Flavonoid 8-O-Glucuronides from the Aerial Parts of Malva verticillata and Their Recovery Effects on Alloxan-Induced Pancreatic Islets in Zebrafish
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Experimental
3.1. Materials
3.2. Reagents and Instrumentation
3.3. Isolation of Flavonoids
3.4. Zebrafish Care and Maintenance
3.5. Evaluation of the Toxicity in Zebrafish Embryo
3.6. Evaluation of Recovery Efficacy for AX-Induced PI Damage in Zebrafish Larvae
3.7. Action of DZ on AX-induced Diabetic Zebrafish
3.8. Statistical Analysis
3.9. DPPH RS Activity
3.10. ABTS RS Activity
3.11. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay
3.12. Superoxide Scavenging Activity
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Sample of the compound 1 is available from the authors. |
Compounds | DPPH EC50 a (μM) | ABTS EC50 (μM) | ORAC (µmol TE/ µmol) | SOD EC50 (μM) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin | 4.08 ± 0.36 b | 1.73 ± 0.09 | 7.33 ± 0.15 | 0.43 ± 0.10 |
BHA | 8.33 ± 0.46 | 4.65 ± 0.18 | 2.86 ± 0.26 | 0.44 ± 0.09 |
1 | >50 | 2.22 ± 0.05 | 14.38 ± 0.35 | 0.73 ± 0.09 |
2 | >50 | 3.38 ± 0.15 | 8.06 ± 0.36 | 1.51 ± 0.15 |
3 | 5.98 ± 0.24 | 1.52 ± 0.04 | 12.48 ± 1.27 | 0.98 ± 0.13 |
4 | 31.79 ± 2.22 | 4.51 ± 0.13 | 6.56 ± 0.32 | 1.04 ± 0.21 |
5 | 33.80 ± 1.89 | 4.05 ± 0.14 | 6.42 ± 0.18 | 0.70 ± 0.18 |
6 | >50 | 21.62 ± 1.26 | 3.83 ± 0.30 | 1.31 ± 0.20 |
Carbon No. | 1 | |
---|---|---|
δc | δH | |
Aglycon | ||
2 | 163.0 | – |
3 | 100.5 | 6.57 (s) |
4 | 180.7 | – |
5 | 148.3 | – |
6 | 131.2 | – |
7 | 144.1 | – |
8 | 127.9 | – |
9 | 156.0 | – |
10 | 100.8 | – |
1′ | 121.0 | – |
2′, 6′ | 128.4 | 8.25 (d, 7.6) |
3′, 5′ | 115.7 | 7.35 (d, 7.6) |
4′ | 161.6 | – |
Sugar moiety | ||
1′′ | 101.1 | 5.05 (d, 7.2) |
2′′ | 74.7 | 4.02–4.04 b |
3′′ | 78.6 | 4.02–4.04 b |
4′′ | 71.3 | 4.20 (m) |
5′′ | 75.7 | 3.82 (d, 8.8) |
6′′ | 174.0 | – |
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Ko, J.-H.; Nam, Y.H.; Joo, S.-W.; Kim, H.-G.; Lee, Y.-G.; Kang, T.H.; Baek, N.-I. Flavonoid 8-O-Glucuronides from the Aerial Parts of Malva verticillata and Their Recovery Effects on Alloxan-Induced Pancreatic Islets in Zebrafish. Molecules 2018, 23, 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040833
Ko J-H, Nam YH, Joo S-W, Kim H-G, Lee Y-G, Kang TH, Baek N-I. Flavonoid 8-O-Glucuronides from the Aerial Parts of Malva verticillata and Their Recovery Effects on Alloxan-Induced Pancreatic Islets in Zebrafish. Molecules. 2018; 23(4):833. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040833
Chicago/Turabian StyleKo, Jung-Hwan, Youn Hee Nam, Sun-Woo Joo, Hyoung-Geun Kim, Yeong-Geun Lee, Tong Ho Kang, and Nam-In Baek. 2018. "Flavonoid 8-O-Glucuronides from the Aerial Parts of Malva verticillata and Their Recovery Effects on Alloxan-Induced Pancreatic Islets in Zebrafish" Molecules 23, no. 4: 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040833