Enhancement or Reduction of Sonochemical Activity of Pulsed Ultrasound Compared to Continuous Ultrasound at 20 kHz?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effects of Pulse Length and Pulse Interval
Pulsed | Pulse interval (s) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pulse length (s) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
0.1 | −100.0 ± 0.0 | −100.0 ± 0.0 | −100.0 ± 0.0 | −100.0 ± 0.0 | −100.0 ± 0.0 | −100.0 ± 0.0 | −100.0 ± 0.0 | −100.0 ± 0.0 | −100.0 ± 0.0 | −100.0 ± 0.0 |
0.2 | −62.4 ± 1.9 | −61.4 ± 1.7 | −63.9 ± 0.6 | −60.4 ± 2.3 | −64.9 ± 1.1 | −63.1 ± 1.5 | −62.7 ± 1.5 | −62.1 ± 1.7 | −63.8 ± 1.0 | −61.8 ± 0.8 |
0.3 | −43.0 ± 0.6 | −43.1 ± 2.1 | −47.7 ± 0.8 | −42.1 ± 0.9 | −44.1 ± 0.8 | −41.7 ± 0.7 | −41.0 ± 1.7 | −48.3 ± 0.2 | −44.9 ± 1.0 | −41.0 ± 2.0 |
0.4 | −27.7 ± 0.8 | −28.9 ± 1.0 | −30.3 ± 1.0 | −27.8 ± 0.8 | −32.7 ± 1.8 | −32.1 ± 1.4 | −30.2 ± 0.9 | −30.9 ± 3.0 | −29.8 ± 2.6 | −29.2 ± 1.3 |
0.5 | −26.5 ± 1.3 | −31.3 ± 1.8 | −30.6 ± 0.6 | −27.5 ± 1.8 | −27.8 ± 1.8 | −24.3 ± 2.1 | −24.5 ± 1.8 | −20.4 ± 1.3 | −34.1 ± 1.7 | −32. 7 ± 1.8 |
0.6 | −27.6 ± 0.9 | −32.7 ± 1.5 | −13.9 ± 0.8 | −26.3 ± 1.8 | −12.6 ± 1.7 | −26.06 ± 0.9 | −23.3 ± 1.4 | −24.1 ± 1.8 | −27.8 ± 0.9 | −26.8 ± 1.0 |
0.7 | −20.5 ± 1.9 | −20.4 ± 2.3 | −27.4 ± 1.4 | −20.4 ± 1.0 | −24.8 ± 1.7 | −23.4 ± 1.5 | −25.9 ± 1.2 | −17.2 ± 1.3 | −20.6 ± 0.3 | −12.4 ± 1.4 |
0.8 | −20.3 ± 0.9 | −16.9 ± 1.7 | −12.8 ± 1.7 | −17.9 ± 1.7 | 0.3 ± 1.9 | −2.6 ± 1.7 | −16.6 ± 1.4 | −12.2 ± 4.1 | −12.5 ± 3.5 | −16.7 ± 2.9 |
0.9 | −24.2 ± 2.0 | −26.1 ± 1.8 | −11.5 ± 1.3 | −17.2 ± 2.5 | −24.1 ± 1.5 | −21.9 ± 0.0 | −20.1 ± 2.0 | −21.8 ± 1.8 | −25.9 ± 2.0 | −27.8 ± 0.3 |
1.0 | −7.3 ± 2.3 | −9.2 ± 2.4 | −8.5 ± 1.8 | −12.0 ± 2.0 | −10.2 ± 1.4 | −5.3 ± 0.3 | −10.6 ± 1.0 | −1.6 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 1.8 | 0.4 ± 0.4 |
Pulsed | Pulse interval (s) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pulse length (s) | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 9.0 |
1.0 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 1.4 | −2.7 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | −3.6 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 1.7 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 11.6 ± 1.3 |
2.0 | −7.4 ± 0.5 | 10.7 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 1.7 | 7.6 ± 1.2 | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 8.9 ± 0.8 | 11.3 ± 0.9 | 17.8 ± 1.9 | 6.4 ± 1.7 |
3.0 | −9.3 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 12.3 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | −1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.4 |
4.0 | −9.4 ± 1.0 | −14.3 ± 0.9 | −16.6 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.8 | −10.1 ± 1.8 | −9.6 ± 0.6 | −5.5 ± 0.9 | −5.4 ± 0.6 | −12.2 ± 0.5 |
5.0 | −5.6 ± 0.9 | −13.9 ± 0.6 | −12.2 ± 1.9 | −6.7 ± 0.0 | 8.8 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 0.8 | 9.1 ± 1.4 | 7.1 ± 1.3 | 10.5 ± 1.5 |
6.0 | −10.9 ± 1.7 | −7.4 ± 0.9 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | −0.9 ± 1.2 | −2.2 ± 0.8 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | −3.5 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | −10.4 ± 1.8 |
7.0 | −6.6 ± 0.8 | −19.5 ± 0.7 | −18.4 ± 0.8 | −14.2 ± 0.4 | −13.8 ± 0.7 | −7.9 ± 1.0 | 10.0 ± 0.6 | −5.0 ± 1.7 | −7.3 ± 0.8 |
8.0 | −9.5 ± 0.9 | −20.0 ± 1.9 | −18.8 ± 2.0 | −2.5 ± 1.3 | −12.1 ± 1.9 | −14.3 ± 0.9 | −3.4 ± 0.4 | 11.2 ± 1.5 | −5.0 ± 0.4 |
9.0 | −19.5 ± 1.5 | −18.6 ± 0.9 | −23.2 ± 0.9 | −24.3 ± 1.7 | −20.6 ± 0.8 | −12.7 ± 0.8 | −3.3 ± 0.7 | −8.3 ± 0.7 | 11.0 ± 0.2 |
2.2. The Effect of Treatment Time on the Pulse Enhancement and Sonochemical Activity
Pulsed mode (Ton/Toff) | PE (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
4 min | 8 min | 12 min | 16 min | |
3 s/2 s | 17.7 ± 1.4 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 13.4 ± 0.2 | 18.3 ± 2.4 |
2 s/2 s | −2.0 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 13.3 ± 1.3 | 23.3 ± 1.0 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Ultrasound Treatments
3.3. Analytical Method of Sonochemical Activity and Pulse Enhancement
3.4. Experimental Design
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sun, Y.; Ye, X. Enhancement or Reduction of Sonochemical Activity of Pulsed Ultrasound Compared to Continuous Ultrasound at 20 kHz? Molecules 2013, 18, 4858-4867. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18054858
Sun Y, Ye X. Enhancement or Reduction of Sonochemical Activity of Pulsed Ultrasound Compared to Continuous Ultrasound at 20 kHz? Molecules. 2013; 18(5):4858-4867. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18054858
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Yujing, and Xingqian Ye. 2013. "Enhancement or Reduction of Sonochemical Activity of Pulsed Ultrasound Compared to Continuous Ultrasound at 20 kHz?" Molecules 18, no. 5: 4858-4867. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18054858