHT 5372 (7); F-DANDY (8) and FINDY (9).
Molecules 24 04090 g001
Molecules 24 04090 g002 550
Figure 2. Analogues 11–16 of the DYRK1A inhibitor KuFal194 (10).
Figure 2. Analogues 11–16 of the DYRK1A inhibitor KuFal194 (10).
Molecules 24 04090 g002
Molecules 24 04090 g003 550
Figure 3. Orientations of [b]-annulated indoles in the ATP binding pocket of DYRK1A. (a) Orientation of 13 predicted by a docking analysis in DYRK1A (pdb: 4YLJ). (b) Orientation of (S)-16 predicted by a docking analysis in DYRK1A (pdb: 4YLJ). (c) Result of an X-ray structure analysis of DYRK1A in complex with 11 (pdb: 6T6A). Note that the orientation of the ligand is very similar to the poses of 13 and (S)-16 as predicted by the docking analyses. (d) Orientation of (R)-16 predicted by a docking analysis in DYRK1A (pdb: 4YLJ). Note that the orientation of the tetrahydrocarbazolone ring system is flipped so that the indole nitrogen points inward and the carbonyl oxygen points outward of the binding pocket.
Figure 3. Orientations of [b]-annulated indoles in the ATP binding pocket of DYRK1A. (a) Orientation of 13 predicted by a docking analysis in DYRK1A (pdb: 4YLJ). (b) Orientation of (S)-16 predicted by a docking analysis in DYRK1A (pdb: 4YLJ). (c) Result of an X-ray structure analysis of DYRK1A in complex with 11 (pdb: 6T6A). Note that the orientation of the ligand is very similar to the poses of 13 and (S)-16 as predicted by the docking analyses. (d) Orientation of (R)-16 predicted by a docking analysis in DYRK1A (pdb: 4YLJ). Note that the orientation of the tetrahydrocarbazolone ring system is flipped so that the indole nitrogen points inward and the carbonyl oxygen points outward of the binding pocket.
Molecules 24 04090 g003
Molecules 24 04090 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11) and 5-chloro-3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-1(2H)-one (12). Reagents and conditions: (a) glacial acetic acid, H2SO4, 90–110 °C, 2 h, 63% (20) or (l)-tartaric acid, N,N’-dimethylurea (30:70), 70 °C, 3 h (21%, 21); (b) 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ), 0 °C→rt., 1–3 h, 52% (12) and 64% (22); (c) 1. PTAB, THF, rt., 48 h; 2. LiCl, DMF, reflux, 2.5 h (58%).
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one (11) and 5-chloro-3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-1(2H)-one (12). Reagents and conditions: (a) glacial acetic acid, H2SO4, 90–110 °C, 2 h, 63% (20) or (l)-tartaric acid, N,N’-dimethylurea (30:70), 70 °C, 3 h (21%, 21); (b) 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ), 0 °C→rt., 1–3 h, 52% (12) and 64% (22); (c) 1. PTAB, THF, rt., 48 h; 2. LiCl, DMF, reflux, 2.5 h (58%).
Molecules 24 04090 sch001
Molecules 24 04090 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis procedures for [b]-annulated halogen-substituted indoles. Reagents and conditions: (a) 1. H2O, rt., 24 h; 2. H2SO4 (20%, v/v), 100 °C, 2 h (31%); (b) hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2-3 eq), sodium acetate (2-3 eq), EtOH/H2O, 120 °C (64% (24), 27% (25)); (c) polyphosphoric acid, 140 °C, 1 h (42% (14), 45% (15)); (d) N,N-dimethylmethylene iminium chloride, DMF, 130 °C, 2 h (74%), (e) 1. 1,4-dioxane/water (1:1), piperidine, 55 °C, 16 h; 2. propan-2-ol, HCl, Et2O (59%).
Scheme 2. Synthesis procedures for [b]-annulated halogen-substituted indoles. Reagents and conditions: (a) 1. H2O, rt., 24 h; 2. H2SO4 (20%, v/v), 100 °C, 2 h (31%); (b) hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2-3 eq), sodium acetate (2-3 eq), EtOH/H2O, 120 °C (64% (24), 27% (25)); (c) polyphosphoric acid, 140 °C, 1 h (42% (14), 45% (15)); (d) N,N-dimethylmethylene iminium chloride, DMF, 130 °C, 2 h (74%), (e) 1. 1,4-dioxane/water (1:1), piperidine, 55 °C, 16 h; 2. propan-2-ol, HCl, Et2O (59%).
Molecules 24 04090 sch002
Molecules 24 04090 g004 550
