Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Stilbenes from Grape Canes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Study of Sample Pre-Treatment and Storage Conditions
2.2. Stability of Stilbenes
2.3. Solvent Selection
2.4. Sample-Solvent Ratio
2.5. Extraction Time
2.6. Analytical Characteristics of the Method
2.7. Comparison of the Method with Reference Solid-Liquid Extraction
2.8. Determination of Stilbenes in Grape Cane Samples
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Reagents
3.2. Plant Material
3.3. Extraction Process
3.3.1. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
3.3.2. Reference Solid-Liquid Extraction (SLE)
3.4. Liquid Chromatography System
3.5. Statistical Software
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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- Sample Availability: Samples of the extracts are available from the authors.
Solvent | Temperature | Total Stilbenes (mg kg−1 Dry Weight) |
---|---|---|
EtOH | 25 °C | 540.7 ± 11.1 a |
80% EtOH in water | 753.2 ± 9.2 b | |
60% EtOH in water | 721.9 ± 19.1 b | |
80% MeOH in water | 765.4 ± 16.5 b | |
60% acetone in water | 831.9 ± 9.2 b | |
EtOH | 65 °C | 579.1 ± 43.2 a |
80% EtOH in water | 633.4 ± 30.0 a | |
60% EtOH in water | 689.5 ± 25.0 a | |
80% MeOH in water | 551.4 ± 14.0 b | |
60% acetone in water | 684.5 ± 28.0 a | |
EtOH | 75 °C | 732.4 ± 26.0 a |
80% EtOH in water | 1365.8 ± 23.0 b | |
60% EtOH in water | 1362.9 ± 19.8 b | |
80% MeOH in water | 578.7 ± 11.2 c | |
60% acetone in water | - |
Condition | Total Stilbenes (mg·kg−1 Dry Weight) |
---|---|
Sample–Solvent Ratio | |
1:20 | 450.4 ± 11.0 a |
1:25 | 459.7 ± 9.5 a |
1:30 | 556.4 ± 11.7 b |
1:35 | 677.9 ± 19.9 c |
1:40 | 1005.1 ± 38.4 d |
1:45 | 998.0 ± 33.2 d |
1:50 | 995.1 ± 31.8 d |
Extraction Time (min) | |
5 | 932.1 ± 22.5 a |
10 | 1014.5 ± 36.2 b |
15 | 997.10 ± 29.2 b |
20 | 1008.0 ± 31.5 b |
25 | 999.9 ± 28.9 b |
30 | 1003.8 ± 37.5 b |
35 | 1002.1 ± 44.1 b |
Precision | trans-Piceid | Piceatannol | trans-Resveratrol | trans-ε-Viniferin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intra-Day (n = 5) | ||||
Mean (mg·kg–1 dry weight) | 49.2 | 17.8 | 35.3 | 690.4 |
RSD (%) | 8.8 | 8.9 | 6.2 | 4.4 |
Inter-Day (n = 5) | ||||
Mean (mg·kg–1 dry weight) | 49.8 | 18.4 | 34.2 | 725.8 |
RSD (%) | 10.0 | 9.5 | 4.5 | 4.9 |
Cultivar | Cane Sample | trans-Piceid a | Piceatannol a | trans-Resveratrol a | trans-ε-Viniferin a | Total Stilbenes a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | Palomino Fino-1 * | 50.6 ± 1.7 | 18.9 ± 0.6 | 37.5 ± 2.6 | 692.0 ± 5.9 | 799.0 ± 28.3 |
Sauvignon Blanc | 44.6 ± 0.4 | 28.9 ± 0.6 | 85.8 ± 2.1 | 1921.6 ± 26.7 | 2080.9 ± 73.2 | |
Palomino fino-2 | 32.3 ± 2.0 | 12.4 ± 0.2 | 48.7 ± 5.6 | 679.0 ± 10.2 | 772.4 ± 31.3 | |
Melissa | 856.5 ± 20.9 | 160.2 ± 6.0 | 1529.4 ± 43.8 | 620.1 ± 7.8 | 3166.2 ± 108.8 | |
Victoria | 430.7 ± 10.7 | 53.1± 2.0 | 710.4 ± 20.3 | 860.5 ± 10.9 | 2054.7 ± 62.1 | |
Matilde | 811.4 ± 19.7 | 89.1 ± 3.4 | 863.2 ± 24.7 | 1421.6 ± 17.9 | 3185.3 ± 98.6 | |
Average white | 371.0 ± 9.2 | 60.4 ± 2.1 | 545.8 ± 16.5 | 1032.5 ± 13.2 | 2009.7 ± 76.3 | |
Red | Tempranillo | 77.8 ± 2.8 | 30.2 ± 0.1 | 45.6 ± 1.2 | 807.2 ± 11.1 | 960.8 ± 73.8 |
Tintilla de Rota | 952.8 ± 23.7 | 66.0 ± 2.7 | 575.1 ± 16.5 | 1964.8 ± 24.8 | 3558.7 ± 81.4 | |
Vitissylvestris-1 | 30.1 ± 0.3 | 14.6 ± 0.2 | 122.5 ± 1.9 | 797.8 ± 6.6 | 965.0 ± 64.5 | |
Vitis sylvestris-2 | 43.2 ± 2.5 | 21.0 ± 1.3 | 104.9 ± 10.4 | 1332.5 ± 26.5 | 1501.6 ± 86.2 | |
Jaen Tinto | 56.0 ± 1.7 | 21.3 ± 2.8 | 174.8 ± 7.7 | 431.4 ± 10.7 | 683.5 ± 68.9 | |
Rome | 348.4 ± 8.7 | 111.6 ± 4.2 | 107.1 ± 3.1 | 1494.1 ± 18.8 | 2061.2 ± 38.7 | |
Zinfandel | 319.1 ± 7.6 | 76.0 ± 2.8 | 529.2 ± 15.1 | 2296.1 ± 29.0 | 3220.4 ± 20.5 | |
Tannat | 502.9 ± 12.9 | 44.2 ± 1.7 | 469.2 ± 13.4 | 2253.1 ± 28.4 | 3269.4 ± 23.9 | |
Carmenere | 181.6 ± 4.3 | 37.3 ± 1.4 | 242.8 ± 6.9 | 973.1 ± 12.3 | 1434.8 ± 38.9 | |
Malbec | 353.2 ± 8.5 | 76.5 ± 2.5 | 664.9 ± 19.0 | 2253.9 ± 28.4 | 3348.5 ± 61.6 | |
Flame seedless | 199.1 ± 4.9 | 90.6 ± 3.2 | 598.4 ± 17.1 | 1715.6 ± 21.6 | 2603.7 ± 70.4 | |
Crimson seedless | 419.4 ± 10.3 | 30.9 ± 1.2 | 237.5 ± 6.8 | 1587.8 ± 20.0 | 2275.6 ± 86.7 | |
Red Globe | 391.3 ± 9.5 | 40.4 ± 1.5 | 389.7 ± 11.2 | 1784.7 ± 22.5 | 2606.1 ± 51.3 | |
Moscatel rosado | 747.7 ± 18.2 | 67.6 ± 2.6 | 966.8 ± 27.7 | 1051.2 ± 13.3 | 2833.3 ± 66.1 | |
Average red | 267.2 ± 8.3 | 57.7 ± 2.0 | 467.3 ± 11.3 | 1712.2 ± 19.6 | 2237.3 ± 62.1 |
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Piñeiro, Z.; Marrufo-Curtido, A.; Serrano, M.J.; Palma, M. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Stilbenes from Grape Canes. Molecules 2016, 21, 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21060784
Piñeiro Z, Marrufo-Curtido A, Serrano MJ, Palma M. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Stilbenes from Grape Canes. Molecules. 2016; 21(6):784. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21060784
Chicago/Turabian StylePiñeiro, Zulema, Almudena Marrufo-Curtido, Maria Jose Serrano, and Miguel Palma. 2016. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Stilbenes from Grape Canes" Molecules 21, no. 6: 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21060784