Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Extracts from Salvia bicolor Desf. Growing in Egypt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Composition of the Unsaponifiable Fraction and Fatty Acids from a Petroleum Ether Extract
Peak | Rt (min) | % | M+ | Base peak | Compound name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 18.99 | 0.50 | 156 | 57 | Undecane |
2 | 20.12 | 0.30 | 170 | 57 | Dodecane |
3 | 23.83 | 4.31 | 226 | 43 | Hexadecane |
4 | 26.7 | 1.40 | 240 | 57 | Heptadecane |
5 | 27.32 | 2.10 | 268 | 57 | Nonadecane |
6 | 28.9 | 2.13 | 282 | 57 | Eicosane |
7 | 30.7 | 7.70 | 296 | 57 | Heneicosane |
8 | 31.29 | 2.15 | 296 | 71 | Isophytol |
9 | 31.74 | 1.86 | 296 | 71 | Phytol |
10 | 32.10 | 2.50 | 310 | 57 | Docosane |
11 | 33.70 | 2.10 | 324 | 57 | Tricosane |
12 | 35.04 | 0.70 | 410 | 69 | Squalene |
13 | 36.20 | 10.10 | 366 | 57 | Hexacosane |
14 | 37.27 | 3.20 | 380 | 57 | Heptacosane |
15 | 38.80 | 11.01 | 394 | 57 | Octacosane |
16 | 39.80 | 0.70 | 400 | 43 | Campesterol |
17 | 40.30 | 2.40 | 412 | 55 | Stigmasterol |
18 | 41.04 | 24.75 | 414 | 43 | β-Sitosterol |
19 | 41.5 | 4.47 | 426 | 43 | Lupeol |
20 | 43.64 | 15.62 | 426 | 207 | β-amyrin |
Peak | Rt (min) | % | M+ | Base peak | Compound name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.24 | 1.7 | 130 | 74 | Methyl ester of caproic acid (C6:0) |
2 | 3.67 | 0.37 | 158 | 74 | Methyl ester of caprylic acid (C8:0) |
3 | 5.46 | 1.86 | 172 | 74 | Methyl ester of pelargonic acid (C9:0) |
4 | 5.87 | 1.22 | 200 | 74 | Methyl ester of undecylic acid (C11:0) |
5 | 6.30 | 0.94 | 214 | 74 | Methyl ester of lauric acid (C12:0) |
6 | 7.22 | 2.13 | 228 | 74 | Methyl ester of tridecylic acid (C13:0) |
7 | 8.56 | 7.8 | 242 | 74 | Methyl ester of myristic acid (C14:0) |
8 | 9.83 | 1.65 | 256 | 74 | Methyl ester of pentadecylic acid (C15:0) |
9 | 10.31 | 10.6 | 270 | 74 | Methyl ester of palmitic acid (C16:0) |
10 | 11.07 | 2.8 | 284 | 74 | Methyl ester of margaric acid (C17:0) |
11 | 11.68 | 1.85 | 298 | 74 | Methyl ester of stearic acid (C18:0) |
12 | 12.50 | 1.63 | 296 | 55 | Methyl ester of oleic acid (C18:1) |
13 | 14.88 | 0.38 | 294 | 67 | Methyl ester of linoleic (C18:2) |
14 | 16.28 | 21.65 | 292 | 79 | Methyl ester of linolenic acid (C18:3) |
15 | 18.2 | 12.85 | 326 | 74 | Methyl ester of arachidic acid (C20:0) |
16 | 20.58 | 0.43 | 340 | 74 | Methyl ester of heneicosylic acid (C21:0) |
17 | 22.67 | 2.7 | 354 | 74 | Methyl ester of behenic acid (C22:0) |
18 | 24.32 | 16.65 | 352 | 55 | Methyl ester of erucic acid (C22:1) |
19 | 26.11 | 1.55 | 350 | 67 | Methyl ester of docosadienoic acid (C22:2) |
20 | 27.56 | 6.33 | 368 | 74 | Methyl ester of tricosylic acid (C23:0) |
21 | 28.53 | 2.91 | 382 | 74 | Methyl ester of lignoceric acid (C24:0) |
2.2. Determination of the Total Phenol Content
2.3. HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Acids
Peak | Rt (min) | Concentration (mg/g dry sample) | Compound name |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.3 | 68.26 ± 1.03 | Gallic acid |
2 | 2.8 | 25.44 ± 0.78 | Sinapic acid |
3 | 4.8 | 3.48 ± 0.83 | Caffeic acid |
4 | 6.3 | 0.72 ± 1.02 | Ferulic acid |
5 | 8.1 | 0.42 ± 1.65 | o-Coumaric acid |
6 | 9.3 | 0.78 ± 0.45 | trans-Cinnamic acid |
7 | 10.8 | 70.27 ± 0.74 | p-Coumaric acid |
8 | 11.9 | 75.22 ± 1.41 | Protocatchuic acid |
9 | 12.2 | 1.44 ± 1.85 | m-Coumaric acid |
10 | 13.5 | 0.53 ± 1.06 | Chlorogenic acid |
11 | 15.7 | 0.50 ± 0.92 | Gentisic acid |
12 | 20.9 | 54.38 ± 1.26 | Syringic acid |
13 | 21.5 | 0.68 ± 1.73 | p-Hydroxybenzoic acid |
14 | 22.0 | 0.45 ± 0.65 | Salicylic acid |
2.4. Determination of Flavonoid Contents
Peak | Rt (min) | Concentration (mg/100 g dry sample) | Mass Fragments (m/z) | Compound name |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 23.2 | 120.25 ± 0.35 | 287, 285 | Luteolin-7- O-glucoside |
2 | 40.8 | 54.96 ± 1.18 | 328, 313, 299, 285, 282, 153 | Salvigenin |
3 | 47.3 | 52.34 ± 0.97 | 273, 257, 179, 151 | Quercetin |
4 | 64.2 | 42.30 ± 0.56 | 267, 243, 241, 217, 151, 107 | Luteolin |
5 | 87.4 | 88.48 ± 1.32 | 269 | Apigenin |
2.5. DPPH Radical-Scavenging Activity
2.6. Determination of the Total Antioxidant Capacity
2.7. Determination of Anti-inflammatory Effects
Group | After 1 h | After 2 h | After 3 h | After 4 h | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edema (mm) | % inhibition | Edema (mm) | % inhibition | Edema (mm) | % inhibition | Edema (mm) | % inhibition | |
Control (saline) | 78.2 ± 0.5 | -- | 95 ± 0.6 | ---- | 110 ± 0.6 | --- | 113 ± 0.7 | --- |
PEE a | 70.5 ± 1.3 | 9.8 ± 1.5 | 77.8 ± 2.1 | 18.1 ± 1.6 | 84.5 ± 1.7 | 23.2 ± 2.9 | 80.3 ± 1.7 | 28.9 ± 1.8 |
ME a | 60.2 ± 0.20 | 23 ± 0.22 | 77.8 ± 2.0 | 18.1 ± 2.07 | 77.65 ± 0.7 | 29.4 ± 2.7 | 73 ± 0.6 | 35.4 ± 1.4 |
Indomethacinb | 70.1 ± 1.5 | 10.4 ± 1.3 | 77.0 ± 0.5 | 18.9 ± 0.20 | 75 ± 1.6 | 31.2 ± 1.7 | 75 ± 0.6 | 33.6 ± 1.2 |
2.8. Determination of Analgesic Effects
Group | Pre-drug treatment | After 1 h | After 2 h | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | M ± SD | % of change | M ± SD | % change | |
Control saline | 20 ± 0.97 | 21.85 ± 0.21 | -- | 20.85 ± 2.1 | --- |
PEE a | 20.68 ± 0.47 | 27.85 ± 0.86 | 34.7 ± 1.3 | 32.6 ± 2.1 | 57.6 ± 1.6 |
ME a | 19.33 ± 2.4 | 30.85 ± 0.49 | 59.6 ± 1.67 | 32.48 ± 2.2 | 68 ± 1.5 |
Indomethacin b | 18.33 ± 0.69 | 23.5 ± 1.66 | 28.2 ± 1.66 | 28.9 ± 1.4 | 57.7 ± 1.2 |
2.9. Determination of Antimicrobial Activity
Microorganism | PEE | ME | MICs of the standards | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DD a M ± S.D. | MIC b | DD a M ± S.D. | MIC b | Gentamycin | Amphotericin B | |
Staphylococcus aureus | 13.2 ± 0.44 | 550 | 18.3 ± 0.92 | 200 | 8 × 10−3 | NT |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 14.6 ± 1.17 | 650 | 16.8 ± 1.27 | 350 | 1 × 10−2 | NT |
Streptococcus pyogens | 10.7 ± 0.56 | 1,000 | 14.3 ± 0.64 | 350 | 8 × 10−3 | NT |
Escherichia coli | 9.1 ± 0.24 | 1,000 | 12.7 ± 1.84 | 400 | 8 × 10−3 | NT |
Klebsiellapneumonia | 7.2 ± 1.76 | 1,000 | 9.58 ± 1.26 | 1000 | 1 × 10−2 | NT |
Proteusvulgaris | 8.8 ± 0.77 | 1,000 | 9.3 ± 0.60 | 1000 | 1 × 10−2 | NT |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 11.4 ± 0.54 | 900 | 11.4 ± 0.70 | 400 | 1 × 10−2 | NT |
Shigellaboydii | 10.2 ± 1.28 | 1,000 | 13.6 ± 0.62 | 400 | 1 × 10−2 | NT |
Candida albicans | 13.2 ± 0.43 | 400 | 16.4 ± 1.30 | 350 | NT | 1 × 10−3 |
Candida glabrata | 7.2 ± 0.76 | 1,000 | 7.3 ± 1.40 | 1000 | NT | 1 × 10−3 |
Candida krusei | 8.2 ± 0.93 | 1,000 | 8.5 ± 1.87 | 1000 | NT | 1 × 10−3 |
Candida parapsilosis | 8.5 ± 0.36 | 1,000 | 8.5 ± 0.85 | 1000 | NT | 1 × 10−3 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Preparation of the Petroleum Ether Extract (PEE)
3.3. Analysis of the Petroleum Ether Extract
3.3.1. Preparation of Unsaponifiable Matter [81,82]
3.3.2. Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
3.3.3. GC/MS Analysis of Unsaponifiable Matter
3.3.4. GC/MS Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
3.4. Preparation of the Methanolic Extract (ME)
3.5. Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds
3.5.1. Determination of the Total Phenol Content
3.5.2. Qualitative and Quantitative HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Acids
3.5.3. Determination of Total Flavonoids
3.5.4. Qualitative and Quantitative HPLC/MS Analysis of Flavonoid Contents
3.6. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
3.6.1. DPPH Radical-Scavenging Activity
3.6.2. Determination of Total Antioxidant Capacity
3.7. Biological Analysis
3.7.1. Determination of Anti-inflammatory Activity
3.7.2. Determination of Analgesic Activity
3.8. Determination of Antimicrobial Activity
3.9. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
- Sample Availability: Not available.
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Ibrahim, T.A. Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Extracts from Salvia bicolor Desf. Growing in Egypt. Molecules 2012, 17, 11315-11334. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171011315
Ibrahim TA. Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Extracts from Salvia bicolor Desf. Growing in Egypt. Molecules. 2012; 17(10):11315-11334. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171011315
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahim, Taghreed A. 2012. "Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Extracts from Salvia bicolor Desf. Growing in Egypt" Molecules 17, no. 10: 11315-11334. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171011315