Figure 4. Mannich base hydrochlorides 16, 27 and 28 displaying intramolecular hydrogen bonds; 28 also depicted as 3D model. Hashed lines represent hydrogen bonds.
Figure 4. Mannich base hydrochlorides 16, 27 and 28 displaying intramolecular hydrogen bonds; 28 also depicted as 3D model. Hashed lines represent hydrogen bonds.
Molecules 24 04090 g004
Table
Table 1. Inhibition of protein kinases by [b]-annulated chloroindoles. IC50 values (µM) 1.
Table 1. Inhibition of protein kinases by [b]-annulated chloroindoles. IC50 values (µM) 1.
Entry.CDK1CDK2CDK5CDK9CK1CLK1DYRK1AGSK-3
10>10>10>10>10>100.500.006>10
11>10>10>10>10>100.170.20>10
12>10>10>10>10>100.890.71>10
13n.t.n.t.8.2n.t.>100.301.64.4
141.21.70.810.883.60.120.192.7
157.02.52.52.24.20.322.2>10
16n.t.n.t.n.t.n.t.n.t.n.t.>10n.t.
1 Results from dose response curves. Data points were recorded as triplicates. n.t. = not tested. Standard deviation of data points of single concentrations was typically below 10%. Assays were performed by radiometric methods, with the exception of 16, which was tested using the ADP-GloTM assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI). Data for 10 taken from Falke et al. [34].
Table
Table 2. Solubility data for selected [b]-annulated indoles.
Table 2. Solubility data for selected [b]-annulated indoles.
CompoundSexp., therm., pH 7.4 [µM] aSexp., kin., pH 7.4 [µM] b
KuFal194 (10)<55.28 (4.99–5.57)
11<526.1 (25.6–26.5)
1613,650 (11,100–16,200)2310 *
a Thermodynamic solubility (phosphate buffer pH 7.4) using the shake-flask method. In two independent experiments vials were incubated at 25 °C and quantified by HPLC. Signals lower than the limit of quantification are indicated as <5 µM (lowest concentration used for calibration). Mean value and range are given. b Kinetic solubility using nephelometry. Mean value and range are given. * Singlicate measurement.
Table
Table 3. Data collection and refinement statistics of the DYRK1A-ligand 11 complex.
Table 3. Data collection and refinement statistics of the DYRK1A-ligand 11 complex.
PDB Accession Code6T6A
Data collection
beamlineDiamond Light Source, i04-1
wavelength (Å)0.9200
Resolution a (Å)46.23–2.80 (2.95–2.80)
space groupC2
cell dimensions
a (Å)244.9
b (Å)65.4
c (Å)148.1
α (deg)90
β (deg)115.2
γ (deg)90
no. unique reflections a51,386 (7523)
Completeness a (%)97.6 (98.5)
I/σI a7.5 (2.1)
Rmerge a0.122 (0.535)
CC(1/2)0.991 (0.757)
Redundancy a3.6 (3.7)
Refinement
no. atoms in refinement (P/L/O) b11,336/48/436
Rfact (%)20.5
Rfree (%)24.2
Bf (P/L/O) b (Å2)49/55/39
rmsd bond c (Å)0.010
rmsd deviation angle c (deg)1.4
Molprobity
Ramachandran favored93.71
Ramachandran outlier0.0
a Values in brackets show the statistics for the highest resolution shells. b P/L/O indicate protein, ligand molecule, and other (water and solvent molecules), respectively. c rms indicates root-mean-square deviation.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lechner, C.; Flaßhoff, M.; Falke, H.; Preu, L.; Loaëc, N.; Meijer, L.; Knapp, S.; Chaikuad, A.; Kunick, C. [b]-Annulated Halogen-Substituted Indoles as Potential DYRK1A Inhibitors. Molecules 2019, 24, 4090. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224090

AMA Style

Lechner C, Flaßhoff M, Falke H, Preu L, Loaëc N, Meijer L, Knapp S, Chaikuad A, Kunick C. [b]-Annulated Halogen-Substituted Indoles as Potential DYRK1A Inhibitors. Molecules. 2019; 24(22):4090. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224090

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lechner, Christian, Maren Flaßhoff, Hannes Falke, Lutz Preu, Nadége Loaëc, Laurent Meijer, Stefan Knapp, Apirat Chaikuad, and Conrad Kunick. 2019. "[b]-Annulated Halogen-Substituted Indoles as Potential DYRK1A Inhibitors" Molecules 24, no. 22: 4090. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224090

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop