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Article

Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball—New Approaches

by
Mijat Božović
1,2,†,
Stefania Garzoli
2,†,
Manuela Sabatino
1,2,
Federico Pepi
2,
Anna Baldisserotto
3,
Elisa Andreotti
4,
Carlo Romagnoli
4,
Antonello Mai
2,
Stefano Manfredini
3,* and
Rino Ragno
1,2,5,*
1
Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
2
Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
3
Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
4
Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viale Caduti in Guerra 127, 41121 Modena, Italy
5
Alchemical Dynamics s.r.l., 00125 Rome, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this paper.
Molecules 2017, 22(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020203
Submission received: 28 November 2016 / Accepted: 24 January 2017 / Published: 26 January 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oils: Chemistry and Bioactivity)
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Abstract

A comprehensive study on essential oils extracted from different Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball samples from Tarquinia (Italy) is reported. In this study, the 24-h steam distillation procedure for essential oil preparation, in terms of different harvesting and extraction times, was applied. The Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that C. nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball essential oils from Tarquinia belong to the pulegone-rich chemotype. The analysis of 44 samples revealed that along with pulegone, some other chemicals may participate in exerting the related antifungal activity. The results indicated that for higher activity, the essential oils should be produced with at least a 6-h steam distillation process. Even though it is not so dependent on the period of harvesting, it could be recommended not to harvest the plant in the fruiting stage, since no significant antifungal effect was shown. The maximum essential oil yield was obtained in August, with the highest pulegone percentage. To obtain the oil with a higher content of menthone, September and October should be considered as the optimal periods. Regarding the extraction duration, vegetative stage material gives the oil in the first 3 h, while material from the reproductive phase should be extracted at least at 6 or even 12 h.
Keywords: Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball; 24-h steam distillation; GC/MS; essential oils; anti-Candida activity; pulegone; menthone Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball; 24-h steam distillation; GC/MS; essential oils; anti-Candida activity; pulegone; menthone
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MDPI and ACS Style

Božović, M.; Garzoli, S.; Sabatino, M.; Pepi, F.; Baldisserotto, A.; Andreotti, E.; Romagnoli, C.; Mai, A.; Manfredini, S.; Ragno, R. Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball—New Approaches. Molecules 2017, 22, 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020203

AMA Style

Božović M, Garzoli S, Sabatino M, Pepi F, Baldisserotto A, Andreotti E, Romagnoli C, Mai A, Manfredini S, Ragno R. Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball—New Approaches. Molecules. 2017; 22(2):203. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020203

Chicago/Turabian Style

Božović, Mijat, Stefania Garzoli, Manuela Sabatino, Federico Pepi, Anna Baldisserotto, Elisa Andreotti, Carlo Romagnoli, Antonello Mai, Stefano Manfredini, and Rino Ragno. 2017. "Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball—New Approaches" Molecules 22, no. 2: 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020203

APA Style

Božović, M., Garzoli, S., Sabatino, M., Pepi, F., Baldisserotto, A., Andreotti, E., Romagnoli, C., Mai, A., Manfredini, S., & Ragno, R. (2017). Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball—New Approaches. Molecules, 22(2), 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020203

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