Chemical Composition and in-Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils Extracted from Seven Eucalyptus Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Percentage Yield of EOs by Steam Distillation
2.2. Physiochemical Analysis of Essential Oils
Physiochemical Property | E. citriodora | E. camaldulensis | E. crebra | E. tereticornis | E. globules | E. melanophloia | E. microtheca |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage yield | 1.82 | 1.90 | 1.84 | 1.83 | 1.89 | 1.73 | 1.84 |
Color | Pale yellow | Slightly yellowish | Light yellow | Yellow to orange | Colorless to pale yellow | Yellow to brown | Yellow reddish, |
Odor | Citronellal odor | 1,8 Cineole odor | Camphor odor | Cineole-pinene odor | Herbal odor | Pinene odor | Cymene odor |
Solubility | Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol | Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol | Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol | Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol | Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol | Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol | Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol |
Boiling point (°C) | 177 °C | 178 °C | 165 °C | 173 °C | 161 °C | 174 °C | 166 °C |
Specific gravity | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.86 |
Refractive index | 1.49 | 1.45 | 1.42 | 1.44 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 1.47 |
2.3. Chemical Nature of Essential Oils
Serial No. | Components | E. citriodora | E. camaldulensis | E. crebra | E. tereticornis | E. globules | E. melanophloia | E. microtheca |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,8-Cineole | 16.1 | 4.9 | 15.2 | 56.5 | 3.1 | 2.0 | |
2. | cis-β-Ocimene | 0.1 | 2.1 | |||||
3. | 4-Methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-Cyclo-hexene-1-ol | 5.7 | ||||||
4. | 3-Carene | 1.7 | ||||||
5. | α-Cubebene | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.2 | ||||
6. | α-Elemene | 1.3 | ||||||
7. | α-Humelene | 2.4 | ||||||
8. | α-Terpinol | 6.3 | 4 | |||||
9. | α-Phellandrene | 8.1 | ||||||
10. | α-Pinene | 3.6 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 12.1 | 4.2 | 16 | 31.4 |
11. | β-Caryophyllene | 1.2 | ||||||
12. | β-Citronellal | 3.2 | ||||||
13. | β-Farnesol | 11.1 | 2.8 | 10 | ||||
14. | β-Phellandrene | 0.9 | 14.3 | |||||
15. | β-Pinene | 2.6 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | |||
16. | Amorphane | 0.3 | ||||||
17. | Benzaldehyde | 0.8 | ||||||
18. | Camphene | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | ||||
19. | Camphor | 1.3 | ||||||
20. | Citrinyl acetate | 2.8 | 9.1 | 2.8 | 13.2 | |||
21. | Citral | 0.1 | ||||||
22. | Citronellal | 22.3 | ||||||
23. | Citronellol | 20 | ||||||
24. | Citronellal oxime | 1.4 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 1.4 | |||
25. | Cymene-8-ol | 0.3 | 1.6 | |||||
26. | Cyclopentanone | |||||||
27. | Eugenol | 3.9 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 11.8 | |
28. | Eucalyptol | 0.1 | 3.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 8.1 | ||
29. | Digitoxigenine | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.4 | ||||
30. | Geranial | 0.1 | 4.1 | 2.7 | ||||
31. | Germacrene-D | 7.5 | 2.5 | |||||
32. | Geranial oxime | 1.9 | 4.2 | |||||
33. | Geranial | 0.1 | 6.6 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 1.4 | ||
34. | Geranial nitrile | 0.7 | 1.1 | 3.6 | ||||
35. | Geranyl acetate | 2.7 | ||||||
36. | Globulol | 2.4 | 0.6 | |||||
37. | Isopulegol | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.6 | |||
38. | Isosativene | 3.7 | 4.5 | |||||
39. | Limonene | 0.1 | 14.3 | 0.7 | 28 | 1.2 | 1.5 | |
40. | Linalool | 0.5 | 17 | 1.1 | 7.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | |
41. | 2-Methylprop-1-enyl-cyclohexa-1,5-diene | 0.9 | ||||||
42. | Myrtenal | 0.6 | 8.1 | 9.2 | ||||
43. | Neriine | 2.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | ||||
44. | Neral | 1.7 | 5.4 | 2.7 | 1.7 | |||
45. | Neral oxime | 1,4 | ||||||
46. | Paraldehyde | 5.3 | 6.0 | 1.4 | ||||
47. | Paraldehyde nitrile | 1.9 | 5.9 | 7.1 | 0.7 | |||
48. | Patchoulene | 9.4 | 3.0 | |||||
49. | p-Cymene | 12.2 | 0.2 | 12.4 | ||||
50. | Phenythyl acetate | 7.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 1.3 | |||
51. | Pinocarveol | |||||||
52. | p-Ment-1-en-3,8-diol | 5.1 | ||||||
53. | Sabinene | 4.2 | 1.4 | |||||
54. | Spathulenol | 0.4 | ||||||
55. | Solanone | 0.3 | ||||||
56. | Terpinene-4-ol | 0.3 | 5.3 | 10.2 | 1.2 | |||
57. | Verbenol | 9.2 | ||||||
58. | γ -Terpinene | 0.7 | 10.7 | |||||
59. | γ-Terpinene | 1 | 1.8 | 0.4 | ||||
60. | Trance-pinocarveol | 1.1 | 6.8 | |||||
61. | γ-phellandrene | 3.2 | ||||||
62. | Ylangene | 0.9 |
2.4. Antimicrobial Activity
2.4.1. Antibacterial Activity
Microbial Species | Zones of Growth Inhibition ( in mm) by Eucalyptus Species | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. citriodora | E. camaldulensis | E. crebra | E. tereticornis | E. globules | E. melanophloia | E. microtheca | Amoxil | Nizoral | ||
Bacterial species | S. aureus | 31 ± 0.83 Aa | 21 ± 0.851 Ade | 23 ± 0.836 Acd | 22 ± 0.853 Ade | 28 ± 0.835 Acd | 26 ± 0.836 Abc | 16 ± 0.831 Ae | 22 ± 0.833 Aab | - |
B. subtilis | 28 ± 0.833 Aa | 24 ± 0.835 Ade | 21 ± 0.848 Acd | 18 ± 0.835 Ade | 17 ± 0.833 Acd | 22 ± 0.836 Abc | 20 ± 0.838 Ae | 28 ± 0.833 Aab | - | |
E. coli | 15 ± 0.835 Ba | 10 ± 0.835 Bde | 12 ± 0.835 Bcd | 14 ± 0.836 Bde | 13 ± 0.83 Bcd | 16 ± 0.833 Bbc | 11 ± 0.835 Be | 20 ± 0.831 Bab | - | |
Fungal species | A. niger | 29 ± 0.831 Aa | 28 ± 0.835 Aab | 25 ± 0.836 Abc | 26 ± 0.833 Ab | 24 ± 0.835 Abc | 27 ± 0.835 Ac | 21 ± 0.835 Ac | - | 17 ± 0.835 Ac |
R. solani | 26 ± 0.836 Bb | 22 ± 0.829 Bab | 19 ± 0.835 Bbc | 21 ± 0.836 Bb | 20 ± 0.835 Bbc | 12 ± 0.835 Bc | 17 ± 0.838 Bc | - | 20 ± 0.835 Bc |
2.4.2. Antifungal Activity
2.5. Antioxidant Activity
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Chemicals and Microbial Strains
3.2. Collection of Samples
3.3. Procedure to Extract EOs
3.4. Physiochemical Properties
3.5. Chemical Composition through GC-Mass Spectroscopy
3.6. Antimicrobial Activity
3.7. Antioxidant Activity of EOs
3.7.1. DPPH Scavenging Activity
3.7.2. Antioxidant Activity in Linoleic Acid System
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ghaffar, A.; Yameen, M.; Kiran, S.; Kamal, S.; Jalal, F.; Munir, B.; Saleem, S.; Rafiq, N.; Ahmad, A.; Saba, I.; et al. Chemical Composition and in-Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils Extracted from Seven Eucalyptus Species. Molecules 2015, 20, 20487-20498. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201119706
Ghaffar A, Yameen M, Kiran S, Kamal S, Jalal F, Munir B, Saleem S, Rafiq N, Ahmad A, Saba I, et al. Chemical Composition and in-Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils Extracted from Seven Eucalyptus Species. Molecules. 2015; 20(11):20487-20498. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201119706
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhaffar, Abdul, Muhammad Yameen, Shumaila Kiran, Shagufta Kamal, Fatima Jalal, Bushra Munir, Sadaf Saleem, Naila Rafiq, Aftab Ahmad, Iram Saba, and et al. 2015. "Chemical Composition and in-Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils Extracted from Seven Eucalyptus Species" Molecules 20, no. 11: 20487-20498. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201119706