In Vitro Delivery and Controlled Release of Doxorubicin for Targeting Osteosarcoma Bone Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) Remains the Most Important Instrument Used in Nanoparticles Characterisation, Microscopy is The Only Method in Which the Individual Particle Size, and Morphology Are Directly Observed and Measured
2.2. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.3. Drug Loading and Encapsulation Efficiency
Samples | Weight of nanocrystals (mg) | Weight of drug (mg) | Loading content (%) | Encapsulation efficiency (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CaCO3 (1) | 50 | 1 | 4.5 | 97 |
CaCO3 (2) | 50 | 2 | 8.9 | 86 |
CaCO3 (3) | 50 | 3 | 11.7 | 75 |
2.4. Elemental Analysis of CaCO3/Dox
Samples | % C | % H | % N | N/H |
---|---|---|---|---|
CaCO3/Dox | 13.128 | 0.5954 | 0.5447 | 1.09 |
Doxorubicin | 53.91 | 5.21 | 2.22 | 2.34 |
2.5. Doxorubicin Release Profile
2.6. CaCO3 Nanocrystal Biocompatibility Assay
2.7. Doxorubicin and CaCO3/Dox MTT Cytotoxicity Assay
2.8. BrdU Cell Proliferation Assay
2.9. LDH Release (Membrane Integrity Assay)
2.10. Morphological Observations
2.11. Mechanism of Cellular Uptake of Doxorubicin
3. Experimental
3.1. Synthesis and Drug Loaded Calcium Carbonate Nanocrystals.
3.2. Characterisation of Calcium Carbonate Nanocrystals
3.3. Determination of Drug Loading Content and Encapsulation Efficiency
3.4. In Vitro Controlled Drug Release Study
3.5. In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity
3.6. Cells Seeding and Treatment
3.7. LDH Release Membrane Integrity Assays
3.8. BrdU Proliferation Assay
3.9. Morphological Examination
3.10. DOX Cell Uptake and Drug Release Investigations
3.11. Elemental Analysis Determination
3.12. Measurement of Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 and 9 Activities
3.13. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kamba, S.A.; Ismail, M.; Hussein-Al-Ali, S.H.; Ibrahim, T.A.T.; Zakaria, Z.A.B. In Vitro Delivery and Controlled Release of Doxorubicin for Targeting Osteosarcoma Bone Cancer. Molecules 2013, 18, 10580-10598. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180910580
Kamba SA, Ismail M, Hussein-Al-Ali SH, Ibrahim TAT, Zakaria ZAB. In Vitro Delivery and Controlled Release of Doxorubicin for Targeting Osteosarcoma Bone Cancer. Molecules. 2013; 18(9):10580-10598. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180910580
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamba, Shafiu Abdullahi, Maznah Ismail, Samer Hasan Hussein-Al-Ali, Tengku Azmi Tengku Ibrahim, and Zuki Abu Bakar Zakaria. 2013. "In Vitro Delivery and Controlled Release of Doxorubicin for Targeting Osteosarcoma Bone Cancer" Molecules 18, no. 9: 10580-10598. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180910580