Next Article in Journal
Peptide Nucleic Acids as a Tool for Site-Specific Gene Editing
Previous Article in Journal
In Vitro ADME Properties of Two Novel Antimicrobial Peptoid-Based Compounds as Potential Agents against Canine Pyoderma
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 23
Issue 3
10.3390/molecules23030631
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Preliminary Characterization and Bioactivities of Some Impatiens L. Water-Soluble Polysaccharides

by
Katarzyna Szewczyk
1,*,
Esther Marie Heise
2 and
Jakub P. Piwowarski
3
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki St., Lublin 20-093, Poland
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
3
Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2018, 23(3), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030631
Submission received: 6 February 2018 / Revised: 9 March 2018 / Accepted: 9 March 2018 / Published: 11 March 2018
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Preliminary characterization and bioactivity of water-soluble polysaccharides from four Impatiens species—I. glandulifera Royle, I. parviflora DC., I. balsamina L., and I. noli-tangere L.—were investigated. The yields of polysaccharides range widely from 1.97% for I. parviflora roots to 18.63% for I. balsamina aerial parts. SEC (Size exclusion chromatography) chromatograms show that all samples contained a low molecular weight part that consisted of components of similar molecular weight. The aerial parts and roots of I. balsamina, and I. glandulifera aerial parts had considerable amounts of high molecular weight components up to 2.3 MDa. The sugar composition analysis revealed that Impatiens polysaccharides consisted primarily of galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, mannose, xylose, and glucose. All polysaccharide fractions, except for I. parviflora roots, also contain galacturonic acid. Moreover, in vitro bioactivity of obtained polysaccharides were evaluated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated on the basis of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethyl-benzthia-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained for I. balsamina aerial parts and I. parviflora roots. Among the tested fractions, only the polysaccharides from I. glandulifera aerial parts were able to significantly decrease the production of IL-8 by 32.7 ± 10.5%. The results suggest that Impatiens species can be considered as a new source of antioxidants.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Plant polysaccharides have proven therapeutic activities such as anti-tumour, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, immunomodulatory, and anti-atherosclerotic [1,2]. It is believed that most of these effects are related to various parts of the immune system, and involved constituents of the innate immune system, e.g., the liberation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokines by granulocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages [2,3]. Various polysaccharides derived from the plants demonstrated to interact specifically with pattern identification receptors on innate leukocytes; for example, scavenger receptors on leukocytes [1,4]. Moreover, most of non-digestible plant polysaccharides reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and suppress the urinary markers of bone resorption [2,5]. There is also growing evidence that dietary carbohydrates may be helpful in brain function via the digestive tract due to the activation of parasympathetic nerve fibres or hormonal signalling [5,6,7].
Impatiens glandulifera, I. noli-tangere and I. parviflora are wild, invasive plants growing in Poland. These species have been shown to contain various groups of active compounds including, among others, phenolic acids [8], flavonoids [9,10], essential oils [11], naphthoquinones [12,13,14], fatty acids [13], steroids [15], and triterpenoid saponins [16]. I. balsamina contain also baccharane glycosides [17,18,19], coumarins [20] and anthocyanins [21]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is only one paper published so far that has focused on the characterization of non-cellusosis polysaccharides of I. parviflora leaves [22]. Based on the significance of Impatiens species from a therapeutic activity and insufficient reports on the polysaccharides, the goal of the present work was to undertake a preliminary characterization of polysaccharides of aerial parts and roots of I. glandulifera Royle, I. parviflora DC. and I. noli-tangere L. Moreover, in vitro bioactivity of the Impatiens polysaccharides was evaluated.

2. Results and Discussion

To obtain polysaccharide fractions exhaustive, multi-stage extraction was used. After the main extraction with hot water by sonication, deproteinization using the Savage reagent (2% isoamyl alcohol in chloroform) was done. Light-gray (I. noli-tangere and roots of I. balsamina) and light-beige (I. glandulifera, I. parviflora and aerial parts of I. balsamina) crude water-soluble polysaccharides were obtained.
The yields of polysaccharide fractions, which were related to the dried materials, are given in Table 1. These yields range widely from 1.97% for I. parviflora roots (IPR) to 18.63% for aerial parts of I. balsamina (IBH). High values were also obtained for I. glandulifera aerial parts (IGH; 8.32%) and roots (IGR; 7.74%). In contrast, Callaghan et al. [23] found that stem bases and roots of I. glandulifera contain 2.59% of soluble carbohydrates. The total yields of polysaccharide fractions from tested species (apart from I. parviflora roots) were also higher than those obtained from I. parviflora leaves using water extraction (3.0 wt%) [22]. Different yields of polysaccharides obtained by the cited authors and those in our study might be related to anatomic features of plant material and the harvest time.
The total neutral sugar content was determined by Dubois et al.’s [24] method. The highest values of neutral sugars contained aerial parts and roots of I. balsamina, 52.17% and 47.42% respectively. The aerial parts of I. noli-tangere (INH) contained comparable amounts of neutral sugars (47.96%). The obtained results were presented in Table 1.
The contents of uronic acids were the highest for I. balsamina aerial parts (8.94%) and roots (IBR; 7.52%) while the lowest for roots of I. parviflora (1.48%) and I. noli-tangere (INR; 2.81%). All water-soluble polysaccharides fractions contained also phenolic compounds. The highest quantity of total phenolics was found in the fraction from roots of I. parviflora (38.27 mg GAE/g DE). The uronic acids and total phenolics content are given in Table 1.
Based on the data in Table 1, it can be concluded that the monosaccharide compositions of polysaccharides from all examined species are quite similar, except for roots of I. parviflora and I. noli-tangere. They mainly consist of arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and glucose, but in different amounts. Galactose was the predominant neutral sugar component, which was presented in all samples. All polysaccharide fractions, except for roots of I. parviflora, also contain galacturonic acid. The highest amounts of galacturonic acid were reported for aerial parts of I. glandulifera and I. parviflora (IPH), which contain 46.92 and 37.60 mol% of this acid respectively. Only roots of I. parviflora and I. noli-tangere do not contain glucuronic acid. According to Hromadkova et al. [22], the main monosaccharide components of I. parviflora leaves were glucose, galactose and arabinose, and these results are similar to those obtained in our study.
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), using different pullulans with molecular masses of 788,000, 404,000, 212,000, 112,000, 47,300, 22,800, 11,800, 5900 Da as standards, was employed to establish the average MW of the polysaccharide fractions. After adding buffer to the samples from the aerial parts of I. parviflora, I. balsamina and I. noli-tangere, and from the roots of I. balsamina and I. glandulifera, there remained an insoluble jelly sediment. That was filtered away prior to injection into the chromatographic system. These insoluble components could not be measured by SEC. After adding buffer to the sample from the aerial parts of I. glandulifera, brown flakes appeared, that were filtered away before injection. The chromatograms of pullalan standards and neutral sugars standards are shown in Figure 1.
SEC chromatograms show that all the samples contained a low molecular weight part (grey) that consisted of components of similar molecular weight. The samples from the aerial parts and roots of I. balsamina, and from the aerial parts of I. glandulifera had considerable amounts of high molecular weight components up to 2.3 MDa (the value was out of calibration and was calculated by using the calibration line) (Figure 2). Hromadkova et al. [22] reported that water-soluble polysaccharide fractions from the leaves of I. parviflora have a molecular weight ranging between 20 and 700 kDa. One of the obtained fraction contain also two smaller populations with Mp at 32 and 5 kDa. Similar low molecular weight populations were found in our study in the aerial parts of I. glandulifera.
A simple gel diffusion assay with all the samples was done [25]. A precipitation line shows up when a red dye called Yariv reagent is precipitating with arabinogalactan-proteins in the sample. The sharp orange precipitation line in gel diffusion assay with Yariv reagent shows the presence of arabinogalactan-proteins in the samples from the aerial parts and roots of I. balsamina and from I. glandulifera roots (weak), from the aerial parts of I. glandulifera and I. noli-tangere. These molecules are very interesting proteoglycans with only about 5–10% protein and a big branched carbohydrate part containing mainly galactose and arabinose. They are constituents of the cell wall, but can be linked to the plasma membrane via a GPI-anchor (a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor that can anchor molecules to the cell surface at the plasma membrane). They are involved in several functions for the plant (special growth processes, but also apoptosis) [26,27]. For arabinogalactans from Echinacea, a immunomodulation property was shown in vitro [28]. The aerial parts of I. balsamina and I. glandulifera seem to have a higher content of uronic acids. In general, these fractions are the most functional in bioassays. Both samples show arabinogalactan-protein neutral sugar distributions and form a precipitation line with Yariv reagent.
Several recent studies indicate that water-soluble polysaccharides derived from the plant have biological activities, such as antioxidant [29,30], anticancer [31], anticoagulant [32], and immunological [2,3,6,29]. On this basis, the next stage of our research was to evaluate some biological properties of polysaccharide fractions obtained from Impatiens species.
The antioxidant activity of water-soluble polysaccharide fractions was measured by two methods, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethyl-benzthia-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. For all samples were found that the DPPH radical scavenging activity depended on concentration. At a dose of 4.0 mg/mL, the DPPH scavenging abilities were the highest for the aerial parts of I. balsamina (84.40%), I. parviflora (81.25%) and I. glandulifera (80.18%), and for roots of I. parviflora (81.95%), and these values were close to that of ascorbic acid (98.81%) and Trolox (96.99%). The EC50 values for scavenging DPPH radicals are shown in Table 2. The ABTS scavenging ability decreased in the following order: IBH > IPR > IPH > IGH > IBR > IGR > INH > INR. The highest antioxidant activity tested using ABTS· was obtained for the polysaccharide fractions from the aerial parts of I. balsamina and roots of I. parviflora (EC50 0.32 and 0.38 mg/mL of dry extract, respectively). Taking into account antiradical activity, it may be concluded that this activity is dependent on part of plant, but also on molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. Previous studies suggest that polysaccharides with low molecular weight have stronger antiradical activities [33]. The data suggested that the content of uronic acids was an effective indicator to antioxidant activity of the samples. Besides, the previous literature assumes that the polysaccharide fractions with a low ratio of glucose have higher antioxidant activity [34]. Furthermore, the DPPH and ABTS radical abilities of obtained fractions might be associated to the presence of other classes of compounds with antioxidant activities. Although the polysaccharide fractions from Impatiens species contained a large percentage of sugars, they also had a smaller amount of antioxidants from other chemical groups. In general, good sources of antiradicals were the aerial parts of I. balsamina and roots of I. parviflora.
As can be seen from Figure 3. The results are highly intercorrelated between the assay methods (r = 0.98). However, the results are weakly correlated with total phenolic content. The correlation coefficient equals to −0.54 (DPPH) and −0.504 (ABTS). Such a correlation cannot be considered as significant in standard correlation significance test (p = 0.17 and p = 0.20, respectively). Low correlation was observed with neutral sugars content and this can be considered as significant (p = 0.66).
None of the tested compounds expressed a cytotoxic effect towards neutrophils after 24 h incubation (Data not shown).
Stimulation of neutrophils with LPS (lipopolysacharide) for 24 h led to significant induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) production. Among the tested fractions, only the water-soluble polysaccharides from the aerial parts of I. glandulifera were able to significantly decrease the production of IL-8 by 32.7 ± 10.5%. The obtained results (Figure 4) suggested that polysaccharides were composed of high amounts of galactose, arabinose and rhamnose have potent strong immunostimulatory activity, and is consistent with the previous studies [32,35]. Other polysaccharide fractions in our study did not show any inhibition.
Our findings suggest that polysaccharide fractions from studied Impatiens species contain similar monosaccharide composition to already reported in Panax ginseng, which are used in the medicine and food industry [36]. The high content and composition of obtained polysaccharides explain the traditional use of examined plants for the treatment of burns and would healing [37]. Furthermore, our results suggest that polysaccharides from Impatiens species are able to protect the human body from free radicals and might be good sources of natural antioxidants.
However, more studies are required on the fractionate Impatiens polysaccharides into homogeneous fractions, and further analyses should be done to better characterize each fraction, and evaluate their bioactivities and structure—activity relationship.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials and Reagents

