Central Nervous System Tissue Regeneration after Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Next Frontier
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regenerative Processes Occur after ICH in Animal Models
3. Evidence of CNS Regeneration in Patients with ICH
4. Neuroinflammation may Mediate Regenerative Processes after ICH: Guides from Experimental ICH
4.1. Microglia
4.2. Astrocytes
4.3. Leukocytes
5. Molecular Mechanisms Affecting Post-ICH Tissue Regeneration
6. Strategies to Promote Neural Regeneration after ICH
6.1. Medications
6.2. Stem Cell Therapy
6.3. Biomaterials and Nanoparticles
6.4. Rehabilitation Training
7. Conclusions and the Future
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Approaches | Possible Benefits | |
---|---|---|
Medications | Statins | Neurogenesis, angiogenesis, phagocytosis |
Minocycline | “M2” polarization, neurogenesis | |
Fingolimod/Siponimod | Neurogenesis, remyelination | |
Lithium | Trophic factors, white matter repair | |
CD47 antibody | Hematoma clearance | |
Stem cells | BM-MSCs | Axonal regeneration, BBB reconstruction |
Muse cells | Cell replacement of neurons | |
ADSCs | Neuron-like differentiation, VEGF | |
UCSCs | Neurogenesis, angiogenesis, remyelination | |
Exosomes | Remyelination, axonal sprouting, neurogenesis | |
Biomaterials | Hydrogel | Regulatory polarization, neurogenesis |
SAPNS | Oligodendrogenesis, remyelination | |
Rehabilitation | Skilled reach training | Dendritic reorganization, BDNF |
Enriched environment | Dendritic length | |
Acrobatic training | Neuronal activity, synaptic remodeling | |
Aerobic training | Dendritic length and complexity |
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Zhang, R.; Xue, M.; Yong, V.W. Central Nervous System Tissue Regeneration after Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Next Frontier. Cells 2021, 10, 2513. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102513
Zhang R, Xue M, Yong VW. Central Nervous System Tissue Regeneration after Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Next Frontier. Cells. 2021; 10(10):2513. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102513
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Ruiyi, Mengzhou Xue, and Voon Wee Yong. 2021. "Central Nervous System Tissue Regeneration after Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Next Frontier" Cells 10, no. 10: 2513. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102513