Is Gamma Radiation Suitable to Preserve Phenolic Compounds and to Decontaminate Mycotoxins in Aromatic Plants? A Case-Study with Aloysia citrodora Paláu
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Safety Considerations
3.2. Samples and Sample Preparation
3.3. Spiking with Mycotoxins
3.4. Irradiation Treatment
3.5. Phenolic Compounds Analysis
3.6. Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Porcine Liver Cells
3.7. Mycotoxin Analysis
3.7.1. Aflatoxin Extraction and Quantification
3.7.2. Ochratoxin A Extraction and Determination
3.7.3. In-House Method Validation
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peak | Rt (min) | λmax (nm) | Molecular Ion [M − H]− (m/z) | MS2 (m/z) | Tentative Identification | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.5 | 280 | 461 | 315 (8), 135 (28) | Verbasoside | [23,24] |
2 | 15.1 | 344 | 637 | 351 (100), 285 (89) | Luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide | [22,23,24] |
3 | 16.8 | 314 | 163 | 119 (100) | p-Coumaric acid | - |
4 | 17.7 | 338 | 621 | 351 (100), 269 (20) | Apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide | [22] |
5 | 18.2 | 330 | 623 | 461 (18), 315 (5) | Verbascoside | [22,23,24] |
6 | 20.3 | 350 | 651 | 351 (100), 299 (5) | Chrysoeriol-7-O-diglucuronide | [23,24] |
7 | 20.6 | 330 | 623 | 461 (18), 315 (5) | Isoverbascoside | [22] |
8 | 21.3 | 330 | 623 | 461 (15), 315 (10) | Forsythoside | [23] |
9 | 21.8 | 350 | 491 | 315 (100), 300 (23) | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucuronide | - |
10 | 23.2 | 330 | 637 | 491 (5), 461 (60), 315 (13) | Eukovoside | [22,23,24] |
11 | 29.2 | 330 | 651 | 505 (7), 475 (22) | Martinoside | [23,24] |
Peak | Phenolic Compounds | 0 kGy | 1 kGy | 5 kGy | 10 kGy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Verbasoside 1 | 0.118 ± 0.001a | 0.110 ± 0.01a | 0.125 ± 0.02a | 0.140 ± 0.03a |
2 | Luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide 2 | 18.9 ± 0.08b | 19.1 ± 0.02a | 18.6 ± 0.05c | 18.1 ± 0.8d |
3 | p-Coumaric acid 3 | 1.14 ± 0.01b | 1.07 ± 0.03c | 1.13 ± 0.03b | 1.20 ± 0.04a |
4 | Apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide 4 | 1.79 ± 0.03ab | 1.81 ± 0.04a | 1.71 ± 0.04b | 1.61 ± 0.05c |
5 | Verbascoside 1 | 71.6 ± 0.24a | 69 ± 0.95b | 69 ± 0.71b | 69.5 ± 0.47b |
6 | Chrysoeriol-7-O-diglucuronide 4 | 2.93 ± 0.01c | 3.27 ± 0.05a | 3.04 ± 0.04b | 2.80 ± 0.04d |
7 | Isoverbascoside 1 | 0.74 ± 0.03a | 0.79 ± 0.04a | 0.73 ± 0.04a | 0.67 ± 0.02a |
8 | Forsythoside 1 | 1.67 ± 0.03a | 1.65 ± 0.20a | 1.71 ± 0.15a | 1.76 ± 0.10a |
9 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucuronide 5 | 1.63 ± 0.03b | 1.75 ± 0.06a | 1.51 ± 0.05c | 1.27 ± 0.04d |
10 | Eukovoside 1 | 1.00 ± 0.03a | 1.00 ± 0.04a | 1.05 ± 0.06a | 1.11 ± 0.09a |
11 | Martinoside 1 | 0.57 ± 0.01a | 0.56 ± 0.04a | 0.62 ± 0.08a | 0.67 ± 0.11a |
TCP | 75.8 ± 0.2a | 73 ± 1b | 73 ± 1b | 73.8 ± 0.2b | |
TPA | 1.14 ± 0.01b | 1.07 ± 0.03c | 1.13 ± 0.03b | 1.20 ± 0.04a | |
TF | 25.22 ± 0.03b | 25.96 ± 0.09a | 24.9 ± 0.1c | 23.7 ± 0.1d | |
TPC | 102.1 ± 0.2a | 100 ± 1b | 99.3 ± 0.6b | 98.8 ± 0.2b |
Standard | AFB1 | OTA | |
---|---|---|---|
Rt (retention time) | Min | 6.79 | 2.20 |
CV, % (n = 11) | 0.76 | 2.45 | |
Calibration curve | y = 312.36x − 27.24 | y = 362.40x − 31.13 | |
Correlation coefficient (R2) | 0.999 | 0.999 | |
Linearity range (ng/mL) | 20 to 0.05 | 20 to 0.05 | |
Limits | LOD a (ng/mL) | 0.6 | 0.5 |
LOQ b (ng/mL) | 1.9 | 1.7 |
AFB1 | OTA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
10 ng/g | 30 ng/g | 10 ng/g | 30 ng/g | |
Mean Recovery (%) | 88.3 | 88.9 | 76.4 | 92.0 |
RSDr (%) a | 8.3–14.4 | 0.1 | 2.5–9.3 | 5.1 |
RSDR (%) b | 3.3 | - | 5.6 | - |
Recommended Range (European Regulation No. 401/2006) | ||||
Recovery (%) | 70–110 | |||
RSDr (%) | <21 | <22 | <21 | <22 |
RSDR (%) | <32 | <34 | <32 | <34 |
Irradiation Dose | Mycotoxin Decrease (ng/g) | |
---|---|---|
AFB1 | OTA | |
0 kGy | 21.9 ± 3.5 a | 22.6 ± 0.8 a |
1 kGy | 20.7 ± 0.4 a | 21.5 ± 1.0 a |
5 kGy | 19.8 ± 1.2 a | 21.2 ± 1.5 a |
10 kGy | 20.4 ± 1.4 a | 21.4 ± 0.7 a |
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Pereira, E.; Barros, L.; Antonio, A.L.; Cabo Verde, S.; Santos-Buelga, C.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Rodrigues, P. Is Gamma Radiation Suitable to Preserve Phenolic Compounds and to Decontaminate Mycotoxins in Aromatic Plants? A Case-Study with Aloysia citrodora Paláu. Molecules 2017, 22, 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22030347
Pereira E, Barros L, Antonio AL, Cabo Verde S, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR, Rodrigues P. Is Gamma Radiation Suitable to Preserve Phenolic Compounds and to Decontaminate Mycotoxins in Aromatic Plants? A Case-Study with Aloysia citrodora Paláu. Molecules. 2017; 22(3):347. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22030347
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira, Eliana, Lillian Barros, Amilcar L. Antonio, Sandra Cabo Verde, Celestino Santos-Buelga, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, and Paula Rodrigues. 2017. "Is Gamma Radiation Suitable to Preserve Phenolic Compounds and to Decontaminate Mycotoxins in Aromatic Plants? A Case-Study with Aloysia citrodora Paláu" Molecules 22, no. 3: 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22030347