Assessment of Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of Selected Malaysian Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Total phenolic content
2.2. Free radical scavenging activity
Ethanolic extracts | Plant Part | Assays (1/IC50, mg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH | Galvinoxyl | ABTS | ||
Azadirachta indica | leaf | 1.35± 0.46 | 4.85 ± 0.08 | 6.01 ± 0.04 |
Mangifera indica | leaf | 5.99 ± 0.02 | 19.86 ± 0.01 | 46.56 ± 0 |
Garcinia mangostana | peel | 9.19 ± 0.02 | 37.56 ± 0.01 | 41.85 ± 0.02 |
Nephelium lappaceum | peel | 8.56 ± 0.05 | 85.41 ± 0.01 | 62.99 ± 0 |
Psidium guajava | leaf | 5.56 ± 0.08 | 30.88 ± 0.02 | 46.76 ± 0 |
Fragaria x ananassa | leaf | 0.54 ± 0.80 | 2.53 ± 0.21 | 3.24 ± 0.11 |
Lawsonia inermis | leaf | 0.79 ± 0.18 | 3.1 ± 0.23 | 8.83 ± 0.04 |
Syzygium aqueum | leaf | 4.65 ± 0.02 | 11.98 ± 0.01 | 34.52 ± 0 |
Nephelium lappaceum | leaf | 3.04 ± 0.03 | 71.04 ± 0.03 | 8.3 ± 0.07 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | leaf | 5.96 ± 0.12 | 34.76 ± 0.02 | 11.53 ± 0.08 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | bark | 9.90 ± 0.04 | 33.52 ± 0.01 | 9.11 ± 0.09 |
Artocarpus champeden | leaf | 3.34 ± 0.21 | 11.54 ± 0.1 | 12.39 ± 0.04 |
Nephelium mutobile | leaf | 4.10 ± 0.03 | 18.5 ± 0.04 | 10 ± 0.04 |
Grape seed (commercial source) | seed | 3.75 ± 0.10 | 10.54 ± 0.03 | 28.18 ± 0.01 |
Aqueous Extracts | Plant Part | Assays (1/IC50, mg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH | Galvinoxyl | ABTS | ||
Azadirachta indica | leaf | 1.05 ± 0.14 | 2.96 ± 0.1 | 2.41 ± 0.23 |
Mangifera indica | leaf | 2.02 ± 0.39 | 4.65 ± 0.01 | 8.21 ± 0.03 |
Garcinia mangostana | peel | 0.6 ± 2.36 | 1.39 ± 1.18 | 1.8 ± 0.76 |
Nephelium lappaceum | peel | 1.86 ± 0.15 | 6.81 ± 0.06 | 5.46 ± 0.06 |
Psidium guajava | leaf | 4.56 ± 0.01 | 7.5 ± 0.09 | 5.4 ± 0.03 |
Fragaria x ananassa | leaf | 2.69 ± 0.07 | 3.56 ± 0.2 | 5.3 ± 0.11 |
Lawsonia inermis | leaf | 0.27 ± 0.34 | 0.83 ± 0.32 | 1.08 ± 0.07 |
Syzygium aqueum | leaf | 3.07 ± 0.07 | 6.68 ± 0.04 | 5.22 ± 0.07 |
Nephelium lappaceum | leaf | 1.49 ± 0.02 | 3.64 ± 0.09 | 3.96 ± 0.06 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | leaf | 6.21 ± 0.05 | 30.85 ± 0.01 | 9.63 ± 0.02 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | bark | 5.05 ± 0.12 | 24.58 ± 0.01 | 9.02 ± 0.04 |
Artocarpus champeden | leaf | 4.54 ± 0.01 | 14.33 ± 0.04 | 9.52 ± 0.03 |
Nephelium mutobile | leaf | 0.27 ± 0.27 | 1.25 ± 0.09 | 0.9 ± 0.37 |
Grape seed (commercial source) | seed | 2.18 ± 0.18 | 2.07 ± 0.33 | 5.19 ± 0.12 |
Vitamin C | NA | 34.45 ± 0.04 | NA | NA |
Emblica TM | NA | 3.36 ± 0.05 | NA | NA |
2.3. Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation
2.4. Elemental Analysis
Extracts | Plant Parts | Type of Tests (mg/kg) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lead (Pb) | Arsenic (As) | Mercury (Hg) | Calcium (Ca) | Iron (Fe) | Potassium (K) | Magnesium (Mg) | Sodium (Na) | ||
Malaysian Standards* | NA | 10 | 5 | 0.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
European Standards** | NA | 3 | 1 | 0.1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Azadirachta indica | leaf | 0.52 ± 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 29217 ± 536 | 12 ± 3 | 14883 ± 253 | 2332 ± 146 | <852 |
Mangifera indica | leaf | < 0.15 | <0.01 | < 0.02 | 40937±423 | 50 ± 5 | 4975 ± 123 | 2693 ±125 | <905 |
Garcinia mangostana | peel | 0.62 ± 0.03 | <0.01 | <0.02 | 1130 ± 53 | <1.5 | 7862 ± 65 | 495 ± 25 | <902 |
Nephelium lappaceum | peel | 0.36 ± 0.02 | <0.01 | < 0.02 | 5073 ± 83 | <1.4 | 5510 ± 63 | 1402 ± 75 | <847 |
Psidium guajava | leaf | 1.2 ± 0.1 | <0.01 | < 0.02 | 20038 ± 536 | 55 ± 5 | 6022 ± 763 | 2508 ± 128 | <875 |
Fragaria x ananassa | leaf | 0.27 ± 0.02 | <0.01 | < 0.02 | 15540 ± 866 | <1.5 | 29805 ± 986 | 3532 ± 253 | <901 |
Lawsonia inermis | leaf | 0.64 ± 0.03 | <0.01 | < 0.02 | 13276 ± 654 | 17 ± 3 | 6214 ± 532 | 3003 ± 531 | <887 |
Syzygium aqueum | leaf | 0.21 ± 0.02 | <0.01 | < 0.02 | 9649 ± 423 | <1.5 | 8223 ± 332 | 2347 ± 75 | <908 |
Nephelium lappaceum | leaf | <0.15 | <0.01 | < 0.02 | 27507 ± 1536 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6165 ± 56 | 2597 ± 23 | <891 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | leaf | <0.5 | 1.95 ± 0.1 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 3383 ± 353 | 1602±21 | 7564 ± 86 | 3363 ± 47 | <913 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | bark | <0.5 | 3.86 ± 0.2 | <0.01 | 15110 ± 875 | 196 ± 10 | 1670 ± 63 | 1123 ± 46 | <857 |
Artocarpus champeden | leaf | <0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | <0.01 | 1580 ± 632 | <1.5 | 7601 ± 96 | 2521 ± 53 | <910 |
Nephelium mutobile | leaf | <0.5 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 3748 ± 84 | <1.4 | 4722 ± 86 | 2390 ±63 | <866 |
2.5. Cytotoxicity activity of the plant extracts
3. Experimental
General
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Sample Availability: Samples are available from the authors. |
Plant | Plant Part | Phenolic content (mg/g GA equivalent) | |
---|---|---|---|
Aqueous Extract | Ethanolic Extract | ||
Azadirachta indica | leaf | 112 ± 13 | 139 ± 64 |
Mangifera indica | leaf | 115 ± 14 | 648 ± 106 |
Garcinia mangostana | peel | 135 ± 96 | 249 ± 135 |
Nephelium lappaceum | peel | 212 ± 68 | 762 ± 60 |
Psidium guajava | leaf | 211 ± 38 | 421 ± 114 |
Fragaria x ananassa | leaf | 79 ± 15 | 86 ± 21 |
Lawsonia inermis | leaf | 55 ± 17 | 135 ± 28 |
Syzygium aqueum | leaf | 186 ± 44 | 524 ± 176 |
Nephelium lappaceum | leaf | 194 ± 19 | 380 ± 40 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | leaf | 134 ± 22 | 475 ± 99 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | bark | 272 ± 117 | 1204 ± 602 |
Artocarpus champeden | leaf | 279 ± 76 | 410 ± 128 |
Nephelium mutobile | leaf | 53 ± 33 | 127 ± 3 |
Grape seed (commercial source) | seed | 130 ± 7 | 605 ± 33 |
Plants | Plant Part | Assay (1/IC50, mg/mL) | |
---|---|---|---|
Aqueous Extract | Ethanolic Extract | ||
Azadirachta indica | leaf | 0.44 ± 2.38 | 1.4 ± 0.34 |
Mangifera indica | leaf | 0.72 ± 0.95 | 3.11 ± 0.13 |
Garcinia mangostana | peel | 3.88 ± 0.01 | 5.86 ± 0.05 |
Nephelium lappaceum | peel | 1.44 ± 0.09 | 3.42 ± 0.1 |
Psidium guajava | leaf | 2.56 ± 0.05 | 1.61 ± 0.18 |
Fragaria x ananassa | leaf | 0.35 ± 1.86 | 0.32 ± 0.95 |
Lawsonia inermis | leaf | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.13 |
Syzygium aqueum | leaf | 1.2 ± 0.09 | 2.4 ± 0.06 |
Nephelium lappaceum | leaf | 0.69 ± 0.49 | 2.64 ± 0.1 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | leaf | 1.29 ± 0.15 | 2.74 ± 0.07 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | bark | 3.65 ± 0.1 | 5.68 ± 0.06 |
Artocarpus champeden | leaf | 3.73 ± 0.05 | 2.08 ± 0.24 |
Nephelium mutobile | leaf | 0.32 ± 1.19 | 3.35 ± 0.08 |
Grape seed (commercial source) | seed | 1.99 ± 0.19 | 16.76 ± 0.02 |
© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Ling, L.T.; Radhakrishnan, A.K.; Subramaniam, T.; Cheng, H.M.; Palanisamy, U.D. Assessment of Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of Selected Malaysian Plants. Molecules 2010, 15, 2139-2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042139
Ling LT, Radhakrishnan AK, Subramaniam T, Cheng HM, Palanisamy UD. Assessment of Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of Selected Malaysian Plants. Molecules. 2010; 15(4):2139-2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042139
Chicago/Turabian StyleLing, Lai Teng, Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan, Thavamanithevi Subramaniam, Hwee Ming Cheng, and Uma D. Palanisamy. 2010. "Assessment of Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of Selected Malaysian Plants" Molecules 15, no. 4: 2139-2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042139