Redox Species of Redox Flow Batteries: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Simple Inorganic Ions
2.1. Iron/Chromium
2.2. All-Vanadium
2.3. Vanadium/Bromine
2.4. Zinc/Bromine
Redox Species | Demonstrated Concentration/mol·L−1 | Redox Potential/V | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
VCl3/VCl2 | 1.0 | −0.58 vs. SCE | [16] |
Br−/ClBr2− | 1.0 | 0.80 vs. SCE | [16] |
Cl2/Cl− | 1.0 | −1.36 vs. SCE | [44] |
Fe2+/Fe3+ | 2.0 | 0.77 vs. SHE | [23,24] |
Cr3+/Cr2+ | 1.0 | −0.41 vs. SHE | [23,24] |
Ti3+/Ti4+ | 1.1 | 0.04 vs. SHE | [19] |
V3+/V2+ | 2.0 | −0.26 vs. SHE (2.00 M H2SO4) | [27] |
VO2+/VO2+ | 2.0 | 1.00 vs. SHE (2.00 M H2SO4) | [27] |
Zn/Zn2+ | −0.76 vs. SHE | [27] | |
Br2/Br− | 2.0 | 1.09 vs. SHE | [27] |
Ce3+/Ce2+ | 0.5 | 1.67 vs. SHE | [17] |
Mn2+/Mn3+ | 0.3 | 1.51 vs. SHE | [18] |
I3−/I− | 5.0 | 0.54 vs. SHE | [42] |
VBr3/VBr2 | 3.0 | −0.26 vs. SHE | [29] |
3. Metal Complexes
4. Metal-Free Organic Compounds
Redox Species | Demonstrated Concentration/M | Potential/V | Electrolyte | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
[Fe(bpy)3]2+/[Fe(bpy)3]3+ | 0.40 | 1.45 vs. Ag/Ag+ | 0.5 mol·L−1 TEABF4/PC | [46] |
[Fe(bpy)3]+/[Fe(bpy)3]2+ | 0.20 | −1.12 vs. Ag/Ag+ | ||
V(acac)3/[V(acac)3]+ | 0.05 | 0.45 vs. Ag/Ag+ | TBAPF4 in various solvents | [52,56,57,58,59] |
V(acac)3/[V(acac)3]− | 0.05 | −1.75 vs. Ag/Ag+ | ||
Cr(acac)3/[Cr(acac)3]+ | 0.05 | 1.20 vs. Ag/Ag+ | 0.5 mol·L−1 TEABF4/CH3CN | [54] |
Cr(acac)3/[Cr(acac)3]− | 0.05 | −2.20 vs. Ag/Ag+ | ||
Mn(acac)3/[Mn(acac)3]+ | 0.05 | 0.70 vs. Ag/Ag+ | 0.5 mol·L−1 TEABF4/CH3CN | [55] |
Mn(acac)3/[Mn(acac)3]− | 0.05 | −0.40 vs. Ag/Ag+ | ||
Ru(acac)3/[Ru(acac)3]+ | 0.002 | 1.17 vs. Ag/Ag+ | 1 mol·L−1 TEABF4/CH3CN | [53] |
Ru(acac)3/[Ru(acac)3]+ | 0.002 | −0.60 vs. Ag/Ag+ | ||
[Fe(bpy)3]2+/[Fe(bpy)3]3+ | 0.40 | 0.50 vs. Ag/Ag+ | 0.5 mol·L−1 Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TEAPF6)/CH3CN | [53] |
[Fe(bpy)3]+/[Fe(bpy)3]2+ | 0.40 | −1.95 vs. Ag/Ag+ | ||
[Ni(bpy)3]2+/[Ni(bpy)3]3+ | 0.20 | −1.70 vs. Ag/Ag+ | 0.5 mol·L−1 TEABF4/PC | [97] |
Fc/Fc+ | 0.10 | 3.20–3.60 vs. Li/Li+ | Various electrolytes | [61,65] |
CoCp2/CoCp2+ | 0.01 | −1.29 vs. Ag/Ag+ | 1 mol·L−1 TEAPF6/CH3CN | [61] |
FcBr/FcBr+ | 0.01 | 0.26 vs. Ag/Ag+ | ||
Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt (CoCp*2/CoCp*2+) | 0.01 | −1.83 vs. Ag/Ag+ | ||
Auinoxaline-derivative 2,3,6-trimethylquinoxaline (TMeQ/TMeQ+) | 0.05 | 2.30 vs. Li/Li+ | 0.2 mol·L−1 LiBF4/PC | [77] |
3,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)-N-ethylphenothiazine (BCF3EPT/BCF3EPT) | 0.35 | 3.90 and 4.40 vs. Li/Li+ | 0.2 mol·L−1 LiBF4/PC | [80] |
Fc1N112-TFSI | 0.80 | 3.49 vs. Li/Li+ | 1 mol·L−1 LiTFSI in EC/PC/EMC | [66] |
2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) | 2.00 | 3.50 vs. Li/Li+ | 2.3 mol·L−1 LiPF6 in EC/PC/EMC | [88] |
4-Methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetra-methylpiperidine1-oxyl (Meo-TEMPO) | MeO-TEMPO/LITFSI (1/1) + H2O(17% wt) | 3.50 vs. Li/Li+ | Ionic liquid | [89] |
9-fluorenone | 0.50 | −1.64 vs. Ag/Ag+ | Various lithium salts in DME or CH3CN [81] | [81] |
2,5-di-tert-Butyl-1-methoxy-4-[2′-methoxyethoxy]benzene (DBMMB) | 0.50 | 0.73 vs. Ag/Ag+ | ||
2,5-di-tert-Butyl-1,4-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)benzene (DBBB/DBBB+) | 0.05 | 4.00 vs. Li/Li+ | 0.2 mol·L−1 LiBF4/PC | [77] |
V(mnt)32−/V(mnt)3− | 0.02 | −1.41 to −1.25 vs. SHE; | Various PF6− salts in CH3CN | [45] |
V(mnt)3−/V(mnt)3 | 0.02 | −0.23 vs. SHE | ||
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (2,6-DHAQ) | 0.50 | −0.70 vs. SHE | 1.0 M KOH/H2O | [75] |
K4Fe(CN)6 | 0.4 | 0.50 vs. SHE |
5. Polysulfide/Sulfur
6. Li Metal
7. Semi-Solid Flow Battery
8. Redox Flow Lithium Ion Battery
9. Conclusions and Perspective
Acknowledgments
Author Contribution
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pan, F.; Wang, Q. Redox Species of Redox Flow Batteries: A Review. Molecules 2015, 20, 20499-20517. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201119711
Pan F, Wang Q. Redox Species of Redox Flow Batteries: A Review. Molecules. 2015; 20(11):20499-20517. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201119711
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Feng, and Qing Wang. 2015. "Redox Species of Redox Flow Batteries: A Review" Molecules 20, no. 11: 20499-20517. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201119711