The plants (aerial parts and roots) were collected in July 2015. I. balsamina L. (no. IB-0715) was collected in the UMCS Botanic Garden, which is a part of Maria Curie Sklodowska University in Lublin, Poland at an altitude of 197 m a.m.s.l. (coordinates 51°08′41′′ N; 22°18′17′′ E). I. glandulifera Royle (no. IG-0715) was collected in Józefów near Biłgoraj (Józefów, Poland) at an altitude of 243 m a.m.s.l. (coordinates 50°28′54 N; 23°2′10′ E. I. noli-tangere L. (no. INT-0715) and I. parviflora DC. (no. IP-0715) were gathered in Zalesie Górne near Warsaw (Poland) at an altitude of 115 and 108 m a.m.s.l. (coordinates 52°2′16′′ N; 21°1′55′′ E and 52°2′2′′ N; 21°1′55′′ E respectively). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin (Lublin, Poland). Plants were identified by Prof. Tadeusz Krzaczek.
All chemical reagents used in the experiment were purchased from various commercial suppliers and were of the highest purity available. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethyl-benzthia-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), ascorbic acid, 3-phenylphenol, gallic acid, d-glucose, d-galacturonic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). l-glutamine, fetal bovine serum (FBS), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). LPS (lipopolysacharide) was purchased from Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Propidium iodide was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA). All substances used were of >95% purity. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA).

3.2. Extraction of Polysaccharides

The powdered aerial parts and roots of examined species (50 g) were macerated two times with 99.8% ethanol (500 mL each time) for 24 h at room temperature to eliminate coloured materials and low molecular weight compounds. The obtained, after the supernatants removing, residues were extracted twice with ethanol (500 mL each time) in ultrasonic bath (InterSonic IS-4, Olsztyn, Poland) at room temperature for 30 min (180 W; 25 kHz ± 5%). Next, the dried residues were macerated two times with hot (80 °C) demineralized water (500 mL) by shaking for 3 h. After the supernatants removing, the residues were extracted twice for 30 min with demineralized water under sonication (180 W; 25 kHz ± 5%) at 80 °C. The combined solutions were concentrated under vacuum to 10 mL and purified by deproteinization using the Savage reagent (2% isoamyl alcohol in chloroform). Consequently, the polysaccharides were precipitated with frozen 99.8% ethanol at a ratio of 1:25 (w/v). Then, they were kept 12 h in the refrigerator at 4 °C. The crude polysaccharides were collected by centrifugation (8000 rpm, 20 min) and washed with acetone, and then lyophilized in a Free Zone 1 apparatus (Labconco, Kansas City, KS, USA). The percentage polysaccharide yield (%) was calculated as follows:
Yield (%·w/w) = weight of extracted polysaccharides/weight of dried plant material × 100

3.3. Chemical Composition Analysis

The total neutral sugar content was determined by Dubois et al. [24] method using d-glucose as a standard at 490 nm. A phenol-sulfuric acid method is based on the regression equation of glucose standard curve. The standard curve was prepared by analysing glucose calibration solutions at concentration ranging from 5 to 50 µg/mL. The regression equation between absorbance (y) and glucose concentration (x; µg/mL) found was y = 0.0167x + 0.1202, R2 = 0.9929. The total uronic acid content was determined using colorimetrically assay with 3-phenylphenol at 525 nm [38]. In this test d-galacturonic acid was applied as a standard. The phenol content was evaluated using the Singleton and Rossi [39] colorimetric procedure with some modifications. The absorbance was evaluated at 660 nm (Spectrophotometer UV-VIS, Thermo Evolution 300, Madison, WI, USA) and the results were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 1 g of dry extract (DE).

3.4. Monosaccharide Composition Analysis

To establish the monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharide fractions, the 10 mg of a sample was hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid (2.0 mol/L) at 121 °C for 1 h. After evaporation of trifluoroacetic acid, monosaccharides were transformed to alditol acetates by reduction and acetylation as described by Blakeney et al. [40] and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) on a fused silica capillary column (Optima-OV 225–0.25 µm, 25 m, i.d. 0.25 mm, Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) as described by Göllner et al. [41]. For quantitative analysis, a defined amount of myo-inositol was added to the fractions as an internal standard. Monosaccharide standards and myo-inositol were run in advance to determine response factors for flame ionization detector (FID). For detection of uronic acids, after methanolysis the liberated methyl glycosides of the arabinogalactan protein (AGP) were transformed into the corresponding trimethyl silyl ethers (TMS-derivates) and analyzed by GLC [42,43].

3.5. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)

The molecular masses of the samples were determined by size exclusion chromatography on two PL aquagel-OH MIXED M 8 µm 300 × 7.5 mm (with a range of 1 to 500 kDa) from Agilent and one PL-aquagel-OH MIXED H 8 µm 300 × 7.5 mm (with a range of 6 to 10,000 kDa) from Agilent columns in series (temperature 35 °C, Polymer Laboratories, Darmstadt, Germany). The samples were eluted with NaNO3 (0.85%; 0.1 M), NaH2PO4 (0.12%; 0.01 M) and NaN3 (0.05%) pH 7 buffer at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The total run time was 40 min. The size of the components in the sample had to be calculated by their retention time. Different pullulans with molecular masses of 788,000, 404,000, 212,000, 112,000, 47,300, 22,800, 11,800, 5900 Da (PL Polysaccharide Standard Kit, Polymer Laboratories, Church Stretton, UK) were used as standards to establish the hydrodynamic volume. The detector was a refractive index detector (Polymer Laboratories).

3.6. Reactivity with Yariv Reagent

The reactivity with Yariv reagent was determined by using a simple gel diffusion test [25]. Five cavities were stamped in an autoclaved agarose-gel (1% agarose in 10 mM Tris-HCl-buffer, pH 7.3 with 0.9% NaCl and 1 mM CaCl2). The middle cavity was filled with Yariv-solution (c = 1 mg/mL), the four surrounding cavities with a solution of the polysaccharides (c = 50 mg/mL, 2 plates, samples 1–8). The characteristic positive reaction for the presence of AGPs was a sharp precipitation line between the Yariv-reagent cavity and the cavity of the sample after one day at room temperature.

3.7. Antioxidant Activity

To establish the antioxidant potential of water-soluble polysaccharide fractions two methods were applied. 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity was evaluated in accordance with the Brand–Williams et al. [44] procedure. The changes in colour from deep-violet to light-yellow were evaluated at 515 nm in a UV/visible light spectrophotometer.
The antioxidant activity was also evaluated using 2,2′-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) decolourization assay [45]. The absorbance was measured at 734 nm, at the beginning and after 5 min of reaction. The ability of the polysaccharides to quench the ABTS free radical was determined according to equation:
Scavenging% = [(AC-AP)/AC] × 100, where AC is absorbance of control (solvent instead polysaccharides) at 0 min; AP—absorbance of polysaccharide fraction after 5 min.
The various concentrations of the water-soluble polysaccharides (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/mL) were used. Both antioxidant activities were expressed as an efficient concentration EC50, the polysaccharide solution concentration providing 50% of the activity in a dose-dependent manner. Ascorbic acid and Trolox were used as a positive control.

3.8. Neutrophils Isolation

Peripheral venous blood was collected from healthy human donors (20–35 years old) in the Warsaw Blood Donation Centre. They did not smoke or take any medication. Donors were clinically confirmed to be healthy, and a routine laboratory tests demonstrated values within the normal range. The test corresponded to the rules of the Declaration of Helsinki. Neutrophils were isolated with a standard method [46] of dextran sedimentation and subsequent hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes and centrifugation in a Ficoll Hypaque gradient. The purity of neutrophils was >97%, and viability measured by trypan blue exclusion was >98%.

3.9. Cytotoxicity

Cytotoxicity was established using standard flow cytometric method with propidium iodide (PI) staining. Neutrophils (3.5 × 105 cells/mL) were cultured in a 24-well plate in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% FBS, 10 mM HEPES, and 2 mM l-glutamine for 18 h at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in presence of compounds at concentration of 50 μg/mL. After 18 h the neutrophils were harvested and centrifuged (2000 RPM; 10 min; 4 °C), washed once with cold PBS and resuspended in 500 μL of PBS. 5 μL of PI (50 μg/mL) solution was added to the cell suspension. After 15 min of incubation in darkness at room temperature cells were analyzed by BD FACS Calibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), 10,000 events were recorded per sample. Cells that displayed high permeability to PI were expressed as a percentage of PI(+) cells.

3.10. IL-8 Production

Neutrophils (3.5 × 105 cells/mL) were cultured in a 24-well plates in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% FBS, 10 mM HEPES, and 2 mM l-glutamine in the absence or presence of LPS (100 ng/mL) for 18 h at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in the absence or presence of compounds at final concentrations of 50 μg/mL added to 0.5 mL of cell suspension 1 h before the stimuli. After 18 h the neutrophils were harvested and centrifuged (2000 RPM; 10 min; 4 °C). The amount of released IL-8 into cell supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following the manufacturer’s instructions (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA).

3.11. Statistical Analysis

The results were presented as mean values ± SEM of the indicated number of experiments. Statistical significance of differences between means was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc tests. Results with p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using Statistica 12 software.

4. Conclusions

The purpose of the study was to estimate and compare the chemical composition and biological activity of water-soluble polysaccharides from the aerial parts and roots of I. parviflora, I. balsamina, I. glandulifera and I. noli-tangere. Our findings demonstrated that the contents of neutral sugars, uronic acids, total phenols and monosaccharides were different from each other. The predominant neutral sugar component in all samples was galactose. A simple gel diffusion assay with Yariv reagent shows the presence of arabinogalactan-proteins in the samples from the aerial parts and roots of I. balsamina, roots of I. glandulifera, the aerial parts of I. glandulifera and I. noli-tangere.
In vitro studies revealed that the water-soluble polysaccharide fractions from the aerial parts of I. balsamina and roots of I. parviflora might be a good source of antiradicals. Moreover, polysaccharides from the aerial parts of I. glandulifera were able to significantly decrease the production of IL-8 by 32.7 ± 10.5%.
To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of the characterization and bioactivity of the water-soluble polysaccharides from different Impatiens species.

Author Contributions

Katarzyna Szewczyk conceived and designed the experiments and wrote the paper; Katarzyna Szewczyk, Esther Marie Heise and Jakub P. Piwowarski performed the experiments and analyzed the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Ghildyal, P.; Grønhaug, T.E.; Rusten, A.; Skogsrud, M.; Rolstad, B.; Diallo, D.; Michaelsen, T.E.; Inngjerdingen, M.; Paulsen, B.S. Chemical composition and immunological activities of polysaccharides isolated from the Malian medicinal plant Syzygium guineense. J. Pharmacogn. Phytother. 2010, 2, 76–85. [Google Scholar]
  2. Schepetkin, A.B.; Quinn, M.T. Botanical polysaccharides: Macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2006, 6, 317–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Schepetkin, I.A.; Xie, G.; Kirpotina, L.N.; Klein, R.A.; Jutila, M.A.; Quinn, M.T. Macrophage immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Opuntia polyacantha. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2008, 8, 1455–1466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Goodridge, H.S.; Wolf, A.J.; Underhill, D.M. Beta-glucan recognition by the innate immune system. Immunol. Rev. 2009, 230, 38–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Liu, J.; Willför, S.; Xu, C. A review of bioactive plant polysaccharides: Biological activities, functionalization, and biomedical applications. Bioact. Carbohydr. Dietary Fibre 2015, 5, 31–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Wang, M.; Jiang, C.; Ma, L.; Zhang, Z.; Cao, L.; Liu, J.; Zeng, X. Preparation, preliminary characterization and immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharide fractions from the peduncles of Hovenia dulcis. Food Chem. 2013, 138, 41–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Wagner, L. The Complexity of Membrane-Bound Glycans in Health and Disease and the Beneficial Properties of Glyconutrients. Master’s Thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway, 2013. [Google Scholar]
  8. Szewczyk, K.; Olech, M. Optimization of extraction method for LC-MS based determination of phenolic acid profiles in different Impatiens species. Phytochem. Lett. 2017, 20, 322–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Szewczyk, K.; Zidorn, C.; Biernasiuk, A.; Komsta, Ł.; Granica, S. Polyphenols from Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) and their antioxidantand antimicrobial activities. Ind. Crops Prod. 2016, 86, 262–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Vieira, M.N.; Winterhalter, P.; Jerz, G. Flavonoids from the flowers of Impatiens glandulifera Royle isolated by high performance countercurrent chromatography. Phytochem. Anal. 2016, 27, 116–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Szewczyk, K.; Kalemba, D.; Komsta, Ł.; Nowak, R. Comparison of the essential oil composition of selected Impatiens species and its antioxidant activities. Molecules 2016, 21, 1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Lobstein, A.; Brenne, X.; Feist, E.; Metz, N.; Weniger, B.; Anton, R. Quantitative determination of naphthoquinones of Impatiens species. Phytochem. Anal. 2001, 12, 202–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Ortin, Y.; Evans, P. Trans-tetradec-2-enoic acid in Impatiens glandulifera. Synth. Commun. 2013, 43, 1404–1412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Pavela, R.; Vrchotová, N.; Sera, B. Repellency and toxicity of three Impatiens species (Balsaminaceae) extracts on Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Biopestic. 2009, 2, 48–51. [Google Scholar]
  15. Cimmino, A.; Mathieu, V.; Evidente, M.; Ferderin, M.; Banuls, L.M.Y.; Masi, M.; De Carvalho, A.; Kiss, R.; Evidente, A. Glanduliferins A and B, two new glucosylated steroids from Impatiens glandulifera, with in vitro growth inhibitory activity in human cancer cells. Fitoterapia 2016, 109, 138–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Grabowska, K.; Podolak, I.; Galanty, A.; Żmudzki, P.; Koczurkiewicz, P.; Piska, K.; Pękala, E.; Janeczko, Z. Two new triterpenoid saponins from the leaves of Impatiens parviflora DC. and their cytotoxic activity. Ind. Crops Prod. 2017, 96, 71–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Li, H.J.; Yu, J.J.; Li, P. Simultaneous qualification and quantification of baccharane glycosides in Impatientis Semen by HPLC-ESI-MSD and HPLC-ELSD. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2011, 54, 674–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Shoji, N.; Umeyama, A.; Yoshikawa, K.; Nagai, M.; Arihara, S. Baccharane glycosides from seeds of Impatiens balsamina. Phytochemistry 1994, 37, 1437–1441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Shoji, N.; Umeyama, A.; Saitou, N.; Yoshikawa, K.; Kan, Y.; Arihara, S. Hosenkosides A, B, C, D, and E, novel baccharane glycosides from the seeds of Impatiens balsamina. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4973–4986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Panichayupakaranant, P.; Noguchi, H.; De-Eknamhul, W.; Sankawa, U. Naphthoquinones and coumarins from Impatiens balsamina root cultures. Phytochemistry 1995, 40, 1141–1143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Klein, A.O.; Hagen, C.W. Anthocyanin production in detached petals of Impatiens balsamina L. Plant Physiol. 1961, 36, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Hromádková, Z.; Košťálová, Z.; Vrchotová, N.; Ebringerová, A. Non-cellulosic polysaccharides from the leaves of small balsam (Impatiens parviflora DC.). Carbohydr. Res. 2014, 389, 147–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Callaghan, T.V.; Scott, R.; Whittaker, H.A. The Yield, Development and Chemical Composition of Some Fast-Growing Indigenous and Naturalised British Plant Species in Relation to Management as Energy Crops; ITE0640; Institute of Terrestrial Ecology: Cumbria, UK, 1981; p. 89, Unpublished; Available online: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/8196 (accessed on 30 January 2018).
