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Article

The Evolution of Self-Gravitating Radiating Geodesic Fluid Spheres Instantaneously Admitting a Time-like Killing †

by
Luis Herrera
1,*,‡ and
Alicia Di Prisco
2,‡
1
Instituto Universitario de Física Fundamental y Matemáticas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
2
Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1050, Venezuela
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
To our friend Lluis Bel, in memoriam.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Entropy 2026, 28(6), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/e28060684 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 4 May 2026 / Revised: 8 June 2026 / Accepted: 11 June 2026 / Published: 13 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Astrophysics, Cosmology, and Black Holes)

Abstract

In this study, we analyze the effects produced by the sudden appearance of a time-like Killing vector (TKV) on the evolution of radiating geodesic fluids. This is achieved by resorting to the concept of an asymmetry factor, which allows the instantaneous appearance of a given symmetry for a given value of a time-like coordinate. All relevant physical variables are analyzed in detail, showing the imprints of the emergence of TKV at some point in the evolution. The main lesson that can be extracted from the obtained results is that the sudden appearance of a TKV, even for an infinitesimal period of time, drastically changes the subsequent evolution of the system. Of particular relevance is the appearance of a thermal effect linking the asymmetry factor and the relaxation time. The potential applications of these results in the study of gravitational collapse are discussed at the end of the paper.
Keywords: relativistic fluids; interior solutions; spherically symmetric sources relativistic fluids; interior solutions; spherically symmetric sources

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MDPI and ACS Style

Herrera, L.; Di Prisco, A. The Evolution of Self-Gravitating Radiating Geodesic Fluid Spheres Instantaneously Admitting a Time-like Killing. Entropy 2026, 28, 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/e28060684

AMA Style

Herrera L, Di Prisco A. The Evolution of Self-Gravitating Radiating Geodesic Fluid Spheres Instantaneously Admitting a Time-like Killing. Entropy. 2026; 28(6):684. https://doi.org/10.3390/e28060684

Chicago/Turabian Style

Herrera, Luis, and Alicia Di Prisco. 2026. "The Evolution of Self-Gravitating Radiating Geodesic Fluid Spheres Instantaneously Admitting a Time-like Killing" Entropy 28, no. 6: 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/e28060684

APA Style

Herrera, L., & Di Prisco, A. (2026). The Evolution of Self-Gravitating Radiating Geodesic Fluid Spheres Instantaneously Admitting a Time-like Killing. Entropy, 28(6), 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/e28060684

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