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Molecules, Volume 15, Issue 7 (July 2010) – 36 articles , Pages 4490-5065

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450 KiB  
Article
An Amperometric Immunosensor Based on a Polyelectrolyte/ Gold Magnetic Nanoparticle Supramolecular Assembly—Modified Electrode for the Determination of HIV p24 in Serum
by Ning Gan, Jianguo Hou, Futao Hu, Lei Zheng, Minjun Ni and Yuting Cao
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 5053-5065; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15075053 - 23 Jul 2010
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8683
Abstract
Unmanaged sudden withdrawal from the excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) adversely alters neuronal integrity in vulnerable brain regions such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, or cortex. In addition to well known hyperexcitatory neurotransmissions, ethanol withdrawal (EW) provokes the intense generation of reactive oxygen species [...] Read more.
Unmanaged sudden withdrawal from the excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) adversely alters neuronal integrity in vulnerable brain regions such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, or cortex. In addition to well known hyperexcitatory neurotransmissions, ethanol withdrawal (EW) provokes the intense generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of stress-responding protein kinases, which are the focus of this review article. EW also inflicts mitochondrial membranes/membrane potential, perturbs redox balance, and suppresses mitochondrial enzymes, all of which impair a fundamental function of mitochondria. Moreover, EW acts as an age-provoking stressor. The vulnerable age to EW stress is not necessarily the oldest age and varies depending upon the target molecule of EW. A major female sex steroid, 17β-estradiol (E2), interferes with the EW-induced alteration of oxidative signaling pathways and thereby protects neurons, mitochondria, and behaviors. The current review attempts to provide integrated information at the levels of oxidative signaling mechanisms by which EW provokes brain injuries and E2 protects against it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supramolecular Assembly)
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183 KiB  
Article
Platinum-Catalyzed Hydrative Cyclization of 1,6-Diynes for the Synthesis of 3,5-Substituted Conjugated Cyclohexenones
by Chen Zhang, Jian-Feng Qi, Dong-Mei Cui, Qian Wang and Xiu-Li Wang
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 5045-5052; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15075045 - 23 Jul 2010
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6922
Abstract
We have developed a Pt(COD)Cl2-catalyzed hydrative cyclization of 1,6-diynes leading to the formation of functionalized cyclohexenones in good yields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ring-Closing Metathesis)
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963 KiB  
Article
Selecting Diversified Compounds to Build a Tangible Library for Biological and Biochemical Assays
by Qiong Gu, Jun Xu and Lianquan Gu
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 5031-5044; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15075031 - 23 Jul 2010
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7796
Abstract
The quality of diverse compound selection mainly depends on cluster algorithms, descriptors, the combinations of the descriptors, and similarity metrics. The Jarvis-Patrick algorithm, MDL search keys, and Daylight fingerprints are a well accepted algorithm and structure descriptors for compound library diversity analysis. Based [...] Read more.
The quality of diverse compound selection mainly depends on cluster algorithms, descriptors, the combinations of the descriptors, and similarity metrics. The Jarvis-Patrick algorithm, MDL search keys, and Daylight fingerprints are a well accepted algorithm and structure descriptors for compound library diversity analysis. Based upon our 288 experiments on selecting compounds from various descriptor combinations, we have found (1) hybrid Daylight and MDL structural descriptors for diversity analyses can produce worse results; (2) selections based purely on 2,048-bit Daylight fingerprints yield better results than the ones based purely on MDL 166-bit search keys; (3) when Daylight fingerprints and MDL search keys are combined, it is better to compute the similarities independently, then to take the smaller value for the outcome. This will yield better average separation of clusters; (4) regarding the consistency of different clustering approaches, the Daylight fingerprints based clustering is more consistent with the SCA approach than it does with the MDL search keys based approach; (5) The MDL search keys based selection approach tends to select a greater number of compounds from larger clusters. As the Daylight fingerprint is folded two and three times, respectively, information is lost, and this approach tends to select a greater number of compounds from larger clusters as well. These results have not been reported before to our knowledge. Full article
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429 KiB  
Article
Anethole Isomerization and Dimerization Induced by Acid Sites or UV Irradiation
by Hans T. Castro, Jairo René Martínez and Elena Stashenko
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 5012-5030; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15075012 - 22 Jul 2010
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 9195
Abstract
The formation of cis-anethole and various dimers as a result of the exposure of trans-anethole to microporous solid acids (dealuminated HY zeolites), or UV-Vis irradiation was established by means of high resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. 3,4-bis-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-(E)-hex-2-ene [...] Read more.
The formation of cis-anethole and various dimers as a result of the exposure of trans-anethole to microporous solid acids (dealuminated HY zeolites), or UV-Vis irradiation was established by means of high resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. 3,4-bis-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-(E)-hex-2-ene was the most abundant compound among eight different methoxyphenyl-disubstituted hexenes produced by electrophilic addition and elimination reactions induced by HY zeolites. (1a,2a,3b,4b)-1,2-bis(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethylcyclobutane was the principal component in the mixture of 5 methoxyphenyl-disubstituted cyclobutanes found, together with cis-anethole, after UV-Vis irradiation of a trans-anethole solution in toluene. Full article
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616 KiB  
Review
Alcohol Withdrawal and Brain Injuries: Beyond Classical Mechanisms
by Marianna E. Jung and Daniel B. Metzger
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4984-5011; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074984 - 20 Jul 2010
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 11396
Abstract
Unmanaged sudden withdrawal from the excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) adversely alters neuronal integrity in vulnerable brain regions such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, or cortex. In addition to well known hyperexcitatory neurotransmissions, ethanol withdrawal (EW) provokes the intense generation of reactive oxygen species [...] Read more.
