The Various Roles of Fatty Acids
Abstract
:1. Fatty Acid Synthesis
2. Fatty Acids as Modulators of Membrane Properties
2.1. In Prokaryotes
2.2. In Eukaryotes
3. Energy Suppliers and Storage Material
3.1. In Prokaryotes
3.2. In Eukaryotes
3.3. Sequestration of Toxicants in Lipid Droplets
4. The Roles of PUFA
5. Biomarkers of Organisms
5.1. Identification of Prokaryotes by FA Fingerprint
5.2. FA Markers in Eukaryotes and the Use of FA Profiles to Assess Species Composition of Assemblages
5.3. Using FA to Follow Energy Fluxes in Food Webs
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lipids | Example | Role | Specificities |
---|---|---|---|
Fatty acids | 16:0 | Building blocks for numerous lipids, regulation of membrane fluidity | - |
Glycerophospholipids or phospholipids | PE (16:0/18:0) | Main constituent of cellular membranes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes | Two FA linked to a glycerol molecule connected to a phosphate head group |
Glycerophospholipids plasmalogens | Sphingomyelin | Organization and stability of membranes; cellular signalling | Contain a vinyl-ether and an ester bond at the glycerol backbone |
Glycerophospholipids sphingolipids | Sphingomyelin | Role in cell division, differentiation and cell death | Long-chain or sphingoid base linked to a FA via an amide bond |
Glycerolipids | TG (16:0/16:0/18:1) | Storage compounds in prokaryotes | Mono-, di-, or tri-substituted glycerols |
Ether-linked lipids such as glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers | Crenarchaeol | Core cellular membrane lipids in many archaea | Isoprenoid moieties linked by ether bonds to glycerol |
Wax esters | WE(16:0/16:0) | Energy storage and cell structure | Ester of FA and a fatty alcohol |
Sterol lipids | Cholesterol | Maintenance of membrane fluidity | Steroids with a hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the A-ring |
FA Modification | Effect | Microorganism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
fatty acyl chain length | growth at different temperatures | Micrococcus cryophilus, Shewanella oneidensis, Escherichia coli | [49,50,51] |
growth in deep-sea | barophilic bacteria | [52] | |
adaptation to the presence of organic compounds | Rhodococcus erythropolis | [53] | |
unsaturation | growth at different temperatures, pH, pressure, salinity, in the presence of organic solvents | archaea and bacteria | [43,54,55] |
polyunsaturation | growth in deep-sea | Alteromonas sp., Shewanella sp. | [56,57,58] |
rapid adaptation to increased salinity and extreme conditions | Rhodococcus erythropolis | [59,60] | |
cis-trans isomerization | fast adaptation to environmental conditions when growth is inhibited | Pseudomonas and Vibrio | [61,62] |
branching at iso or anteiso position | growth at different temperatures | Listeria monocytogenes | [63] |
persistence to high concentrations of antibiotics | Staphylococcus aureus | [64] | |
growth temperature and presence of phenols | Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus | [65] | |
cyclopropanation | persistence and virulence of the cells | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | [66] |
osmotic tolerance | Pseudomunas halosaccharolytic | [67] | |
growth at different temperature and pH | Rhodococcus erythropolis, Salmonella typhimurium | [60,68] | |
polyunsaturated fatty acids associated to phosphatidylglycerol | growth in the Marianas Trench at 11,000 m | Barophilic bacteria DB21MT-2 and DB21MT-5 | [51] |
composition of the alkyl and acyl chains in glycerol ether lipids | growth at different temperatures | Desulfatibacillum aliphaticivorans, D. alkenivorans, Thermodesulfobacterium commune | [69] |
Fatty Acid | Category | Reference |
---|---|---|
Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) | ||
16:1ω7c | Bacteria Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) Cyanophyceae (cyanobacteria) Prymnesiophyceae | [245,274,292,305] |
16:1ω5c | mycorrhizal fungi | [306] |
16:1ω8c | Type I methanotrophs (gamma-proteobacteria) | [307,308] |
17:1 | Cyanobacteria | [309] |
17:1ω6c (up to 60%) | Desulfobulbus, Desulforhabdus, Desulforhopalus (sulphate reducing bacteria) | [310] |
18:1ω9c | Chlorophyceae (green algae) Cyanophyceae Dinophyceae Prymnesiophyceae Gram-positive bacteria | [245,274,292,305,311] |
18:1ω7c | Bacillariophyceae (up to 10-fold more 18:1ω7c than 18:1ω9c) Cryptophyceae Cyanophyceae (less amount than 18:1ω9c) Prymnesiophyceae | [245,274,292] |
18:1ω7t | Gram-negative bacteria | [311] |
18:1ω8c | Type II methanotrophs (alpha-proteobacteria) | [307,308] |
Hydroxy substituted Fatty Acids (OH FA) | ||
(e.g., 3-OH 10:0) | Gram-negative bacteria | [312] |
Cyclopropyl saturated Fatty Acids (cyFA) | ||
(e.g., cyclo17:0, cyclo19:0) | Gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria | [313,314] |
Cyclo17:0ω5,6 | Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus (sulphate reducing bacteria) | [310] |
Iso- and anteiso-branched Fatty Acids | ||
(e.g., iso-15:0, anteiso-17:0) iso-17:1ω7c | Gram-positive bacteria Sulphate reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio sp. (sulphate reducing bacteria) | [313,314,315,316] |
Methyl-branched Fatty Acids (10-Me FA) | ||
10-Me 18:0 10-Me 16:0 2-Me 17:0 | Actinomycetales (Actinobacteria) Desulfobacter sp.- sulphate reducing bacteria Cyanobacteria | [309,315,316,317] |
Furan Fatty Acids | ||
Fu18:2ω6, Fu17:2 ω5 and ω6 | Dehalococcoides sp. | [318] |
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) | ||
16:2ω7 | Bacillariophyceae | [245] |
16:2ω6 | Chlorophyta | [245] |
16:2ω4 | Bacillariophyceae Prasinophyceae | [245,279] |
16:3ω4 | Bacillariophyceae | [245,279] |
16:3ω3 | Chlorophyta | [245] |
16:4ω3 | Chlorophyceae Prasinophyceae | [245] |
16:4ω1 | Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) | [245,279] |
18:2ω6 | Chlorophyta Cyanophyceae (freshwater) Dinophyceae Prymnesiophyceae Fungi | [245,274,292,305,313,314] |
18:3ω6 | Cyanophyceae (freshwater) Saprophytic fungi | [274,314,319] |
18:3ω3 | Chlorophyceae Crypophyceae Cyanophyceae Dinophyceae Prasinophyceae Prymnesiophyceae | [245,274,292] |
18:4ω3 | Most groups (both marine and freshwater) | [245,274,292] |
18:5ω3 | Dynophyceae | [245] |
20:4ω6 | Bacillariophyceae Rhodophyceae | [245] |
20:5ω3 | Bacillariophyceae Cryptophyceae Dinophyceae Pavlovophyceae Rhodophyceae | [245,292] |
22:5ω3 | Bacillariophyceae Cryptophyceae Prasinophyceae | [245] |
22:6ω3 | Bacillariophyceae Cryptophyceae Dinophyceae Haptophyta (Prymnesiophyceae and Pavlovophyceae) | [245,274,292] |
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De Carvalho, C.C.C.R.; Caramujo, M.J. The Various Roles of Fatty Acids. Molecules 2018, 23, 2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102583
De Carvalho CCCR, Caramujo MJ. The Various Roles of Fatty Acids. Molecules. 2018; 23(10):2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102583
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Carvalho, Carla C. C. R., and Maria José Caramujo. 2018. "The Various Roles of Fatty Acids" Molecules 23, no. 10: 2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102583