  24. Dubois, M.; Gilles, K.A.; Hamilton, J.K.; Rebers, P.A.; Smith, F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 1956, 28, 350–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Van Holst, G.J.; Clarke, A.E. Quantification of arabinogalactanprotein in plant extracts by single radial gel diffusion. Anal. Biochem. 1985, 148, 446–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Seifert, G.J.; Roberts, K. The biology of arabinogalactan proteins. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2007, 58, 137–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Serpe, M.D.; Nothnagel, E.A. Effect of Yariv phenylglycosides on Rosa cell suspensions: Evidence for the involvement of arabinogalactan-proteins in cell proliferation. Planta 1994, 193, 542–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Bossy, A.; Blaschek, W.; Classen, B. Characterization and immunolocalization of arabinogalactan-proteins in roots of Echinacea purpurea. Planta Med. 2009, 75, 1526–1533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Zhang, L.; Liu, X.; Wang, Y.; Liu, G.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, Z.; Cheng, H. In vitro antioxidative and immunological activities of polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 95, 1119–1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Tang, L.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Zhong, S.; Chen, W.; Zheng, F.; Shi, G. Purification, partial characterization and bioactivity of sulfated polysaccharides from Grateloupia livida. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 94, 642–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Zou, P.; Yang, X.; Huang, W.W.; Zhao, H.T.; Wang, J.; Xu, R.B.; Hu, X.L.; Shen, S.Y.; Qin, D. Characterization and bioactivity of polysaccharides obtained from pine cones of Pinus koraiensis by graded ethanol precipitation. Molecules 2013, 18, 9933–9948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Sun, Y.; Liu, J. Structural characterization of a water-soluble polysaccharide from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula and its immunity activity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2008, 43, 279–282. [Google Scholar]
  33. Wang, J.; Hu, S.; Nie, S.; Yu, Q.; Xie, M. Reviews on mechanisms in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016, 2016, 5692852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Chen, H.; Xyu, X.; Zhu, Y. Optimization of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of exopolysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus in submerged fermentation using response surface methodology. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 20, 835–843. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  35. Wang, J.H.; Luo, J.P.; Yang, X.F.; Zha, X.Q. Structural analysis of a rhamnoarabinogalactan from the stems of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Food Chem. 2010, 122, 572–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Zhang, X.; Yu, L.; Li, H.; Ni, W.; Han, H.; Li, N.; Wan, B.; Zhou, Y.; Tai, G. Total fractionation and characterization of the water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Carbohydr. Polym. 2009, 77, 544–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Sharma, H.K.; Chhangte, L.; Dolui, A.K. Traditional medicinal plants in Mizoram, India. Fitoterapia 2001, 72, 146–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Blumenkrantz, N.; Asboe-Hansen, G. New method for quantitative determination of uronic acids. Anal. Biochem. 1973, 54, 484–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Singleton, V.L.; Rossi, J.A., Jr. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 1965, 16, 144–158. [Google Scholar]
  40. Blakeney, A.B.; Harris, P.J.; Henry, R.J.; Stone, B.A. A simple and rapid preparation of alditol acetates for monosaccharide analysis. Carbohydr. Res. 1983, 113, 291–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Göllner, E.M.; Blaschek, W.; Classen, B. Structural investigations on arabinogalactan-protein from wheat, isolated with Yariv reagent. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 3621–3626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Bleton, J.; Mejanelle, P.; Sansoulet, J.; Goursaud, S.; Tchapla, A. Characterisation of neutral sugars and uronic acids after methanolysis and trimethylsilylation for recognition of plant gums. J. Chromatogr. A 1996, 270, 27–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Kim, J.S.; Laskowich, E.R.; Arumugham, R.G.; Kaiser, R.E.; MacMichael, G.J. Determination of saccharide content in pneumococcal polysaccharides and conjugate vaccines by GC-MSD. Anal. Biochem. 2005, 347, 262–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Brand-Williams, W.; Cuvelier, E.; Berset, C.M. Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 1995, 28, 25–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Re, R.; Pellegrini, N.; Proteggente, A.; Pannala, A.; Yang, M.; Rice-Evans, C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1999, 26, 1231–1237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Boyum, A. Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Isolation of mononuclear cells by one centrifugation, and of granulocytes by combining centrifugation and sedimentation at 1 g. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. 1968, 19, 125–131. [Google Scholar]
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
Molecules 23 00631 g001 550
Figure 1. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) chromatograms of (A): pullalan standards, and (B): neutral sugars standards.
Figure 1. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) chromatograms of (A): pullalan standards, and (B): neutral sugars standards.
Molecules 23 00631 g001
Molecules 23 00631 g002 550
Figure 2. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) chromatograms of polysaccharides of Impatiens species. * The molecular weights out of calibration (the linear equation generated by the standard curve was y= −1.588ln(x) + 39.768; R2 = 0.9986).
Figure 2. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) chromatograms of polysaccharides of Impatiens species. * The molecular weights out of calibration (the linear equation generated by the standard curve was y= −1.588ln(x) + 39.768; R2 = 0.9986).
Molecules 23 00631 g002
Molecules 23 00631 g003 550
Figure 3. Pearson’s correlation coefficients between antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS) and total phenols (TP), neutral sugars (NS) and uronic acids (UA) content.
Figure 3. Pearson’s correlation coefficients between antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS) and total phenols (TP), neutral sugars (NS) and uronic acids (UA) content.
Molecules 23 00631 g003
Molecules 23 00631 g004 550
Figure 4. Effect of polysaccharides of Impatiens L. at the concentration of 50 μg/mL on interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by lipopolysacharide (LPS) stimulated neutrophils. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM of three separate experiments performed with neutrophils isolated from independent donors assayed in duplicate. * p < 0.05 versus stimulated control. #- statistically significant (p < 0.001) versus non-stimulated control; ST- stimulated control; NST- non-stimulated control.
Figure 4. Effect of polysaccharides of Impatiens L. at the concentration of 50 μg/mL on interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by lipopolysacharide (LPS) stimulated neutrophils. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM of three separate experiments performed with neutrophils isolated from independent donors assayed in duplicate. * p < 0.05 versus stimulated control. #- statistically significant (p < 0.001) versus non-stimulated control; ST- stimulated control; NST- non-stimulated control.
Molecules 23 00631 g004
Table
Table 1. Characterization of a water-soluble polysaccharide fractions isolated from the aerial parts and roots of I. parviflora, I. balsamina, I. glandulifera and I. noli-tangere.
Table 1. Characterization of a water-soluble polysaccharide fractions isolated from the aerial parts and roots of I. parviflora, I. balsamina, I. glandulifera and I. noli-tangere.
IPRIPHIBRIBHIGRIGHINRINH
Yield (% w/w)1.974.306.7318.637.748.324.304.72
Neutral sugars (%)3.68 ± 0.0344.96 ± 0.1347.42 ± 0.3152.17 ± 0.8241.96 ± 0.1543.06 ± 1.0436.03 ± 0.1047.96 ± 0.15
Total phenolics (mg GAE/g DE)38.27 ± 0.5412.53 ± 0.429.21 ± 0.135.81 ± 0.111.93 ± 0.063.02 ± 0.082.14 ± 0.115.03 ± 0.24
Uronic acids (%)1.48 ± 0.024.38 ± 0.067.52 ± 0.238.94 ± 0.623.78 ± 0.156.83 ± 0.112.81 ± 0.064.23 ± 0.57
Contents of the sugar (mol %)Gal0.157.8010.1912.316.5411.862.289.73
GalAn.d.10.9737.6052.149.9246.925.745.22
Aran.d.2.533.292.912.535.700.895.19
GlcAn.d.7.1715.2917.716.6910.03n.d.6.69
Mann.d.3.043.805.622.742.431.223.34
Glc0.300.611.060.911.223.196.691.52
Rhan.d.0.420.830.830.421.390.420.42
Xyln.d.0.130.130.250.250.250.380.25
Fucn.d.0.300.300.610.150.15n.d.0.30
IPR, I. parviflora roots; IPH, I. parviflora aerial parts; IBR, I. balsamina roots; IBH, I. balsamina aerial parts; IGR, I. glandulifera roots; IGH, I. glandulifera aerial parts; INR, I. noli-tangere roots; INH, I. noli-tangere aerial parts; Gal, galactose; GalA, galacturonic acid; Ara, arabinose; GlcA, glucuronic acid; Man, mannose; Glc, glucose; Rha, rhamnose; Xyl, xylose; Fuc, fucose; content of the sugars is expressed in mol % related to the total content of the monosaccharides; % w/w, yield related to the dried plant material; the total phenolic content is expressed as gallic acid equivalents; n.d., not detected.
Table
Table 2. The antioxidant activity—DPPH and free radicals scavenging ability (ABTS) of polysaccharide fractions of the Impatiens species. The results are expressed as EC50 in mg/mL of DE (dry extract). Ascorbic acid (AA) and Trolox were used as the positive control. Each value is the mean ± SD (n = 3).
Table 2. The antioxidant activity—DPPH and free radicals scavenging ability (ABTS) of polysaccharide fractions of the Impatiens species. The results are expressed as EC50 in mg/mL of DE (dry extract). Ascorbic acid (AA) and Trolox were used as the positive control. Each value is the mean ± SD (n = 3).
IPRIBRIGRINRIPHIBHIGHINHAATrolox
DPPH0.27 ± 0.022.55 ± 0.054.22 ± 0.066.89 ± 0.181.13 ± 0.020.24 ± 0.011.49 ± 0.014.85 ± 0.130.11 ± 0.010.08 ± 0.01
ABTS0.38 ± 0.021.78 ± 0.033.37 ± 0.105.75 ± 0.190.84 ± 0.030.32 ± 0.021.30 ± 0.015.31 ± 0.130.21 ± 0.010.24 ± 0.02

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Szewczyk, K.; Heise, E.M.; Piwowarski, J.P. Preliminary Characterization and Bioactivities of Some Impatiens L. Water-Soluble Polysaccharides. Molecules 2018, 23, 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030631

AMA Style

Szewczyk K, Heise EM, Piwowarski JP. Preliminary Characterization and Bioactivities of Some Impatiens L. Water-Soluble Polysaccharides. Molecules. 2018; 23(3):631. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030631

Chicago/Turabian Style

Szewczyk, Katarzyna, Esther Marie Heise, and Jakub P. Piwowarski. 2018. "Preliminary Characterization and Bioactivities of Some Impatiens L. Water-Soluble Polysaccharides" Molecules 23, no. 3: 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030631

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop