Next Article in Journal
Who Is to Blame? How Fulfillment and Integrity Harms Relate to Trust in Sellers and Platforms
Previous Article in Journal
Hedonic Beats Utilitarian: Differential Effects of AI Chatbots and AR/VR on Consumer Engagement in E-Commerce
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
JTAER
Volume 21
Issue 2
10.3390/jtaer21020061
jtaer-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Examining Consumers’ Continuance Intention to Use P2P Mobile Payment Systems: An Extended TPB Approach

by
Mohammad Alsharo
1,*,
Jumana Khwaileh
2 and
Malik Al-Essa
3
1
Department of Information Systems, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq 25113, Jordan
2
Department of Cybersecurity and Cloud Computing, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11937, Jordan
3
Computer Science Department, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2026, 21(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer21020061
Submission received: 14 January 2026 / Revised: 4 February 2026 / Accepted: 4 February 2026 / Published: 9 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Section FinTech, Blockchain, and Digital Finance)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Consumers are increasingly utilizing their smartphones to pay for goods and services, taking advantage of a variety of mobile payment options. Among these, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) mobile payment systems have gained global momentum, becoming one of consumers’ preferred choices. This study aims to examine the factors influencing consumers’ continuance intention to use CliQ, a P2P mobile payment system in Jordan. Following a thorough literature review, we extend the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by integrating perceived structural assurance, perceived usefulness, and satisfaction. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) results indicate that perceived structural assurance significantly affects both consumer attitude and perceived security. The findings also suggest that attitude is the most influential factor in the proposed research model, while perceived usefulness and perceived behavioral control emerged as key drivers of user satisfaction and continuance intention. Furthermore, satisfaction was found to be a strong predictor of consumers’ continuance intention. These findings enrich the literature and provide valued implications for mobile-payment service providers and application developers.

1. Introduction

The availability of convenient and ubiquitous financial technologies has contributed to the unprecedented spread of mobile payment systems on a global scale [1,2,3]. However, the diffusion and adoption rate of mobile payment systems is not the same for all countries. While some countries have seen a rapid shift towards digital and mobile payment transactions, other countries have reported slower adoption rates. This contrast in the diffusion of these payment systems can be attributed to several different factors including cultural, economic, and political ones [4,5,6,7]. Therefore, it is important to investigate and explore the factors that affect consumers’ adoption of different mobile payment systems in different settings.
A particular mobile payment system that has become increasingly popular among consumers is Peer-to-Peer (P2P) payments, aka Person-to-Person payments [3,8]. This innovative payment mechanism facilitates transferring money electronically and instantly from a consumer’s mobile banking app, mobile wallet, or dedicated P2P mobile payment app to another consumer or business owner. The simplicity and convenience of this payment method have contributed to its popularity among consumers, especially for personal and social transactions such as splitting a bill at a restaurant and personal loans [3,8,9].
Despite its increasing popularity, little attention has been given to investigating the factors that affect the adoption of P2P payment systems [10,11], especially in developing countries. To fill this research gap, this study aims to investigate the factors that affect consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system in Jordan. CliQ is a mobile P2P payment system provided by the Jordan Payments and Clearing Company (JoPACC), which is owned by the Central Bank of Jordan (CBJ) and all the commercial banks in Jordan. This payment system is integrated into the mobile banking apps of all commercial banks and the most popular mobile wallet apps, allowing consumers to send and receive money instantly using nicknames or mobile phone numbers. According to recent reports, CliQ mobile payment system users exceeded two million and the total amount of processed transactions reached $7.9 billion US dollars by the end of the third quarter of 2025 [12]. These figures are inquisitive for a country with a population of 11.6 million people where cash transactions are still dominant and less than 3% own a credit card. Thus, identifying the drivers of consumers’ continuance intention to use this P2P mobile payment system could be of great value for decision makers and application developers. Furthermore, it is reasonable to investigate the effect of the structural assurance surrounding this system on consumers’ attitudes and their perception of the system’s security. Accordingly, this study seeks to answer two main research questions:
  • What factors affect Jordanian consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system?
  • How does perceived structural assurance shape consumers’ attitudes and perceptions of security when using the CliQ P2P mobile payment system?
Answering these questions would provide significant contribution to the theory and practice on the adoption of P2P mobile payment systems. Firstly, this study extends the technology adoption literature by investigating consumers’ continuance intention to use P2P mobile payment systems in a developing-country setting. Secondly, following an exhaustive literature review, the study proposes a research model that extends the TPB by incorporating perceived structural assurance, perceived security, perceived usefulness, and satisfaction. Thirdly, the research’s findings should offer several theoretical insights regarding consumers’ continuance intentions to use P2P mobile payment systems. From a practical perspective, the findings of this research should provide valuable implications for policymakers, decision makers in financial institutions, and consumers in Jordan to improve the adoption of P2P mobile payment systems.

2. Literature Review and Related Work

Mobile payment technologies have influenced consumers’ behavior in every aspect. The continuous evolution of digital financial services (e.g., contactless payments, mobile wallets, P2P payments) is accompanied by considerable interest in research studies that explore the various factors influencing consumers’ adoption of these emerging technologies [2,4,13,14,15,16]. To understand the factors affecting consumers’ intention to use mobile payments in general and P2P mobile payments in particular, we conducted a thorough review of relevant and recent literature in prominent electronic databases (i.e., ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Emerald, and Taylor & Francis). The review revealed that previous studies consistently utilized the most eminent technology adoption theories such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT/UTAUT2), and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) [6,9,17,18,19,20]. Furthermore, the literature review uncovered numerous research papers that investigated P2P payment systems in a variety of settings, which reflects a growing interest in this payment method worldwide. In this section, we discuss the main findings of these research articles, with Table 1 providing a summary of the reviewed literature.
Investigating previous research in the literature, we found numerous research studies that investigated consumers’ intention to use the Bizum P2P mobile payment system in Spain. This P2P mobile payment system was developed through a joint venture of major Spanish banks to facilitate P2P payments. The first investigation was carried out by [17], who employed a behavioral model to identify the antecedents of Spanish consumers’ intentions to use Bizum. According to their findings, perceived usefulness, subjective norms, perceived enjoyment and perceived satisfaction were the key predictors of consumers’ intention to use the Bizum P2P mobile payment system. The same P2P mobile payment system was investigated by [18], who employed a mixed-method approach that encompassed qualitative and logistic regression analyses. The findings of this research indicated that ease of use, personal innovativeness, perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, subjective norms, and perceived risk significantly influenced consumers’ intentions to use the Bizum P2P mobile payment system. A comparable approach was carried out by [32], who identified several variables through a literature review, collected quantitative data, and utilized machine learning prediction techniques to examine the factors that affect Spanish consumers’ intention to use the Bizum P2P payment system. The findings of this research showed that perceived usefulness, trust, and subjective norms were the key drivers of consumers’ adoption of Bizum. In another research study, ref. [9] employed the TPB to investigate consumers’ intention to use and recommend Bizum. The findings of this research indicated that consumers’ attitude towards the P2P mobile payment system was the main determining factor of their use intentions and of spreading positive word of mouth about it. In addition, a positive effect for perceived control and the interaction between risk and security on consumers’ intentions was reported. However, the effects of subjective norms and risk were insignificant. Ref. [33] utilized an extended UTAUT2 model to examine Spanish consumers’ behavioral intention to use Bizum. The findings of this research suggested that only social influence and habit affected consumers’ behavioral intentions, while the remaining constructs had no significant effect. However, we believe that the research’s sample, which mainly consisted of users between the ages of 18 and 22, influenced the results. The most recent study we uncovered in the literature review was carried out by [10]. The researchers employed the Stimulus–Organism–Response model to investigate consumers’ intentions to use Bizum. The findings of this research illustrated that all the hypotheses in the proposed model were empirically supported by the data analysis. However, perceived usefulness was the major predictor of consumers’ intentions to use the Bizum P2P mobile payment system.
The literature review revealed that P2P mobile payment systems are increasingly popular in the United States of America (USA). The two most commonly used systems are Zelle and Venmo. Ref. [22] investigated the transaction types and the social interaction features of Venmo P2P system. The results indicated that the most common transaction type was personal payments sent from one individual to another, while business transactions were less common. In terms of the social features, the results indicated that Venmo’s social features could influence consumers’ behaviors and play an important role in their adoption. The Venmo P2P mobile payment system was also investigated by [24], who conducted a qualitative research to explore the effect of consumers’ privacy and security concerns on their intention to use this mobile payment system. The results indicated that using Venmo’s features can reveal sensitive user information and personal characteristics, which raised consumers’ security and privacy concerns and affected their intention to use this system. Another popular P2P mobile payment system in the USA is Zelle; unlike Venmo, which is owned by PayPal, Zelle was developed through the collaboration of major American banks. Being conveniently available in the official banking apps along with the institutional support of these major banks accelerated consumers’ adoption of this P2P service [34,35]. This is an important indication regarding the effect of structural assurance on consumers’ attitudes and perceived security of P2P mobile payment systems, as illustrated in the work of [35].
China is considered the largest cashless society in the world [36,37]. The two most commonly used mobile payment systems in China are WeChat Pay and Alipay, which are digital wallets that offer numerous mobile payment options such as P2P transfer, in-app payments, and QR code payments. Ref. [21] conducted a comparative study to explore the factors that influence Chinese consumers’ intentions to use these two mobile payment systems. The study proposed a research model that utilized variables from the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the TPB. The findings of this research indicated that social influence positively affected consumers’ perceived usefulness and trust, which had a positive effect on consumers’ intention to use both mobile payment systems. However, certain aspects of the mobile payment systems had different effects on consumers’ intentions. The findings indicated that for Alipay users, compatibility exerted a stronger effect on perceived usefulness. However, ubiquity exerted a stronger effect on perceived usefulness for WeChat Pay users. Alipay and WeChat were the focus of several other research studies in the literature, which reported a significant effect for ease of use, attitude, trust, social influence, satisfaction, and system features on consumers’ intention to use mobile payment systems in China [23,31].
Different versions of P2P mobile payment systems were investigated across diverse cultural settings. For example, ref. [28] investigated Indian consumers’ continuance intention to use P2P mobile payment apps. The research employed the expectation-confirmation model and the findings indicated that perceived usefulness, social influence, perceived trust, and confirmation positively affected consumers’ continuance intention to use P2P mobile services. However, the effect of consumers’ satisfaction was not significant. In South Korea, ref. [38] investigated the effect of specific mobile payment system attributes on consumers’ choice. The study reported that the most significant factor that affected consumers’ adoption was the establishment of rigorous assurance policies. In Germany, ref. [39] investigated the adoption of P2P mobile payment systems among German students. The study reported that students’ attitudes, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and lifestyle influenced their decision to use P2P mobile payment systems. However, social influence had less impact on the adoption decision of this age group. In Jordan, ref. [6] investigated the factors that affect Jordanian consumers’ decision to use mobile payment systems in general. The study employed an extended UTAUT2 model to account for the effects of security, privacy, trust, and consumers’ awareness. The findings indicated that privacy and security strongly affected consumers’ trust. In addition, trust and social influence were the key predictors of consumers’ decision to adopt mobile payment systems. Investigating the factors affecting Jordanian consumers’ intention to use digital payment systems was also the focus of [7]. The study extended the UTAUT2 with uncertainty avoidance to explore the effect of consumers’ culture on their intention to use digital payment systems. The findings indicated that social influence, uncertainty avoidance, and performance expectancy were the key predictors of Jordanian consumers’ intention to use digital payment systems.
Beyond personal transactions, the literature review uncovered numerous studies that investigated consumers’ intentions to use P2P systems for obtaining loans from businesses and individuals. For instance, ref. [25] investigated the factors influencing consumers’ trust in using P2P lending services in Indonesia. The results indicated that ease of use, perceived structural assurance, and brand image significantly affected consumers’ trust in these services. Ref. [29] also investigated consumers’ continuance intention to use P2P lending services in Indonesia. The study employed an extended TAM and reported a significant positive effect for perceived ease of borrowing and perceived structural assurance on perceived usefulness. Meanwhile, perceived usefulness had a significant effect on consumers’ continuance intention to use these services. In India, ref. [26] investigated consumers’ intention to use P2P lending services from the perspective of the TAM. The study’s results indicated that perceived usefulness significantly affected consumers’ behavioral intention. However, the effect of perceived ease of use was insignificant. Interestingly, in another study that investigated consumers’ intention to use P2P lending services in Indonesia from the perspective of an extended TAM, ref. [30] reported contrary findings, as their results indicated a significant effect for ease of use and an insignificant effect for perceived usefulness on consumers’ behavioral intentions. In addition, the results demonstrated that data security significantly influenced consumers’ perceived usefulness.
Drawing on the findings of previous research and the specific context of this study, we conclude that there is extensive empirical evidence supporting the investigation of the effects of perceived usefulness, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, perceived structural assurance, perceived security, and satisfaction on consumers’ continuance intentions to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system. Accordingly, we propose a research model grounded in the TPB as we believe it provides an adequate theoretical foundation for the study. Moreover, integrating the additional variables into the proposed model will offer a more holistic view and enhance our understanding of the factors that affect consumers’ sustained use of P2P mobile payment systems. However, it is important to note that since perceived structural assurance encompasses elements of trust, as it reflects institutional mechanisms that foster trust in digital transactions, we refrained from investigating trust as a separate construct to sustain the research model’s validity. In addition, depending on the utilized theoretical foundation, different constructs might have different names (e.g., social influence and subjective norms). Thus, the proposed model conforms to the construct names in the TPB.

3. Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses Development

This study seeks to investigate the factors that affect consumers’ continuance intention to use a P2P mobile payment system in a developing-country setting. Following a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, we argue that the TPB is an adequate theoretical foundation for this research since it includes most of the influential factors reported in the literature. According to [40], when compared to the TAM, the TPB has several advantages as it allows for evaluating a system based on several variables and outcomes. Meanwhile, it is less complex than the UTAUT and allows more flexibility to add additional variables to the model [41]. Furthermore, the predictive validity of the TPB has been established in numerous research areas, especially consumers’ intentions and behaviors over time [41,42,43]. Accordingly, the TPB has been consistently employed to investigate the adoption of emergent mobile payment systems [9,44,45,46].
The TPB posits that an “individual’s intention to perform a specific behavior is determined by his or her attitude towards the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control” [47] (p. 179). To adapt the research model to the study’s settings and to create a comprehensive model that reflects the findings of the literature review, we extend our research model with four additional variables: perceived structural assurance, perceived security, perceived usefulness, and satisfaction. The proposed research model is presented in Figure 1, and the corresponding hypotheses are discussed below.
Mobile payment systems have become prime targets for scammers who employ advanced tactics to steal consumers’ money and personal information [11,26]. Thus, consumers have legitimate concerns regarding fraudulent transactions and fake online payment platforms [48]. For wider adoption of P2P mobile payment systems, consumers need to be assured that both the legal and the technical aspects of the system are properly administered by trustworthy institutions [29]. These institutions are responsible for establishing transparent policies and enforcing adequate privacy and security measures [25,29]. Perceived structural assurance reflects consumers’ confidence and trust in the institutions that manage their P2P mobile payment transactions. The CliQ P2P mobile payment system structural assurance is established by being operated by JOPACC, a company that is owned by the central bank and all the commercial banks in Jordan. This is common practice in many similar P2P mobile payment systems, which we discussed in the literature review section (e.g., Zelle in the USA and Bizum in Spain). The CliQ P2P mobile payment system was developed to meet the requirements of Jordanian consumers and address their social and cultural norms [12]. For consumers to use the service, they must register a mobile phone number, an alias, or an email address through an official mobile banking app or a registered mobile wallet service. Then, consumers can use these identifiers to send or receive money electronically. Before completing the transaction, the CliQ system prompts the user with the receiver’s details and the amount to be transferred before confirming the transaction. Once the transfer is complete, both the sender and receiver receive an official notification through their mobile phones as an added security feature. In the case of dispute or wrong transfers, consumers may contact their bank or mobile wallet service provider to resolve the issue in accordance with the legal framework that governs digital money transfer in Jordan.
According to previous research, P2P mobile payment system structural assurance can positively affect consumers’ attitudes and their intention to use these systems [25,27,29]. In addition, it can boost consumers’ perception of the payment system security due to the institutional support and administration of the system’s transactions [30]. Based on the preceding argument, we propose that the perceived structural assurance associated with the CliQ P2P payment system can positively affect Jordanian consumers’ attitudes and perceived security. Thus, we hypothesize the following:
H1a. 
Perceived structural assurance positively affects consumers’ perceived security of the CliQ P2P mobile payment system.
H1b. 
Perceived structural assurance positively affects consumers’ attitude towards the CliQ P2P mobile payment system.
Consumers are generally hesitant to adopt new digital and mobile financial services due to high security concerns [30,49]. The convenience that P2P mobile payment systems offer is accompanied by a growing criminal ecosystem where scammers have employed advanced tactics to exploit the vulnerabilities of these systems, steal consumers’ money, and take control of their accounts [50]. Moreover, P2P systems are unique in terms of the social aspects integrated into this technology. Hacking a consumer’s account can reveal sensitive personal and financial information not only about the owner of the account, but also about family and friends who they exchange money with [24]. Therefore, perceived security is essential in mitigating consumers’ concerns about P2P mobile payment systems and can be a determinant factor for their intention to use the system [6,9]. The increased number of CliQ users and amount of conducted transactions reflect elevated levels of security perception among consumers. Therefore, we argue that the consumers’ perception of CliQ’s security measures in terms of protecting their financial assets and transactions will have a positive effect on their intention to use this system repeatedly. Thus, we hypothesize the following:
H2. 
Perceived security positively affects consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system.
Attitude is defined as “the degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of the behavior in question” [47] (p. 188). Depending on the expected outcomes, consumers may develop positive or negative attitudes towards a certain behavior, which consequently affects their behavioral intentions [47]. In the context of mobile payments, especially P2P systems, previous research has steadily reported that attitude is a determinant factor that significantly affects consumers’ intentions [9,10,39,51,52]. Consumer attitude encompasses both the cognitive evaluation of the system’s effectiveness and benefits and the affective evaluation of its ease of use and enjoyment [41]. We argue that the features of the CliQ P2P payment system, which were designed to enhance the user experience, should foster positive consumer attitudes and positively influence the frequency of use. Thus, we hypothesize the following:
H3. 
Consumers’ attitudes positively affect consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system.
Subjective norms is defined as “the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior” [47] (p. 188), and it demonstrates the extent to which consumers value the opinions of other important people within their social sphere about whether they should engage in a certain behavior [17]. P2P mobile payments are essentially social transactions where both parties are usually individuals who know each other personally, not businesses [8]. As more people use this payment method, subjective norms can be an influential compliance mechanism that mandates consumers to use P2P mobile payment systems in response to external social pressures within their social environment [17,53]. Moreover, the effect of subjective norms is no longer limited to the influence of a close circle of friends and family. Consumers nowadays can be influenced by the opinions of people outside their social system through social media platforms [9]. Prior research has consistently demonstrated the significant influence of subjective norms on consumers’ technology adoption, especially in the context of mobile payment adoption [7,9,17,30,54]. We argue that the increased number of consumers and businesses that are currently using and recommending the CliQ P2P mobile payment system will pressure other consumers and affect their intention to use this system repeatedly. Thus, we hypothesize the following:
H4. 
Subjective norms positively affect consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system.
Perceived behavioral control is defined as “the factors that increase or reduce the perceived difficulty of performing the behavior in question” [47] (p. 196). From a TPB perspective, when users believe that they have sufficient resources, adequate opportunity, and fewer obstacles, they will perceive higher control over the behavior [41,47]. In the context of P2P mobile payments, consumers’ perception of the system’s simplicity and ease of use positively affects their adoption decision, use frequency, and satisfaction [9,30]. In addition, perceived behavioral control incorporates elements of external control belief that refer to the availability of adequate technical and institutional support to effectively use an information system [53]. We argue that consumers’ perception of higher behavioral control over the CliQ P2P payment system will positively affect their satisfaction and continuance intention to use it repeatedly. Thus, we hypothesize the following:
H5a. 
Perceived behavioral control positively affects consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system.
H5b. 
Perceived behavioral control positively affects consumers’ satisfaction with the CliQ P2P mobile payment system.
Perceived usefulness is defined as “the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance” [55] (p. 320). From a consumer’s perspective, usefulness refers to the relative advantage and the benefits they would gain from using an information system [25,53]. Previous research has consistently investigated the effect of perceived usefulness on consumers’ adoption of emerging technologies and reported that it is considered a key determining factor of users’ intention [2,56]. In the context of P2P mobile payment systems, perceived usefulness reflects consumers expectations of a convenient experience when performing a transaction, which could affect their behavioral intentions to repeatedly use this technology [18,23,28,45]. Furthermore, it is reported that P2P mobile payment systems’ perceived usefulness can improve consumers’ satisfaction and lead to continually using this payment system [17,23,28,57]. Thus, in accordance with the literature, we hypothesize the following:
H6a. 
Perceived usefulness positively affects consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system.
H6b. 
Perceived usefulness positively affects consumers’ satisfaction with the CliQ P2P mobile payment system.
The effect of satisfaction on users’ continuance intention to use an information system has been investigated and confirmed in the literature [58,59]. Consumers’ satisfaction reflects continued evaluation of their accumulative experience using the P2P mobile payment system over time [23,31]. The extent to which P2P mobile payment systems meet consumers’ expectations can affect their satisfaction and subsequently their continuance intention to use it over time [17,23,28,58]. Thus, a satisfactory consumer experience can be a crucial determinant of consumers’ continuance intention to use P2P mobile payment services [36,60]. We argue that consumers’ satisfaction with the CliQ P2P payment system will positively affect their behavioral intention to continue using it. Thus, we hypothesize the following:
H7. 
Satisfaction positively affects consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P payment system.

4. Methodology

4.1. Data and Measurement

The measurement scales used in this study were adapted from prior research, mainly the TPB [47,59]. Utilizing relevant literature on mobile P2P payment systems, the measurement scale items were revised to meet the objectives of this study [9,17]. As for the remaining constructs, the measurement scale items were adapted from the studies shown in Table 2. All the items were measured using the standard five-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating “strongly disagree” and 5 indicating “strongly agree”. To confirm the clarity of the items and validity of the measurement scale, we conducted a pilot study using a small group of 15 participants, which allowed us to revise any ambiguous items prior to the main data collection.

4.2. Participants and Data Collection Procedure

All the necessary ethical and institutional approvals were obtained before collecting the data. To simplify the data collection process, we developed an online questionnaire. Then, we relied on social media to access a satisfactory and representative sample of the population. It is reported in the literature that using social media is an efficient technique for recruiting respondents and accessing the intended population [61,62]. Furthermore, it is a commonly used data collection mechanism in information system research [4,9,63]. However, asking consumers about their experience with mobile payment systems could raise valid concerns, especially with the increasing cyber threats and fraudulent links that threaten consumers’ privacy and security. Therefore, we reached out to trusted members in the Jordanian community (e.g., professors, doctors, businessmen, and public figures) and asked them to post the questionnaire’s link on their social media pages and invite their friends and followers to respond. In addition, the questionnaire began with a consent page that included the study’s objectives and the researchers’ institutional contact details.
The data collection was carried out between January and March of 2025 and the total number of participants was 241. We excluded 37 responses from the data analysis due to incompleteness, high missing values, or low variance in the response. There were 204 valid questionnaires in total, which is considered a satisfactory sample size to perform the PLS-SEM analysis [64]. The demographic characteristics of the participants are illustrated in Table 3. Male participants comprised 62% of the total sample, while female participants comprised 38%. Respondents between the ages of 31 and 40 were the largest group in the sample (51%), followed by the age group of 18 to 30 (23%). These figures align with CliQ’s official reports in 2025, which indicate that 61.7% of the users are male and the overwhelming majority are aged 18 to 40 [12].

5. Results

We used the PLS-SEM analysis to test the proposed research model, a common technique in the literature [9,17,30]. The PLS-SEM technique is more suitable than the CB-SEM technique for testing the proposed research model for two main reasons. Firstly, the research model consists of several interactions, and PLS-SEM is ideal for testing these effects. Secondly, it is established in the literature that PLS-SEM is used when the objective of the research is prediction and theory development [65,66,67]. The software used to analyze the data was RStudio 2024.9.1 utilizing the SEMinR package for PLS analysis. Consistent with the literature, the measurement model was examined to assess reliability and validity before evaluating the structural model.

5.1. The Measurement Model Evaluation

Table 4 and Table 5 present the measurement model results. The reliability of the model’s constructs is confirmed—see Table 4—as all constructs exhibit satisfactory alpha values greater than 0.7 [68]. The convergent validity of the model is also confirmed as all constructs have adequate composite reliability (CR) values greater than 0.7. Moreover, the average variance extracted (AVE) values for all constructs in the model are greater than 0.5 and the square roots of the AVE in the diagonal are greater than the correlation between the constructs (see Table 5), which confirms the discriminant validity of the model [69]. In addition, the results of the Heterotrait–Monotrait ratio (HTMT) test (see Table 6) also confirm the discriminant validity of the model as all the values are below the recommended threshold of 0.85 [64]. Consequently, we conclude that the research model has sufficient convergent and discriminant validity.

5.2. The Structural Model Evaluation

In evaluating the structural mode, the bootstrapping technique was used to test the significance of the research model and its corresponding hypotheses. The results are presented in Table 7 and the path coefficients and the R-squared values for the dependent variables are illustrated in Figure 2. Overall, the PLS-SEM data analysis provides support for all but one (i.e., H4) of the proposed hypotheses. With R-square values of 0.776 for the continuance intention to use and 0.607 for satisfaction, the research model demonstrates a substantial predictive capacity and explains significant variance in the model’s dependent variables.

6. Discussion

The objective of this study was to answer two main research questions. The first question aimed to investigate the factors that affect Jordanian consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system. Accordingly, we reviewed the literature to explore how previous research investigated the adoption of P2P mobile payment systems in different settings and what the most influential factors were. Then, we proposed an extended TPB research model that included perceived structural assurance, perceived security, perceived usefulness, and satisfaction. The PLS-SEM results indicated that all but one of the proposed hypotheses were supported. Overall, the model successfully explained 77.6% of consumers’ continuance intention to use P2P mobile payment services and 60.7% of the variance in consumers’ satisfaction. Furthermore, the results confirmed the validity of the TPB and the additional variables we integrated into the model in investigating the adoption of this emergent mobile payment method.
The second research question aimed to investigate the extent to which perceived structural assurance affect consumers’ attitudes and perceptions of security when using the CliQ P2P mobile payment system. The literature review revealed that perceived structural assurance is a common practice that is used in several P2P mobile payment systems in several countries to induce trust and confidence among consumers. The findings of this study provide additional support for the positive role of this variable in influencing consumers’ adoption decisions. According to the data analysis results, perceived structural assurance has a significant positive effect on consumers’ attitudes and perceived security of the CliQ P2P mobile payment system (H1a: β = 0.185, p = 0.025; H1b: β = 0.670, p = 0.000). This result is consistent with previous research findings that emphasized the crucial need for a trustworthy governing body to establish and enforce clear policies and regulations, especially in developing countries [25,26,27,29]. In fact, the relationship between perceived structural assurance and consumers’ attitude is the strongest in the model, which demonstrates the significant role of this variable in shaping consumers’ attitude and behavioral intentions. Furthermore, the significance of the relationship between perceived structural assurance and perceived security (H1b) indicates that consumers’ perception of adequate structural assurance provides an additional layer of security that stimulates trust and mitigates the risk associated with using the CliQ P2P mobile payment system. Altogether, the significance of these two hypotheses underscores the role of structural assurance in influencing consumers’ decision to adopt P2P mobile payment systems.
The PLS-SEM data analysis results indicate that perceived security has a significant positive effect on consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system (H2: β = 0.091, p = 0.003). The significance of this relationship reflects consumers’ confidence in CliQ handling their financial transactions. According to previous research, perceived security has a pivotal role in adopting P2P mobile payment systems [6,9,26,30]. Thus, our findings are consistent with the literature and demonstrate that Jordanian consumers, in general, perceive that CliQ is a secure system that poses no threat to their personal or financial information. The significance of this relationship carries several important implications. Consumers these days find themselves in a difficult situation where they need to use mobile financial services, while at the same time they have legitimate concerns regarding cybersecurity and the increasing online threats [24]. From this perspective, implementing rigorous security measures and making consumers aware of these measures is crucial for the adoption of these technologies on a large scale. Moreover, we believe that the perceived structural assurance of CliQ, which we discussed in H1b, contributes to the security perception of CliQ. Nevertheless, regulators, service providers, and system developers need to put extra effort into strengthening consumers’ confidence in the security of this mobile payment system.
Regarding the TPB constructs, the empirical results of the PLS-SEM data analysis support employing this theory to investigate the adoption of P2P mobile payment systems. The results provide support for the effect of attitude and perceived behavioral control on consumers’ continuance intention to use CliQ P2P mobile payment system (H3: β = 0.467, p = 0.000; H5a: β = 0.144, p = 0.045). However, the results indicate that there is no significant effect for subjective norms on consumers’ intentions (H4: β = −0.068, p = 0.922).
The strength of the relationship between consumers’ attitude and their continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system is compelling. The significance of H3 indicates that attitude is a key determining factor in adoption of this system by Jordanian consumers and that consumers have a favorable evaluation of the CliQ system’s features and functionalities that strongly contributes to their intention to use it on a regular basis. This result confirms the findings of previous research investigating the adoption of P2P mobile payment systems in the literature, which also reported a crucial and significant effect of attitude on consumers’ intention to use P2P mobile payment systems [9,10,51,52,70].
The PLS-SEM data analysis results provide interesting implications regarding the effect of perceived behavioral control on consumers’ satisfaction and continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system. The significance of H5a indicates that consumers’ perception of having sufficient behavioral control over the CliQ P2P mobile payment system strongly influences their continuance intention to use it. This result confirms the findings of previous research in the literature, which reported that P2P mobile payment systems’ ease of use and simplicity can be fundamental factors in the consumer adoption process [9,18,25,26,30]. The significance of this relationship is evidence of CliQ’s simplicity and the adequacy of the provided user support. However, the p-value associated with this relationship (i.e., 0.045) requires attention, since it indicates that this perception is not universal across all CliQ users. The significance of H5b can shed more light on these results. The data analysis results provide support for the effect of perceived behavioral control on consumers’ satisfaction with the CliQ P2P mobile payment system (H5b: β = 0.474, p = 0.000). This is the second strongest relationship in the research model, which provides crucial implications regarding the extent to which providing consumers with adequate control over the CliQ P2P mobile payment system leads to a satisfying experience and wider adoption. Putting the results of H5a and H5b together could provide a more vivid explanation of the findings. That is, consumers’ perceived behavioral control has a stronger indirect effect on their continuance intention to use P2P mobile payment systems through satisfaction.
Contrary to our expectations, the results indicate that H4 is rejected and there is no significant effect for subjective norms on consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ payment system. This result is consistent with the findings of [9,10] and contradicts the findings of [21,28,31,32]. The insignificance of this relationship provides important implications for decision and strategy makers. That is, in light of the strong support for the other hypotheses in the research model, it appears that consumers are not influenced by any sort of social pressure to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system. Instead, they tend to rationally and logically evaluate CliQ’s benefits to make more informed adoption decisions. Nevertheless, from a social influence theory perspective, the influence of societal pressures cannot be overlooked [71]. Therefore, we argue that it is important that CliQ service providers develop word-of-mouth marketing strategies to persuade consumers into using this service.
The proposed research model in this study extended the TPB to investigate the effect of CliQ’s perceived usefulness on consumer satisfaction and continuance intention. The PLS-SEM data analysis results confirm the positive effect of this variable on both variables (H6a: β = 0.205, p = 0.009; H6b: β = 0.354, p = 0.000). These results are consistent with previous research on P2P mobile payment systems in the literature, including [6,7,10,23,29,32,70]. The significance of H6a indicates that CliQ’s perceived usefulness in terms of the system’s convenience and transaction speed significantly influences consumers’ continuance intention to use this P2P mobile payment system. Moreover, the significance of H6b indicates that the CliQ P2P mobile payment system meets users’ expectations and positively affects their satisfaction with the provided services. Since satisfaction reflects consumers’ cumulative evaluation of the CliQ P2P mobile payment system, the significance of these two relationships indicates that consumers’ repeated use of this mobile payment system elevates their usefulness perceptions and contributes to a positive evaluation that affects their intentions to use it in the future. This finding is further confirmed in the data analysis through the significant positive relationship between satisfaction and consumers’ continuance intention to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system (H7: β = 0.174, p = 0.004). According to the post-acceptance model of information system continuance [60,72,73], satisfaction is a pivotal factor in consumers’ continuance intention to use or reject an information system. Thus, the support of H7 emphasizes the significant role of this variable in the context of P2P mobile payment system and provides additional validation to the findings of previous research in the literature [17,23,28,31,58].

7. Conclusions

7.1. Theoretical Contributions

The findings of the study offer several notable theoretical contributions and improve our understanding of the factors that affect consumers’ continuance intention to use P2P mobile payment systems. The first contribution of this study is extending the P2P mobile payment system adoption literature. Specifically, our study investigated consumers’ continuance intention to use a P2P mobile payment system in the context of developing countries. The second contribution of this study is introducing an extended TPB model and confirming the validity of this theory in investigating consumers’ post-adoption of P2P mobile payment systems. The third contribution of this study is confirming the significant effect of the additional variables in the proposed research model. Most notably, the significant effect of perceived structural assurance offers crucial theoretical implications regarding the role of this variable in shaping consumers attitudes and their security perceptions. This finding calls for additional research that explores the effect of this variable in adopting emerging financial technologies. The significant effect of perceived usefulness and satisfaction on consumers’ continuance intention also provides important implications to theory. The findings imply that these variables are critical in driving consumers’ post-adoption behavior of P2P mobile payment systems.

7.2. Managerial Implications

This study offers several important practical and managerial implications for P2P mobile payment service providers and application developers. The first managerial implication this study offers is highlighting the role of perceived structural assurance in consumers’ adoption of mobile payment systems. Our findings imply that the presence of institutional and official structural assurance is crucial in encouraging consumers to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment system. This practice, which is utilized by other P2P mobile payment systems like Zelle and Bizum, should be seriously considered when launching a new digital or mobile payment system. The second managerial implication of this study has to do with the significant effect of perceived behavioral control on consumers’ continuance intention to use P2P mobile payment systems. This finding emphasizes the importance of developing mobile payment systems from the consumers’ perspective to be simple and easy to use. The third managerial implication of this study pertains to the role of consumers’ satisfaction in continuously using the CliQ P2P mobile payment system. Our results imply that service providers and system developers should strive to understand the exact features of CliQ that meet or exceed consumers’ expectations in order to deliver a platform with a satisfactory user experience and encourage consumers to continue using this P2P payment system. Based on our findings, CliQ’s perceived usefulness and perceived behavioral control have a significant effect on consumers’ satisfaction. Therefore, system developers should work towards improving the features that pertain to these two variables such as transaction speed, system simplicity, and consumer support. In addition, JOPACC can explore what other factors can affect consumers satisfaction by utilizing consumer satisfaction surveys. Lastly, given the insignificant influence of subjective norms on consumers’ intentions, social pressure does not appear to be a primary adoption driver. This implies that management should prioritize viral marketing strategies to encourage consumers to actively share their positive experiences.

7.3. Limitations and Future Research

This study has a few limitations. The first limitation of this study is investigating consumers’ continuance intentions to use the CliQ P2P mobile payment service in the context of a developing country (i.e., Jordan). While the findings might be generalizable to other P2P mobile payment systems in different countries, this should be done cautiously. We recommend that future studies replicate this work in different cultural and geographical settings to have more insights through contrasting the findings, especially regarding the effect of subjective norms. Secondly, the extended TPB model proposed in this study is not an exhaustive one. Future research should expand the research model through investigating the effects of other additional variables like privacy concerns, perceived enjoyment, and personal innovation. Thirdly, future research should employ other technology acceptance models to investigate consumers’ continued use of P2P mobile payment systems such as the post-acceptance model of IS continuance and the expectation-confirmation theory. Fourthly, the proposed model did not investigate the effect of trust, as we argue that it is an element of perceived structural assurance. However, future research should integrate trust into the research model to explore its effect. Lastly, the study relied exclusively on quantitative data. In addition, although the final sample size meets the commonly accepted minimum requirements for PLS-SEM analysis, relying on a convenience sampling approach to collect the data through social media might affect the study’s generalizability. Therefore, future research should collect more representative data by utilizing a probabilistic sampling approach. In addition, future research should use a mixed-method approach that includes qualitative data collection to provide more insights into the study’s findings.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.A.; methodology, M.A.; validation, M.A. and J.K.; formal analysis, M.A.; investigation, M.A., J.K. and M.A.-E.; data curation M.A., J.K. and M.A.-E.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A.; writing—review and editing, M.A. and M.A.-E.; supervision, M.A.; project administration, M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethical Committee of Al al-Bayt University(protocol code IT/263 and date of approval 15 December 2024).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available upon request.

Acknowledgments

The authors confirm that they did not use any generative AI tools to create the content in this study. They exclusively used Grammarly for Microsoft Word (Version 1.4.0.0) only for proofreading purposes. The authors have reviewed and edited the output and take full responsibility for the content of this publication.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
TPBTheory of Planned Behavior
P2PPeer-to-Peer
JoPACCJordan Payments and Clearing Company
PLS-SEMPartial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling

References

  1. Hew, J.-J. Hall of Fame for Mobile Commerce and Its Applications: A Bibliometric Evaluation of a Decade and a Half (2000–2015). Telemat. Inform. 2017, 34, 43–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Tamilmani, K.; Rana, N.P.; Dwivedi, Y.K. Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of UTAUT2. Inf. Syst. Front. 2021, 23, 987–1005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Li, L.; Freeman, G.; Knijnenburg, B. Beyond Just Money Transactions: How Digital P2P Payments (Re)Shape Existing Offline Interpersonal Relationships. Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact. 2024, 8, 1–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Amoroso, D.L.; Ackaradejruangsri, P. Going Cashless in Japan: Using Exchange Benefit and Cost Approach to Study Continuance Intention of Mobile Wallet. Technol. Soc. 2024, 78, 102529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Alkadi, R.S.; Abed, S.S. Consumer Acceptance of Fintech App Payment Services: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2023, 18, 1838–1860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Al-Okaily, M.; Alalwan, A.A.; Al-Fraihat, D.; Alkhwaldi, A.F.; Rehman, S.U.; Al-Okaily, A. Investigating Antecedents of Mobile Payment Systems’ Decision-Making: A Mediated Model. Glob. Knowl. Mem. Commun. 2024, 73, 45–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Alkhwaldi, A.F.; Al-Qudah, A.A.; Al-Hattami, H.M.; Al-Okaily, M.; Al-Adwan, A.S.; Abu-Salih, B. Uncertainty Avoidance and Acceptance of the Digital Payment Systems: A Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Approach. Glob. Knowl. Mem. Commun. 2024, 73, 1119–1139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Huang, L.; Ghosh, A.P.; Li, R.; Ince, E.C. Pay Me with Venmo: Effect of Service Providers’ Decisions to Adopt P2P Payment Methods on Consumer Evaluations. J. Assoc. Consum. Res. 2020, 5, 271–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Belanche, D.; Guinalíu, M.; Albás, P. Customer Adoption of P2p Mobile Payment Systems: The Role of Perceived Risk. Telemat. Inform. 2022, 72, 101851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Irimia-Diéguez, A.; Liébana-Cabanillas, F.; Blanco-Oliver, A.; Lara-Rubio, J. What Drives Consumers to Use P2P Payment Systems? An Analytical Approach Based on the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) Model. Eur. J. Manag. Bus. Econ. 2025, 34, 149–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Pham, D.C.; Nguyen, T. Understanding Peer-to-Peer Mobile Payment Continuance Intention: A Privacy Calculus Perspective. Int. J. Electron. Bus. 2025, 20, 210–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. JOPACC. About JOPACC. Available online: https://www.jopacc.com/who-we-are/about-jopacc (accessed on 1 February 2025).
  13. Pal, A.; Herath, T.; De’, R.; Rao, H.R. Is the Convenience Worth the Risk? An Investigation of Mobile Payment Usage. Inf. Syst. Front. 2021, 23, 941–961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Dimitrova, I. Barrier-Breakers’ Influence on Full-Adoption of Digital Payment Methods. Internet Res. 2024, 34, 139–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Mai, X.T.; Nguyen, T. Switching Behaviors in Peer-to-Peer Mobile Payment Applications: The Role of Sociability. J. Syst. Inf. Technol. 2024, 26, 1–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Islam, S.M.; Ferrer, M.A. Unlocking the Cashless Shift: Retailers’ Adoption of Digital Payment Systems in Emerging Markets. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20, 359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Kalinic, Z.; Marinkovic, V.; Molinillo, S.; Liébana-Cabanillas, F. A Multi-Analytical Approach to Peer-to-Peer Mobile Payment Acceptance Prediction. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2019, 49, 143–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Lara-Rubio, J.; Villarejo-Ramos, A.F.; Liébana-Cabanillas, F. Explanatory and Predictive Model of the Adoption of P2P Payment Systems. Behav. Inf. Technol. 2021, 40, 528–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Salah, O.H.; Ayyash, M.M. Understanding User Adoption of Mobile Wallet: Extended TAM with Knowledge Sharing, Perceived Value, Perceived Privacy Awareness and Control, Perceived Security. VINE J. Inf. Knowl. Manag. Syst. 2024, 55, 1223–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Sumiyana, N.A.; Agustiningsih, W. Users’ Trust, Spirit, Flow, and Intention to Reuse e-Mobile Payments: Explained by a Combination of the Attribution and Adaptive Structuration Theories. Int. J. Bus. Inf. Syst. 2024, 45, 228–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Mu, H.-L.; Lee, Y.-C. Examining the Influencing Factors of Third-Party Mobile Payment Adoption: A Comparative Study of Alipay and WeChat Pay. J. Inf. Syst. 2017, 26, 247–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Acker, A.; Murthy, D. What Is Venmo? A Descriptive Analysis of Social Features in the Mobile Payment Platform. Telemat. Inform. 2020, 52, 101429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Kurniasari, F.; Abd Hamid, N. The Effect of Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Trust, Attitude and Satisfaction into Continuance of Intention in Using Alipay. Manag. Account. Rev. 2020, 19, 132–150. [Google Scholar]
  24. Khare, M.; Oak, R. You Are What You Pay: A Case Study in Venmo. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol. 2021, 30, 318–324. [Google Scholar]
  25. Pratama, J. Analysis of Factors Affecting Trust on the Use of FinTech (P2P Lending) in Indonesia. J. Sisfokom (Sist. Inf. Dan Komput.) 2021, 10, 79–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Dias, S.; Nigalye, A.; Mahajan, J. Adoption Factors of P2P Lending in India. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Technology and Innovation Management (ICTIM 2022); Atlantis Press: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2022; pp. 129–144. [Google Scholar]
  27. Sahli Sassi, A.; Hammami, H.; Ben Lallouna Hafsia, H. Perceived Risk, Structural Assurance and Trust in Mobile Payments. J. Telecommun. Digit. Econ. 2022, 10, 41–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Savitha, B.; Hawaldar, I.T.; Kumar, K.N. Continuance Intentions to Use FinTech Peer-to-Peer Payments Apps in India. Heliyon 2022, 8, e11654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Widyanto, H.A.; Syahrivar, J.; Genoveva, G.; Chairy, C. Intention to Use Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending: The Roles of Perceived Structural Assurance and Perceived Critical Mass. Organ. Mark. Emerg. Econ. 2022, 13, 183–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Putri, G.A.; Widagdo, A.K.; Setiawan, D. Analysis of Financial Technology Acceptance of Peer to Peer Lending (P2P Lending) Using Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2023, 9, 100027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Li, X.; Zhu, X.; Lu, Y.; Shi, D.; Deng, W. Understanding the Continuous Usage of Mobile Payment Integrated into Social Media Platform: The Case of WeChat Pay. Electron. Commer. Res. Appl. 2023, 60, 101275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Antonio, B.-O.; Juan, L.-R.; Ana, I.-D.; Francisco, L.-C. Examining User Behavior with Machine Learning for Effective Mobile Peer-to-Peer Payment Adoption. Financ. Innov. 2024, 10, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. de Blanes Sebastián, M.G.; Antonovica, A.; Sarmiento Guede, J.R. What Are the Leading Factors for Using Spanish Peer-to-Peer Mobile Payment Platform Bizum? The Applied Analysis of the UTAUT2 Model. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 2023, 187, 122235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Jiang, B.; Zhou, J. FinTech and Crime: Evidence from Banks’ Partnering with Zelle. Appl. Econ. 2025, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Maniyar, V. Bank-Led Innovation: The Expansion of the Zelle Network in the US—Key Drivers, Market Impact and Future Outlook. J. Paym. Strategy Syst. 2025, 19, 114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Zhong, Y.; Moon, H.-C. Investigating Customer Behavior of Using Contactless Payment in China: A Comparative Study of Facial Recognition Payment and Mobile QR-Code Payment. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Mombeuil, C.; Uhde, H. Relative Convenience, Relative Advantage, Perceived Security, Perceived Privacy, and Continuous Use Intention of China’s WeChat Pay: A Mixed-Method Two-Phase Design Study. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2021, 59, 102384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Choi, H.; Park, J.; Kim, J.; Jung, Y. Consumer Preferences of Attributes of Mobile Payment Services in South Korea. Telemat. Inform. 2020, 51, 101397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Kleivene, L.E. P2P Mobile Payments: Investigating the Factors of Adoption Among Students in Germany. In Omnichannel Branding; Springer Fachmedien: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2018; pp. 45–67. [Google Scholar]
  40. Mathieson, K. Predicting User Intentions: Comparing the Technology Acceptance Model with the Theory of Planned Behavior. Inf. Syst. Res. 1991, 2, 173–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Bosnjak, M.; Ajzen, I.; Schmidt, P. The Theory of Planned Behavior: Selected Recent Advances and Applications. Eur. J. Psychol. 2020, 16, 352–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Armitage, C.J.; Conner, M. The Theory of Planned Behaviour: Assessment of Predictive Validity and ’perceived Control. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 1999, 38, 35–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Venkatesh, V.; Davis, F.; Morris, M. Dead or Alive? The Development, Trajectory and Future of Technology Adoption Research. J. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 2007, 8, 267–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Sun, S.; Law, R.; Schuckert, M.; Hyun, S.S. Impacts of Mobile Payment-related Attributes on Consumers’ Repurchase Intention. Int. J. Tour. Res. 2022, 24, 44–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Dhanya, M.; Rejikumar, G.; Joy, A. A Study on the Extension of TAM Model with TPB in the Adoption of Mobile Payment Applications. Int. J. Bus. Inf. Syst. 2024, 47, 190–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Verma, S.; Chaurasia, S.S.; Bhattacharyya, S.S. The Effect of Government Regulations on Continuance Intention of In-Store Proximity Mobile Payment Services. Int. J. Bank Mark. 2019, 38, 34–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Ajzen, I. The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 1991, 50, 179–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Gong, X.; Cheung, C.; Zhang, K.; Lee, M. Battles of Mobile Payment Networks: The Impacts of Network Structures, Technology Complementarities and Institutional Mechanisms on Consumer Loyalty. Inf. Syst. J. 2022, 32, 696–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Gorshkov, V. Cashless Payment in Emerging Markets: The Case of Russia. Asia Glob. Econ. 2022, 2, 100033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Mansfield, C.L. It Takes a Thief… and a Bank: Protecting Consumers from Fraud and Scams on P2P Payment Platforms. Univ. Mich. J. Law Reform 2023, 57, 351–416. [Google Scholar]
  51. Flavián, C.; Guinaliu, M.; Lu, Y. Mobile Payments Adoption—Introducing Mindfulness to Better Understand Consumer Behavior. Int. J. Bank Mark. 2020, 38, 1575–1599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Alkhwaldi, A.F.; Abu-AlSondos, I.A.; Shehadeh, M.; Ajouz, M.; Abdulmuhsin, A.A. Investigating User Acceptance of AI-Driven Fintech Services Through the Lens of the UTAUT Model. In Innovation, Technologies, and Business Management (ICTIM); Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2025; pp. 305–315. [Google Scholar]
  53. Venkatesh, V.; Morris, M.G.; Davis, G.B.; Davis, F.D. User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View. MIS Q. 2003, 27, 425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Al-Saedi, K.; Al-Emran, M.; Ramayah, T.; Abusham, E. Developing a General Extended UTAUT Model for M-Payment Adoption. Technol. Soc. 2020, 62, 101293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Davis, F.D. Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Q. 1989, 13, 319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Venkatesh, V.; Thong, J.Y.L.; Xu, X. Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. MIS Q. 2012, 36, 157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Kar, A.K. What Affects Usage Satisfaction in Mobile Payments? Modelling User Generated Content to Develop the “Digital Service Usage Satisfaction Model”. Inf. Syst. Front. 2021, 23, 1341–1361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Karjaluoto, H.; Shaikh, A.A.; Saarijärvi, H.; Saraniemi, S. How Perceived Value Drives the Use of Mobile Financial Services Apps. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2019, 47, 252–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Taylor, S.; Todd, P.A. Understanding Information Technology Usage: A Test of Competing Models. Inf. Syst. Res. 1995, 6, 144–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Mishra, A.; Shukla, A.; Rana, N.P.; Currie, W.L.; Dwivedi, Y.K. Re-Examining Post-Acceptance Model of Information Systems Continuance: A Revised Theoretical Model Using MASEM Approach. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2023, 68, 102571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Darko, E.M.; Kleib, M.; Olson, J. Social Media Use for Research Participant Recruitment: Integrative Literature Review. J. Med. Internet Res. 2022, 24, e38015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Jones, K.; Wilson-Keates, B.; Melrose, S. Using Social Media to Recruit Research Participants: A Literature Review. Nurse Res. 2024, 32, 28–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Casler, K.; Bickel, L.; Hackett, E. Separate but Equal? A Comparison of Participants and Data Gathered via Amazon’s MTurk, Social Media, and Face-to-Face Behavioral Testing. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2013, 29, 2156–2160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Hair, J.F.; Hult, G.T.M.; Ringle, C.M.; Sarstedt, M.; Danks, N.P.; Ray, S. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; ISBN 978-3-030-80518-0. [Google Scholar]
  65. Hair, J.F., Jr.; Matthews, L.M.; Matthews, R.L.; Sarstedt, M. PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated Guidelines on Which Method to Use. Int. J. Multivar. Data Anal. 2017, 1, 107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Usakli, A.; Rasoolimanesh, S.M. Which SEM to Use and What to Report? A Comparison of CB-SEM and PLS-SEM. In Cutting Edge Research Methods in Hospitality and Tourism; Emerald Publishing Limited: Leeds, UK, 2023; pp. 5–28. [Google Scholar]
  67. Chin, W.; Cheah, J.-H.; Liu, Y.; Ting, H.; Lim, X.-J.; Cham, T.H. Demystifying the Role of Causal-Predictive Modeling Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling in Information Systems Research. Ind. Manag. Data Syst. 2020, 120, 2161–2209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Hair, J.F. Multivariate Data Analysis; Prentice Hall: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
  69. Fornell, C.; Larcker, D.F. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. J. Mark. Res. 1981, 18, 39–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. de Luna, I.R.; Liébana-Cabanillas, F.; Sánchez-Fernández, J.; Muñoz-Leiva, F. Mobile Payment Is Not All the Same: The Adoption of Mobile Payment Systems Depending on the Technology Applied. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 2019, 146, 931–944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Kelman, H. Further Thoughts on the Processes of Compliance, Identification, and Internalization. In Social Power and Political Influence; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
  72. Limayem, M.; Cheung, C.; Chan, G. Explaining Information Systems Adoption and Post-Adoption: Toward an Integrative Model. In Proceedings of the ICIS 2003, Seattle, WA, USA, 14–17 December 2003. [Google Scholar]
  73. Bhattacherjee, A. Understanding Information Systems Continuance: An Expectation-Confirmation Model1. MIS Q. 2001, 25, 351–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Jtaer 21 00061 g001
Figure 1. Research model.
Figure 1. Research model.
Jtaer 21 00061 g001
Jtaer 21 00061 g002
Figure 2. PLS-SEM Results.
Figure 2. PLS-SEM Results.
Jtaer 21 00061 g002
Table 1. Summary of related literature.
Table 1. Summary of related literature.
ReferenceContextTheoryKey Findings
[6]JordanExtended UTAUT2The findings of this study illustrated that social influence, trust, and performance expectancy were the key predictors of consumers’ decision to adopt mobile payment systems. The findings also demonstrated an important role of security and privacy in affecting consumers’ trust.
[7]JordanExtended UTAUT2The findings of this study illustrated that social influence, uncertainty avoidance, and performance expectancy were the key predictors of Jordanian consumers’ intention to use digital payment systems.
[9]SpainExtended TPBThe findings of this study illustrated a significant effect of consumers’ attitude and perceived behavioral control on their intention to use and recommend the Bizum P2P mobile payment system. However, the effect of perceived risk was insignificant, while perceived security had a significant moderating effect.
[10]SpainStimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) modelThe proposed research model arranged the variables into environmental factors, consumers’ emotions and cognition factors, and a response factor. The data analysis results showed support for all the proposed hypotheses. Furthermore, the findings reported that perceived usefulness was the major predictor of consumers’ intentions to use.
[17]SpainBehavioral modelBased on a literature review, the study proposed a research model to investigate the effect of seven variables on consumers’ intention to use the Bizum P2P mobile payment system. The findings indicated that perceived usefulness and subjective norms were the major predictors of consumers’ intentions to use, risk had a significant negative effect, and there was no statistically significant effect for perceived innovativeness.
[18]SpainMixed-method approachBased on a literature review, the study identified nine variables that presumably influence consumers’ intention to use P2P mobile payment systems. These variables were then verified through qualitative interviews. The logistic regression results indicated that six of these variables had a significant effect on consumers’ intention to use (i.e., ease of use, personal innovativeness, perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, subjective norms, and perceived risk). Moreover, the neural network analysis confirmed these findings and provided more in-depth details.
[21]ChinaTRA, TPBThe study intended to compare the factors that influence Chinese consumers’ intentions to use WeChat and AliPay. Following a literature review, the study proposed a research model that included six variables. The findings indicated that consumers’ trust and perceived usefulness had a significant effect on use intention for both mobile payment services. The findings also indicated that compatibility had a stronger effect on perceived usefulness for AliPay users. Meanwhile, ubiquity had a stronger effect on perceived usefulness for WeChat Pay users.
[22]USADescriptive data analysis approachThe findings of this study illustrated that personal payments were more common than commercial ones and the social features of the Venmo P2P mobile payment system positively influenced consumers’ adoption.
[23]ChinaExtended TAMThe findings of this study illustrated that trust and perceived ease of use had a significant effect on consumers’ attitude, which positively affected consumers’ satisfaction. In addition, satisfaction had a strong effect on consumers’ continuance intention to use Alipay. However, the effect of perceived usefulness was insignificant.
[24]USAQualitative interviewsThe findings of this study illustrated that the Venmo P2P mobile payment system can reveal sensitive user information and personal characteristics, which raised consumers’ security and privacy concerns and affected their intention to use this system.
[25]IndonesiaQuantitative
research		The findings of this study illustrated that perceived structural assurance had the strongest effect on consumers’ trust in using P2P lending services. Moreover, the study reported a significant effect for ease of use and brand image. However, the service provider’s integrity effect on trust was insignificant.
[26]IndiaTAMThe findings of this study illustrated that perceived usefulness significantly affected consumers’ behavioral intention to use P2P lending services. However, the effect of perceived ease of use was insignificant.
[27]TunisiaQuantitative
research		The findings of this study illustrated that consumers’ trust is a crucial factor in their decision to adopt mobile payments. In addition, the data analysis results provided partial support for the effect of perceived risk and perceived structural assurance on trust.
[28]IndiaExpectation-confirmation modelThe findings of this study illustrated that perceived usefulness, social influence, perceived trust, and confirmation positively affected consumers’ continuance intention to use P2P mobile services.
[29]IndonesiaExtended TAMThe findings of this study illustrated that perceived structural assurance and perceived ease of borrowing had a significant effect on perceived usefulness. However, these two variables had no direct significant effect on consumers’ continuance intention. The findings indicated that only perceived usefulness had a direct significant effect on consumers’ continuance intention.
[30]IndonesiaExtended TAMThe findings of this study illustrated that perceived ease of use had a significant effect on consumers’ intention to use P2P lending services. However, the effect of perceived usefulness was insignificant.
[31]ChinaStimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) modelThe findings of this study illustrated that social-influence- and platform-related factors had a significant effect on WeChat’s perceived value, which had a significant effect on consumers’ continuance intention.
[32]SpainMachine learning predictionBased on a literature review, the study identified seven variables that presumably influence consumers’ intention to use P2P mobile payment systems. The findings illustrated that perceived usefulness, trust, and subjective norms were the key drivers of consumers’ adoption of the Bizum P2P mobile payment system.
Table 2. Measurement scales.
Table 2. Measurement scales.
ConstructAdapted from
Perceived usefulness[17,53,55]
Perceived structural assurance[25,29]
Satisfaction[17,28]
Security[4,9]
Table 3. Demographic characteristics.
Table 3. Demographic characteristics.
Category FrequencyPercentage
Respondents’ Age18–304723
31–4010551
41–504623
Above 5063
Respondent’s SexMale12762
Female7738
LocationThe Capital5025
Major City9144
Rural Area6331
EducationHigh School136
Diploma147
Bachelor’s Degree15576
Higher-Education Degree2211
Income<5008642
501–10004824
1001–150094
1501–2000105
Prefer Not To Disclose5125
Table 4. The reliability and validity of the research model.
Table 4. The reliability and validity of the research model.
Cronbach’s AlphaComposite
Reliability (rho_a)		Composite Reliability (rho_c)Average Variance Extracted (AVE)
Perceived Structural Assurance (PSA)0.9050.9130.9330.788
Perceived Security (PSC)0.8580.8630.9040.701
Attitude (ATT)0.9240.9320.9520.868
Subjective Norms (SN)0.9070.9100.9360.786
Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)0.9050.9100.9340.779
Perceived Usefulness (PU)0.8780.8940.9160.734
Satisfaction (SAT)0.9290.9290.9490.824
Cont. Intention (CIU)0.9220.9220.9500.865
Table 5. The discriminant validity (Fornell–Larcker).
Table 5. The discriminant validity (Fornell–Larcker).
12345678
PSA0.882
PSC0.1850.837
ATT0.6710.2210.932
SN0.5250.2540.6500.887
PBC0.5770.1750.7620.6700.883
PU0.6070.1990.7810.6450.7790.857
SAT0.7080.1500.7740.5780.7500.7230.908
CUI0.6230.2690.8470.5870.7600.7810.7660.930
Table 6. The discriminant validity (HTMT).
Table 6. The discriminant validity (HTMT).
12345678
PSA........
PSC0.207.......
ATT0.7280.241......
SN0.5770.2820.710.....
PBC0.6380.1960.8280.739....
PU0.6710.2200.7590.7270.823...
ST0.7730.1650.8330.6290.8150.798.
BI0.6790.2990.7120.6430.8290.8160.827.
Table 7. Hypothesis testing.
Table 7. Hypothesis testing.
HypothesisT Statisticsβp-ValuesResult
H1a: PSA → PS1.9740.1850.025 *Supported
H1b: PSA → ATT13.1400.6700.000 **Supported
H2: PS → CIU2.8350.0910.003 **Supported
H3: ATT → CIU4.6000.4670.000 **Supported
H4: SN → CIU−1.427−0.0680.922Not Supported
H5a: PBC → CIU1.7060.1440.045 *Supported
H5b: PBC → ST5.4260.4740.000 **Supported
H6a: PU → CIU2.3850.2050.009 **Supported
H6b: PU → ST3.7290.3540.000 **Supported
H7: ST → CIU2.7040.1740.004 **Supported
Note: Significant at ** p ≤ 0.01 and * p < 0.05.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Alsharo, M.; Khwaileh, J.; Al-Essa, M. Examining Consumers’ Continuance Intention to Use P2P Mobile Payment Systems: An Extended TPB Approach. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2026, 21, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer21020061

AMA Style

Alsharo M, Khwaileh J, Al-Essa M. Examining Consumers’ Continuance Intention to Use P2P Mobile Payment Systems: An Extended TPB Approach. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research. 2026; 21(2):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer21020061

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alsharo, Mohammad, Jumana Khwaileh, and Malik Al-Essa. 2026. "Examining Consumers’ Continuance Intention to Use P2P Mobile Payment Systems: An Extended TPB Approach" Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 21, no. 2: 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer21020061

APA Style

Alsharo, M., Khwaileh, J., & Al-Essa, M. (2026). Examining Consumers’ Continuance Intention to Use P2P Mobile Payment Systems: An Extended TPB Approach. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 21(2), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer21020061

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop