High Potency of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. TTO Chemical Characterization
2.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility
2.3. Synergistic Activity
2.4. Disk Diffusion (DD) and VP Assay
2.5. Time Kill Studies
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Method
4.1. Antimicrobials Agents and TTO
4.2. TTO Chemical Composition Analysis
4.3. Bacterial Strains
4.4. Antimicrobial Activity
4.5. Synergistic Activity of TTO Combined with Antimicrobial Agents
4.6. DD and VP Assay
4.7. Time-Kill Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability Statement
Abbreviations
MDR | multidrug-resistant |
CR | carbapenem-resistant |
EOs | essential oils |
TTO | Tea tree oil |
MSSA | methicillin-susceptible Staphylococus aureus |
MRSA | methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus |
ESBL | extended-spectrum beta lactamases |
CS | carbapenem-sensitive |
Kp | Klebsiella pneumoniae |
Ab | Acinetobacter baumannii |
Pa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
HS | Headspace |
VOCs | volatile organic compounds |
LRI | Linear retention indices |
TSB | tryptic soy broth |
MIC | minimal inhibitory concentration |
MBC | minimal bactericidal concentration |
AMK | amikacin |
CFZ | cefazolin |
MEM | meropenem |
OXA | oxacillin |
COL | colistin |
RIF | rifampin |
VAN | vancomicin |
MHB | Mueller Hinton Broth |
FICI | fractional inhibitory concentration index |
DD | disk diffusion |
VP | vapour phase |
MHA | Mueller Hinton Agar |
CFUs | Colony Forming Units |
PDR | pan-drug resistant |
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Sample Availability: Samples of the used TTO are available from the authors. |
# 1 | Component 2 | LRI 3 | LRIlit 4 | A1% 5 | A2% 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | α-pinene | 1040 | 1039 | 12.4 | 22.5 |
2 | β-pinene | 1131 | 1124 | 1.8 | 2.4 |
3 | 1,4-cineole | 1192 | 1192 | 0.5 | - |
4 | α-terpinene | 1197 | 1195 | 2.8 | 2.9 |
5 | d-limonene | 1216 | 1219 | 2.3 | 2.8 |
6 | eucalyptol | 1231 | 1230 | 15.2 | 16.5 |
7 | γ-terpinene | 1266 | 1265 | 9.8 | 10.7 |
8 | o-cymene | 1291 | 1287 | 6.3 | 8.5 |
9 | terpinolene | 1306 | 1299 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
10 | aromadendrene | 1600 | 1603 | 1.9 | - |
11 | terpinen-4-ol | 1631 | 1633 | 35.4 | 28.7 |
12 | α-terpineol | 1718 | 1724 | 8.1 | 3.4 |
13 | ledene | 1715 | 1707 | 1.1 | - |
14 | globulol | 2110 | 2104 | 0.8 | - |
Total | 100 | 100 |
Strains | TTO 1 | AMK 2 | OXA 3 | CFZ 4 | VAN 5 | RIF 6 | MEM 7 | COL 8 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC 9 | MBC 10 | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
% v/v | μg/mL | μg/mL | μg/mL | μg/mL | μg/mL | μg/mL | μg/mL | |||||||||
MSSA 11 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1 | 0.007 | 0.007 | NA | NA | ||
MRSA 12 | 0.50 | 2 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 64 | 64 | 128 | 1 | 1 | 0.007 | 0.007 | NA | NA | ||
E. coli 13 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 4 | 4 | NA 20 | NA | NA | NA | 0.060 | 0.060 | 0.50 | 0.50 | ||||
ESBL-CS-Kp 14,15,16 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.125 | 0.250 | 256 | 256 | ||||
ESBL-CR 17 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 64 | 64 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 256 | 512 | 128 | 128 | ||||
CR-Ab 18 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 8 | 16 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 64 | 128 | 0.25 | 0.25 | ||||
CR-Pa 19 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 8 | 16 | 1 | 2 |
Strains | TTO 1 + AMK 2 | TTO + OXA 3 | TTO + CFZ 4 | TTO + VAN 5 | TTO + RIF 6 | TTO + MEM 7 | TTO + COL 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSSA 9 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.25 | >0.5 | 0.32 | - | - |
MRSA 10 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.32 | >0.5 | 0.32 | - | - |
E. coli 11 | 0.25 | NA 18 | NA | NA | NA | >0.50 | 0.13 |
ESBL-CS-Kp 12,13,14 | >0.50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.50 | 0.32 |
ESBL-CR-Kp 15 | 0.50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.32 | 0.32 |
CR-Ab 16 | 0.32 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.32 | 0.21 |
CR-Pa 17 | 0.25 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.50 | 0.25 |
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Share and Cite
Oliva, A.; Costantini, S.; De Angelis, M.; Garzoli, S.; Božović, M.; Mascellino, M.T.; Vullo, V.; Ragno, R. High Potency of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2018, 23, 2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102584
Oliva A, Costantini S, De Angelis M, Garzoli S, Božović M, Mascellino MT, Vullo V, Ragno R. High Potency of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules. 2018; 23(10):2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102584
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliva, Alessandra, Silvia Costantini, Massimiliano De Angelis, Stefania Garzoli, Mijat Božović, Maria Teresa Mascellino, Vincenzo Vullo, and Rino Ragno. 2018. "High Potency of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus" Molecules 23, no. 10: 2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102584