Unmanaged sudden withdrawal from the excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) adversely alters neuronal integrity in vulnerable brain regions such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, or cortex. In addition to well known hyperexcitatory neurotransmissions, ethanol withdrawal (EW) provokes the intense generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of stress-responding protein kinases, which are the focus of this review article. EW also inflicts mitochondrial membranes/membrane potential, perturbs redox balance, and suppresses mitochondrial enzymes, all of which impair a fundamental function of mitochondria. Moreover, EW acts as an age-provoking stressor. The vulnerable age to EW stress is not necessarily the oldest age and varies depending upon the target molecule of EW. A major female sex steroid, 17β-estradiol (E2), interferes with the EW-induced alteration of oxidative signaling pathways and thereby protects neurons, mitochondria, and behaviors. The current review attempts to provide integrated information at the levels of oxidative signaling mechanisms by which EW provokes brain injuries and E2 protects against it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroprotective Strategies)
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357 KiB  
Article
Solid-Phase Synthetic Route to Multiple Derivatives of a Fundamental Peptide Unit
by William L. Scott, Ziniu Zhou, Paweł Zajdel, Maciej Pawłowski and Martin J. O’Donnell
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4961-4983; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074961 - 20 Jul 2010
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8236
Abstract
Amino acids are Nature’s combinatorial building blocks. When substituted on both the amino and carboxyl sides they become the basic scaffold present in all peptides and proteins. We report a solid-phase synthetic route to large combinatorial variations of this fundamental scaffold, extending the [...] Read more.
Amino acids are Nature’s combinatorial building blocks. When substituted on both the amino and carboxyl sides they become the basic scaffold present in all peptides and proteins. We report a solid-phase synthetic route to large combinatorial variations of this fundamental scaffold, extending the variety of substituted biomimetic molecules available to successfully implement the Distributed Drug Discovery (D3) project. In a single solid-phase sequence, compatible with basic amine substituents, three-point variation is performed at the amino acid a-carbon and the amino and carboxyl functionalities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Phase Synthesis)
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632 KiB  
Review
Extremely Efficient Catalysis of Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation Using "Click" Dendrimer-Stabilized Palladium Nanoparticles
by Didier Astruc, Cátia Ornelas, Abdou K. Diallo and Jaime Ruiz
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4947-4960; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074947 - 20 Jul 2010
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10346
Abstract
This article is an account of the work carried out in the authors’ laboratory illustrating the usefulness of dendrimer design for nanoparticle palladium catalysis. The “click” synthesis of dendrimers constructed generation by generation by 1à3 C connectivity, introduces 1,2,3-triazolyl ligands insides the dendrimers [...] Read more.
This article is an account of the work carried out in the authors’ laboratory illustrating the usefulness of dendrimer design for nanoparticle palladium catalysis. The “click” synthesis of dendrimers constructed generation by generation by 1à3 C connectivity, introduces 1,2,3-triazolyl ligands insides the dendrimers at each generation. Complexation of the ligands by PdII followed by reduction to Pd0 forms dendrimer-stabilized Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) that are extremely reactive in the catalysis of olefin hydrogenation and C-C bond coupling reactions. The stabilization can be outer-dendritic for the small zeroth-generation dendrimer or intra-dendritic for the larger first- and second-generation dendrimers. The example of the Miyaura-Suzuki reaction that can be catalyzed by down to 1 ppm of PdNPs with a “homeopathic” mechanism (the less, the better) is illustrated here, including catalysis in aqueous solvents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-catalysts and Nano-technologies for Green Organic Synthesis)
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184 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant Activities of Various Extracts from Artemisisa selengensis Turcz (LuHao)
by Feng Shi, Xiaobin Jia, Chenglei Zhao and Yan Chen
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4934-4946; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074934 - 16 Jul 2010
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8688
Abstract
The antioxidant activities of the various extracts and fractions from the herbs of Artemisia selegensis Turcz (AST) were investigated by in vitro and in vivo assays. FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the extracts/fractions in vitro [...] Read more.
The antioxidant activities of the various extracts and fractions from the herbs of Artemisia selegensis Turcz (AST) were investigated by in vitro and in vivo assays. FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the extracts/fractions in vitro. The effect of water extract (WE) in reducing oxidative stress in male mice was evaluated. Phenolic acid compounds contribute significantly to the antioxidant activity. From the results of three in vitro antioxidant assays, WE was found to have the highest antioxidant activity, and among the WE subfractions, the water soluble fraction has a significant antioxidant activity. The in vivo antioxidant assay results showed that high doses of WE significantly decrease the MDA level compared to normal diet and D-(+) galactose group (p < 0.05), and the SOD activity of mice given a high dose of WE was the highest. These in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the extracts, especially the WE from AST, have significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. In summary, we propose that AST could be potentially used as a rich source of natural antioxidants. Full article
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248 KiB  
Article
Solid-Phase Synthesis of New Trp(Nps)-Containing Dipeptide Derivatives as TRPV1 Channel Blockers
by Mª Jesús Pérez De Vega, Mª Teresa García-López, Laura Zaccaro, Miriam Royo, Fernando Albericio, Asia Fernández-Carvajal, Antonio Ferrer-Montiel and Rosario González-Muñiz
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4924-4933; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074924 - 15 Jul 2010
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 9730
Abstract
Trp(Nps)-Lys-NH2 derivatives, bearing alkyl or guanidine groups either at the N–terminus or on the Lys side-chain or at both positions were conveniently prepared on solid-phase and evaluated as TRPV1 channel antagonists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Phase Synthesis)
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800 KiB  
Article
Syntheses, Characterization, and Photo-Hydrogen-Evolving Properties of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Derivatives Tethered to an H2-Evolving (2-phenylpyridinato)platinum(II) Unit
by Masayuki Kobayashi, Shigeyuki Masaoka and Ken Sakai
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4908-4923; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074908 - 14 Jul 2010
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 10119
Abstract
With the aim of developing new molecular devices having higher photo-hydrogen-evolving activity, Pt(ppy)ClX units (ppy = 2-phenylpyridinate, X = Cl- or DMSO; DMSO = dimethylsulfoxide) have been employed as an H2-evolving site, as the catalytic activity of [Pt(ppy)Cl2] [...] Read more.
With the aim of developing new molecular devices having higher photo-hydrogen-evolving activity, Pt(ppy)ClX units (ppy = 2-phenylpyridinate, X = Cl- or DMSO; DMSO = dimethylsulfoxide) have been employed as an H2-evolving site, as the catalytic activity of [Pt(ppy)Cl2]- was confirmed to be higher than those of other mononuclear platinum(II) complexes. In the present study, two new heterodinuclear Ru(II)Pt(II) complexes, produced by condensation of [Ru(bpy)2(5-amino-phen)]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) with [Pt(cppy)Cl2]- and Pt(cppy)(DMSO)Cl (cppy = 9-carboxy-phenylpyridinate), respectively, have been prepared and their photo-hydrogen-evolving activities have been evaluated in detail. The ineffectiveness of these systems as photo-hydrogen-evolving molecular devices are interpreted in terms of their negative driving forces for the photoinduced electron transfer from the triplet MLCT excited state of the Ru chromophore to the p*(ppy) orbital of the catalyst moiety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis)
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119 KiB  
Article
Antifungal Activity of Extracts and Prenylated Coumarins Isolated from Baccharis darwinii Hook & Arn. (Asteraceae)
by Rita R. Kurdelas, Beatriz Lima, Alejandro Tapia, Gabriela Egly Feresin, Manuel Gonzalez Sierra, María Victoria Rodríguez, Susana Zacchino, Ricardo D. Enriz and Monica L. Freile
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4898-4907; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074898 - 13 Jul 2010
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 11337
Abstract
The petroleum ether extract of Baccharis darwinii showed activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and dermatophytes. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of Baccharis darwinii has resulted in the isolation of three coumarins: 5’-hydroxy aurapten (anisocoumarin H, 1), aurapten (7-geranyloxycoumarin, 2) and 5’-oxoaurapten (diversinin, 3). The [...] Read more.
The petroleum ether extract of Baccharis darwinii showed activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and dermatophytes. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of Baccharis darwinii has resulted in the isolation of three coumarins: 5’-hydroxy aurapten (anisocoumarin H, 1), aurapten (7-geranyloxycoumarin, 2) and 5’-oxoaurapten (diversinin, 3). The structures of these compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. These compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobialactivity against a panel of each, bacteria and fungi. Compound 3 showed the best activities against Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes with MICs = 15.6 µg/mL, followed by compound 1 whose MICs against the same fungi were 62.5 µg/mL. In addition they showed fungicidal rather than fungistatic activity. Both compounds showed moderate activity (MICs = 125 µg/mL) against Cryptococcus neoformans. This is the first report of the presence of compound 1 in B. darwinii. Full article
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186 KiB  
Article
A New High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination and Distribution of Linalool in Michelia alba
by En-Qin Xia, Yang Song, Xu-Xia Ai, Ya-Jun Guo, Xiang-Rong Xu and Hua-Bin Li
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4890-4897; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074890 - 12 Jul 2010
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 12208
Abstract
A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method with photodiode array detection was established for the determination of linalool in the plant Michelia alba. Linalool was extracted from the plant sample with the aid of ultrasound, and was analyzed on a Waters RP C [...] Read more.
A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method with photodiode array detection was established for the determination of linalool in the plant Michelia alba. Linalool was extracted from the plant sample with the aid of ultrasound, and was analyzed on a Waters RP C18 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) using an acetonitrile and water (55:45, v/v) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 25 ºC, and the detection wavelength was 210 nm. The linear range of the method was 5–200 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9975. The recovery was 92–112%, and the relative standard deviation was 1.85% (n = 9). The present method has been used to study the distribution of linalool in the plant Michelia alba. The plant samples include flowers, leaves and tender twigs. Furthermore, leaves included samples in their tender, grown-up and fallen phases, and flowers included samples in their juvenile, middle and whitening phases. The concentrations of linalool in different parts of the plant were 0.21–0.65%, 1.63–4.89% and 0.43% for leaves, flowers and tender twigs, respectively. The results showed that all the plant materials contained relative high concentration of linalool, and juvenile phase flowers contained the highest concentration of linalool. Notably, the fallen leaves also contained high concentrations of linalool, which could be a potential resource of this compound. The results obtained are very helpful for the potential full utilization of this plant. Full article
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614 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning Techniques for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism—Disease Classification Models in Schizophrenia
by Vanessa Aguiar-Pulido, José A. Seoane, Juan R. Rabuñal, Julián Dorado, Alejandro Pazos and Cristian R. Munteanu
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4875-4889; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074875 - 12 Jul 2010
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 16558
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used as inputs in disease computational studies such as pattern searching and classification models. Schizophrenia is an example of a complex disease with an important social impact. The multiple causes of this disease create the need of [...] Read more.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used as inputs in disease computational studies such as pattern searching and classification models. Schizophrenia is an example of a complex disease with an important social impact. The multiple causes of this disease create the need of new genetic or proteomic patterns that can diagnose patients using biological information. This work presents a computational study of disease machine learning classification models using only single nucleotide polymorphisms at the HTR2A and DRD3 genes from Galician (Northwest Spain) schizophrenic patients. These classification models establish for the first time, to the best knowledge of the authors, a relationship between the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule and schizophrenia (Quantitative Genotype – Disease Relationships) that can automatically recognize schizophrenia DNA sequences and correctly classify between 78.3–93.8% of schizophrenia subjects when using datasets which include simulated negative subjects and a linear artificial neural network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Computational Chemistry to Complex Networks)
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481 KiB  
Review
Microheterogeneous Catalysis
by Eva Bernal, María Marchena and Francisco Sánchez
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4815-4874; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074815 - 09 Jul 2010
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10262
Abstract
The catalytic effect of micelles, polymers (such as DNA, polypeptides) and nanoparticles, saturable receptors (cyclodextrins and calixarenes) and more complex systems (mixing some of the above mentioned catalysts) have been reviewed. In these microheterogeneous systems the observed changes in the rate constants have [...] Read more.
The catalytic effect of micelles, polymers (such as DNA, polypeptides) and nanoparticles, saturable receptors (cyclodextrins and calixarenes) and more complex systems (mixing some of the above mentioned catalysts) have been reviewed. In these microheterogeneous systems the observed changes in the rate constants have been rationalized using the Pseudophase Model. This model produces equations that can be derived from the Brönsted equation, which is the basis for a more general formulation of catalytic effects, including electrocatalysis. When, in the catalyzed reaction one of the reactants is in the excited state, the applicability (at least formally) of the Pseudophase Model occurs only in two limiting situations: the lifetime of the fluorophore and the distributions of the quencher and the probe are the main properties that define the different situations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysis)
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882 KiB  
Review
Recyclable Nanostructured Catalytic Systems in Modern Environmentally Friendly Organic Synthesis
by Irina Beletskaya and Vladimir Tyurin
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4792-4814; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074792 - 08 Jul 2010
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 10735
Abstract
Modern chemical synthesis makes heavy use of different types of catalytic systems: homogeneous, heterogeneous and nano-sized. The latter – nano-sized catalysts – have given rise in the 21st century to a rapidly developing area of research encompassing several prospects and opportunities for new [...] Read more.
Modern chemical synthesis makes heavy use of different types of catalytic systems: homogeneous, heterogeneous and nano-sized. The latter – nano-sized catalysts – have given rise in the 21st century to a rapidly developing area of research encompassing several prospects and opportunities for new technologies. Catalytic reactions ensure high regio- and stereoselectivity of chemical transformations, as well as better yields and milder reaction conditions. In recent years several novel catalytic systems were developed for selective formation of carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bonds. This review presents the achievements of our team in our studies on various types of catalysts containing metal nanoparticles: palladium-containing diblock copolymer micelles; soluble palladium-containing polymers; metallides on a support; polymeric metal salts and oxides; and, in addition, metal-free organic catalysts based on soluble polymers acting as nanoreactors. Representative examples are given and discussed in light of possible applications to solve important problems in modern organic synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-catalysts and Nano-technologies for Green Organic Synthesis)
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161 KiB  
Communication
Palladium(II) Complexes of NS Donor Ligands Derived from Steroidal Thiosemicarbazones as Antibacterial Agents
by Abdullah M. Asiri and Salman A. Khan
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4784-4791; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074784 - 08 Jul 2010
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 7992
Abstract
We have investigated the antibacterial activity of some new steroidal thiosemicarbazones and their Pd(II) metal complexes were prepared by the reaction of the thiosemicarbazones with [Pd(DMSO)2Cl2]. The steroidal thiosemicarbazones were prepared by the reaction of thiosemicarbazides with a steroidal [...] Read more.
We have investigated the antibacterial activity of some new steroidal thiosemicarbazones and their Pd(II) metal complexes were prepared by the reaction of the thiosemicarbazones with [Pd(DMSO)2Cl2]. The steroidal thiosemicarbazones were prepared by the reaction of thiosemicarbazides with a steroidal ketone. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FAB mass spectroscopic methods, elemental analyses and TGA analysis. The antibacterial activity of these compounds were tested in vitro by the disk diffusion assay against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. The results showed that steroidal complexes are better inhibitors of both types of the bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) as compared to steroidal thiosemicarbazones. Compound Ia displays remarkable antibacterial activity as compared to amoxicillin. Full article
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306 KiB  
Article
Solid-Phase Synthesis of the Lipopeptide Myr-HBVpreS/2-78, a Hepatitis B Virus Entry Inhibitor
by Alexa Schieck, Thomas Müller, Andreas Schulze, Uwe Haberkorn, Stephan Urban and Walter Mier
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4773-4783; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074773 - 07 Jul 2010
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 13465
Abstract
Chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Synthetic peptides derived from the N-terminus of the large HBV envelope protein (L-protein) have been shown to efficiently block HBV entry. Myr-HBVpreS/2-78, the parent compound of these drugs, [...] Read more.
Chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Synthetic peptides derived from the N-terminus of the large HBV envelope protein (L-protein) have been shown to efficiently block HBV entry. Myr-HBVpreS/2-78, the parent compound of these drugs, inhibits human HBV infection in vitro and in vivo. An efficient synthesis is required, as these peptides constitute a novel class of anti HBV drugs. Consequently, the solid phase synthesis of the N-terminal 77 amino acids of the viral L-protein was studied in detail. The peptide was N-terminally myristoylated to resemble the natural, postranslationally modified protein. The synthesis was monitored using the Fmoc cleavage pattern of the solid phase synthesis on a standard peptide synthesizer and by LC-MS analyses of the arising side products. “Difficult sequences” in the positions 42-47 of the peptide sequence complicate the efficient synthesis of the 77-mer peptide HBVpreS/2-78. Attempts were undertaken to optimize the synthesis by heating, double coupling or the use of pseudoproline dipeptides. HPLC-MS analyses showed that the efficiency of the synthesis could be increased best by temperature elevation. This resulted in a higher purity of the crude product after solid phase synthesis. It was possible to minimize the occurrence of side products due to the positive effects related to higher reaction temperature. In conclusion, the peptide is accessible by stepwise SPPS without the necessity of segment coupling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Phase Synthesis)
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616 KiB  
Article
Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication and Dimerization Interference by Dual Inhibitory RNAs
by Francisco J. Sánchez-Luque, José A. Reyes-Darias, Elena Puerta-Fernández and Alfredo Berzal-Herranz
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4757-4772; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074757 - 07 Jul 2010
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 11468
Abstract
The 5’-untranslated region (5’UTR) of the HIV-1 RNA is an attractive target for engineered ribozymes due to its high sequence and structural conservation. This region encodes several conserved structural RNA domains essential in key processes of the viral replication and infection cycles. This [...] Read more.
The 5’-untranslated region (5’UTR) of the HIV-1 RNA is an attractive target for engineered ribozymes due to its high sequence and structural conservation. This region encodes several conserved structural RNA domains essential in key processes of the viral replication and infection cycles. This paper reports the inhibitory effects of catalytic antisense RNAs composed of two inhibitory RNA domains: an engineered ribozyme targeting the 5’ UTR and a decoy or antisense domain of the dimerization initiation site (DIS). These chimeric molecules are able to cleave the HIV-1 5’UTR efficiently and prevent viral genome dimerization in vitro. Furthermore, catalytic antisense RNAs inhibited viral production up to 90% measured as p24 antigen levels in ex vivo assays. The use of chimeric RNA molecules targeting different domains represents an attractive antiviral strategy to be explored for the prevention of side effects from current drugs and of the rapid emergence of escape variants of HIV-1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Nucleic Acids)
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127 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Ratio Study of Poly(di(tri-n-butyltin) citraconate-co-N-vinylimidazole)
by Salem S. Al-Deyab, Mohamed H. El-Newehy and Ali M. Al-Hazmi
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4750-4756; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074750 - 07 Jul 2010
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 10817
Abstract
The organotin monomer di(tri-n-butyltin) citraconate (DTBTC, I) was synthesized. Subsequently this monomer was copolymerized with N-vinylimidazole (VI) using a free radical technique. The overall conversion was kept low (≤14% wt/wt) for all studied samples and the copolymer composition was [...] Read more.
The organotin monomer di(tri-n-butyltin) citraconate (DTBTC, I) was synthesized. Subsequently this monomer was copolymerized with N-vinylimidazole (VI) using a free radical technique. The overall conversion was kept low (≤14% wt/wt) for all studied samples and the copolymer composition was determined from tin analysis using the Gilman and Rosenberg method. The synthesized monomer and copolymer were further characterized by elemental analysis, 1H- and 13C-NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. Full article
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332 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Selected 3-Benzofurancarboxylic Acid Derivatives
by Jerzy Kossakowski, Mariola Krawiecka, Bożena Kuran, Joanna Stefańska and Irena Wolska
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4737-4749; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074737 - 06 Jul 2010
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6259
Abstract
Halogen derivatives of selected 3-benzofurancarboxylic acids were prepared using 6-acetyl-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-benzofuranocarboxylic acid as starting material. 1H-NMR spectra were obtained for all of the synthesized structures, and for compound VI, an X-ray crystal structure was also obtained. All derivatives were tested for antimicrobial [...] Read more.
Halogen derivatives of selected 3-benzofurancarboxylic acids were prepared using 6-acetyl-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-benzofuranocarboxylic acid as starting material. 1H-NMR spectra were obtained for all of the synthesized structures, and for compound VI, an X-ray crystal structure was also obtained. All derivatives were tested for antimicrobial activity against a selection of Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative rods and yeasts. Three compounds, III, IV, and VI, showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 50 to 200 mg/mL). Compounds VI and III exhibited antifungal activity against the Candida strains C. albicans and C. parapsilosis (MIC – 100 mg/mL). Full article
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328 KiB  
Article
Regioselective O-Derivatization of Quercetin via Ester Intermediates. An Improved Synthesis of Rhamnetin and Development of a New Mitochondriotropic Derivative
by Andrea Mattarei, Lucia Biasutto, Federico Rastrelli, Spiridione Garbisa, Ester Marotta, Mario Zoratti and Cristina Paradisi
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4722-4736; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074722 - 06 Jul 2010
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 16100
Abstract
The regioselective synthesis of several quercetin (3,3’,4’,5,7-pentahydroxy flavone) tetraesters bearing a single free OH on 5-C was achieved in good yield by proper choice of reaction conditions using common esterification procedures. Tetracetylated quercetin with the free OH on 7-C was selectively obtained instead [...] Read more.
The regioselective synthesis of several quercetin (3,3’,4’,5,7-pentahydroxy flavone) tetraesters bearing a single free OH on 5-C was achieved in good yield by proper choice of reaction conditions using common esterification procedures. Tetracetylated quercetin with the free OH on 7-C was selectively obtained instead via imidazole-promoted deacylation of the corresponding pentaester. Unambiguous structural characterization of the two isomeric tetraacetyl quercetin derivatives was obtained by combined HSQC and HMBC 2D-NMR analysis. These molecules can be used as starting materials for the regioselective synthesis of other derivatives. High yield syntheses of the natural polyphenol rhamnetin (7-O-methylquercetin) and of the new mitochondriotropic compound 7-(4-triphenylphosphoniumbutyl) quercetin iodide are reported as examples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolics and Polyphenolics)
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179 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Some New Pyridine-2,6-carboxamide-derived Schiff Bases as Potential Antimicrobial Agents
by Mohamed A. Al-Omar and Abd El-Galil E. Amr
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4711-4721; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074711 - 06 Jul 2010
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 10986
Abstract
A series of pyridine-bridged 2,6-bis-carboxamide Schiff's bases has been prepared starting from 2,6-pyridinedicarbonyl dichloride (1) and L-alanine or 2-methyl-alanine methyl ester.The coupling of acid chloride 1 with L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride -or 2-methylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride gave the corresponding 2,6-bis-carboxamide pyridine [...] Read more.
A series of pyridine-bridged 2,6-bis-carboxamide Schiff's bases has been prepared starting from 2,6-pyridinedicarbonyl dichloride (1) and L-alanine or 2-methyl-alanine methyl ester.The coupling of acid chloride 1 with L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride -or 2-methylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride gave the corresponding 2,6-bis-carboxamide pyridine methyl esters 2a,b.Hydrazonolysis of 2 with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding bis-hydrazides 3a,b. Treatment of 3a,b with appropriate aromatic or heterocyclic aldehydes afforded the corresponding pyridine- bridged 2,6-bis-carboxamide Schiff's bases 4a-f and 5a-f, respectively. The newly synthesized compounds 2-5 were screened for their bactericidal and fungicidal activities. Many of the obtained compounds exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, comparable to streptomycin and fusidic acid, which were used as reference antibiotic drugs. Full article
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818 KiB  
Article
Antiosteoporotic Effects and Proteomic Characterization of the Target and Mechanism of an Er-Xian Decoction on Osteoblastic UMR-106 and Osteoclasts Induced From RAW264.7
by Zheng Zhu, Li-Ming Xue, Ting Han, Lei Jiao, Lu-Ping Qin, Yu-Shan Li, Han-Chen Zheng and Qiao-Yan Zhang
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4695-4710; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074695 - 05 Jul 2010
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 11417
Abstract
Er-Xian Decoction (EXD) has been used for the treatment of osteoporosis disorders, menopausal syndrome, and other aging diseases in the Chinese traditional healthcare system. However, the targets and mechanism of action have not been clarified. This study was designed to investigate the effects [...] Read more.
Er-Xian Decoction (EXD) has been used for the treatment of osteoporosis disorders, menopausal syndrome, and other aging diseases in the Chinese traditional healthcare system. However, the targets and mechanism of action have not been clarified. This study was designed to investigate the effects and possible target proteins of EXD on osteoblastic UMR-106 cells and osteoclasts induced from RAW264.7 cells using the proteomic analysis technique. We found that EXD at a concentration of 50–200 μg/mL significantly enhanced osteoblastic UMR-106 cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and formation of bone nodules, and decreased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and the bone resorption action of osteoclasts induced from RAW 264.7 cells. In EXD-treated osteoblasts, there were increases in the expression of heat-shock protein 1, high mobility group protein (Hmgb1), acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0, histone 2, carbonyl reductase 1, ATP synthase, aldolase A, and Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI)-alpha; and reduction in the expression of carbonic anhydrase 3, prohibitin, hemiferrin, far upstream element (FUSE)-binding protein. In EXD-treated osteoclasts, there were increases in the expression of vimentin, protein disulfide isomerase associated 3 and alpha-fetoprotein; and reduction in the expression of calnexin. These results indicated that EXD modulates bone metabolism through regulation of osteoblastic proliferation, apoptosis, and cell activation, and osteoclastic protein folding and aggregation. Full article
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2351 KiB  
Article
A General Strategy for the Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide Decorated with PdO Nanoparticles in Water
by Hongkun He and Chao Gao
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4679-4694; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074679 - 02 Jul 2010
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 11525
Abstract
The preparation of carbon nanotube (CNT)/PdO nanoparticles and graphene oxide (GO)/PdO nanoparticle hybrids via a general aqueous solution strategy is reported. The PdO nanoparticles are generated in situ on the CNTs and GO by a one-step “green” synthetic approach in aqueous Pd(NO3 [...] Read more.
The preparation of carbon nanotube (CNT)/PdO nanoparticles and graphene oxide (GO)/PdO nanoparticle hybrids via a general aqueous solution strategy is reported. The PdO nanoparticles are generated in situ on the CNTs and GO by a one-step “green” synthetic approach in aqueous Pd(NO3)2 solution under ambient conditions without adding any additional chemicals. The production of PdO is confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The morphologies of the resulting CNT/PdO and GO/PdO nanohybrids are characterized by transmission and/or scanning transmission electron microscopy. PdO nanoparticles with an average size of 2–3 nm in diameter are decorated evenly along the surfaces of CNTs and GO. This synthesis strategy is demonstrated to be compatible for 1) CNTs with different modifications, including pristine, oxidized, and polymer-functionalized CNTs; 2) different types of CNTs, including single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs); and 3) different shapes of carbon materials, including tubular CNTs and planar GO. The as-prepared CNT/PdO and GO/PdO nanohybrids can be transformed into CNT/Pd and GO/Pd nanohybrids by reduction with NaBH4, and can then be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-catalysts and Nano-technologies for Green Organic Synthesis)
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234 KiB  
Review
Ribozyme-Mediated Inhibition of 801-bp Deletion-Mutant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor mRNA Expression in Glioblastoma Multiforme
by Georg Karpel-Massler, Christian Rainer Wirtz and Marc-Eric Halatsch
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4670-4678; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074670 - 30 Jun 2010
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 11687
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) is known to be disregulated in a large subgroup of glioblastoma multiforme cases. Disregulation of HER1/EGFR is related to malignant transformation and tumor growth in various human cancers, including malignant glioma. One mechanism that may lead to [...] Read more.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) is known to be disregulated in a large subgroup of glioblastoma multiforme cases. Disregulation of HER1/EGFR is related to malignant transformation and tumor growth in various human cancers, including malignant glioma. One mechanism that may lead to disregulated HER1/EGFR signaling is the intrinsic alteration of the receptor structure due to mutational changes. The most common mutant form of HER1/EGFR, named variant III (EGFRvIII), results from an 801 bp in-frame deletion in the DNA sequence encoding the extracellular ligand-binding domain. Independent of ligand–binding, EGFRvIII is constitutively activated and beyond external control. Since its cellular expression was shown to relate enhanced tumorigenicity, various therapeutic strategies were developed to target EGFRvIII, including monoclonal antibodies, vaccination therapies and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this review, we focus on ribozyme-mediated inhibition of EGFRvIII messenger RNA expression as a gene therapeutic approach for EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma multiforme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Nucleic Acids)
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763 KiB  
Article
Supported and Non-Supported Ruthenium(II)/Phosphine/[3-(2-Aminoethyl)aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane Complexes and Their Activities in the Chemoselective Hydrogenation of trans-4-Phenyl-3-butene-2-al
by Ismail Warad
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4652-4669; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074652 - 30 Jun 2010
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 11509
Abstract
Syntheses of four new ruthenium(II) complexes of the [RuCl2(P)2(N)2] type using 2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl methyl ether (P~O) as ether-phosphine and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as monodentate phosphine ligands in the presence of [3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane as diamine co-ligand are presented for [...] Read more.
Syntheses of four new ruthenium(II) complexes of the [RuCl2(P)2(N)2] type using 2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl methyl ether (P~O) as ether-phosphine and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as monodentate phosphine ligands in the presence of [3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane as diamine co-ligand are presented for the first time. The reactions were conducted at room temperature and under an inert atmosphere. Due to the presence of the trimethoxysilane group in the backbone of complexes 1 and 2 they were subjected to an immobilization process using the sol-gel technique in the presence of tetraethoxysilane as cross-linker. The structural behavior of the phosphine ligands in the desired complexes during synthesis were monitored by 31P{1H}-NMR. Desired complexes were deduced from elemental analyses, Infrared, FAB-MS and 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy, xerogels X1 and X2 were subjected to solid state, 13C-, 29Si- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy, Infrared and EXAF. These complexes served as hydrogenation catalysts in homogenous and heterogeneous phases, and chemoselective hydrogenation of the carbonyl function group in trans-4-phenyl-3-butene-2-al was successfully carried out under mild basic conditions. Full article
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155 KiB  
Article
Variation in Total Polyphenolics Contents of Aerial Parts of Potentilla Species and Their Anticariogenic Activity
by Michał Tomczyk, Małgorzata Pleszczyńska and Adrian Wiater
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4639-4651; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074639 - 29 Jun 2010
Cited by 78 | Viewed by 9063
Abstract
The aerial parts of selected Potentilla species (P. anserina, P. argentea, P. erecta, P. fruticosa, P. grandiflora, P. nepalensis, P. norvegica, P. pensylvanica, P. crantzii and P. thuringiaca) were investigated in order to determine their contents of polyphenolic compounds. The results [...] Read more.
The aerial parts of selected Potentilla species (P. anserina, P. argentea, P. erecta, P. fruticosa, P. grandiflora, P. nepalensis, P. norvegica, P. pensylvanica, P. crantzii and P. thuringiaca) were investigated in order to determine their contents of polyphenolic compounds. The results showed that P. fruticosa has relatively high concentrations of tannins (167.3 ± 2.0 mg/g dw), proanthocyanidins (4.6 ± 0.2 mg/g dw) and phenolic acids (16.4 ± 0.8 mg/g dw), as well as flavonoids (7.0 ± 1.1 mg/g dw), calculated as quercetin. Furthermore, we investigated the in vitro inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from these species against cariogenic Streptococcus spp. strains. It was found that the tested samples moderately inhibit the growth of oral streptococci. However, all the preparations exhibited inhibitory effects on water-insoluble α-(1→3)-, α-(1→6)-linked glucan (mutan) and artificial dental plaque formation. The extract from P. fruticosa showed the highest anti-biofilm activities, with minimum mutan and biofilm inhibition concentrations of 6.25–25 and 50–100 µg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that the studied Potentilla species could be a potential plant material for extracting biologically active compounds, and could become a useful supplement for pharmaceutical products as a new anticariogenic agent in a wide range of oral care products. Full article
695 KiB  
Review
In Vitro and Ex Vivo Selection Procedures for Identifying Potentially Therapeutic DNA and RNA Molecules
by Soledad Marton, José A. Reyes-Darias, Francisco J. Sánchez-Luque, Cristina Romero-López and Alfredo Berzal-Herranz
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4610-4638; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074610 - 28 Jun 2010
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 14225
Abstract
It was only relatively recently discovered that nucleic acids participate in a variety of biological functions, besides the storage and transmission of genetic information. Quite apart from the nucleotide sequence, it is now clear that the structure of a nucleic acid plays an [...] Read more.
It was only relatively recently discovered that nucleic acids participate in a variety of biological functions, besides the storage and transmission of genetic information. Quite apart from the nucleotide sequence, it is now clear that the structure of a nucleic acid plays an essential role in its functionality, enabling catalysis and specific binding reactions. In vitro selection and evolution strategies have been extremely useful in the analysis of functional RNA and DNA molecules, helping to expand our knowledge of their functional repertoire and to identify and optimize DNA and RNA molecules with potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The great progress made in this field has prompted the development of ex vivo methods for selecting functional nucleic acids in the cellular environment. This review summarizes the most important and most recent applications of in vitro and ex vivo selection strategies aimed at exploring the therapeutic potential of nucleic acids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Nucleic Acids)
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454 KiB  
Article
Compounds from Viburnum sargentii Koehne and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxic Effects on Human Cancer Cell Lines
by Ki-Eun Bae, Han-Soo Chong, Dong-Sup Kim, Young-Woong Choi, Young-Sook Kim and Young-Kyoon Kim
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4599-4609; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074599 - 25 Jun 2010
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 9104
Abstract
Compounds were isolated from a methanol extract of the dried stem barks of Viburnum sargentii Koehne. The structures of the compounds, namely 9'-O-methylvibsanol (3), furcatoside A (4) and lareciresinol (5) were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with values for previously [...] Read more.
Compounds were isolated from a methanol extract of the dried stem barks of Viburnum sargentii Koehne. The structures of the compounds, namely 9'-O-methylvibsanol (3), furcatoside A (4) and lareciresinol (5) were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with values for previously known analogues. In addition, (+)-catechin (1), (+)-epicatechin (2) were also isolated. This work also examined the cytotoxic effects of three compounds 3-5 (25-100 μM) in MCF-7 and A549 cells after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure. Our results showed that 9'-O-methylvibsanol (3) exhibited strong concentration-dependent anticancer effects according to the MTT assay and produced morphological changes consistent with apoptosis, as confirmed by Ho3342 staining analysis revealed that more apoptotic cells were observed after 9'-Omethylvibsanol (3) treatment. Full article
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301 KiB  
Article
New Steroidal Glycosides Isolated as CD40L Inhibitors of Activated Platelets
by Haifeng Chen, Wenchao Ou, Guanghui Wang, Naili Wang, Linnan Zhang and Xinsheng Yao
Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4589-4598; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074589 - 25 Jun 2010
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7036
Abstract
Three new compounds were isolated from the dried bulbs of Allium macrostemon Bunge. Their structures were elucidated from their spectral data as (25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5α-furostane-3β,12β,22,26-tetraol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranos-yl (1→2) [β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→4)- [...] Read more.
Three new compounds were isolated from the dried bulbs of Allium macrostemon Bunge. Their structures were elucidated from their spectral data as (25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5α-furostane-3β,12β,22,26-tetraol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranos-yl (1→2) [β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), (25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5α-furostane-3β,12α,22,26-tetraol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2) [β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→4)-β-D-galacto- pyranoside (2) and (25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5β-furostane-3β,12α,22,26-tetraol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), respectively. The inhibition effect of all compounds on CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression on the membrane of activated platelets stimulated by ADP was tested. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant inhibitory activities in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.05), suggesting their potential application as CD40L inhibitors. Full article
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