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Keywords = wetland hydrochemistry

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18 pages, 7472 KiB  
Article
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Hengshui Lake Wetland During the Dry Season, North China
by Hongyan An, Tianjiao Wang, Xianzhou Meng, Xueyao Niu, Dongyang Song, Yibing Wang, Ge Gao, Mingming Li, Tong Zhang, Hongliang Song, Xinfeng Wang and Kuanzhen Mao
Water 2025, 17(10), 1468; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101468 - 13 May 2025
Viewed by 414
Abstract
Wetland lakes are crucial ecosystems that serve as vital ecosystems that harbor rich biodiversity and provide essential ecological services, particularly in regulating regional water resources, purifying water quality, and maintaining ecological equilibrium. This study aims to conduct an in-depth investigation into the hydrochemical [...] Read more.
Wetland lakes are crucial ecosystems that serve as vital ecosystems that harbor rich biodiversity and provide essential ecological services, particularly in regulating regional water resources, purifying water quality, and maintaining ecological equilibrium. This study aims to conduct an in-depth investigation into the hydrochemical characteristics and their controlling factors during the dry season of the Hengshui Lake wetland system. By collecting water samples from the lake and shallow groundwater, and using water chemistry diagrams, ion ratios, mineral saturation indices, and multivariate statistical methods, the study systematically analyzes the hydrochemical characteristics of Hengshui Lake Wetland and its controlling factors. The results show: there is significant stratified differentiation in the water chemical composition: the lake water is weakly alkaline and fresh, while the shallow groundwater is highly mineralized and saline. Both are dominated by Na+, Mg2+, SO42−, and Cl. Significant differences exist in water chemistry types between the lake and shallow groundwater. The lake water exhibits homogenized characteristics with a dominant SO4·Cl·HCO3-Na·Mg type, whereas shallow groundwater displays five distinct hydrochemical facies indicative of multi-source recharge processes. Evaporation–rock interaction mechanisms dominate the system, as evidenced by a Gibbs diagram analysis showing evaporation crystallization as the primary control. Ion ratio calculations demonstrate synergistic effects between silicate weathering and evaporite dissolution, while mineral saturation indices confirm cooperative processes involving calcite/dolomite oversaturation and ongoing gypsum dissolution. Cation exchange indexes combined with chloro-alkaline indices reveal unidirectional recharge from lake water to shallow groundwater accompanied by active cationic exchange adsorption. Although the wetland predominantly maintains natural hydrological conditions, elevated γ(NO3)/γ(Na+) ratios in nearshore zones suggest initial agricultural contamination infiltration. This study shows that, as a typical example of a closed wetland, the hydrochemistry evolution of Hengshui Lake during the dry season is primarily dominated by the coupled effects of evaporation and rock–water interaction, with silicate weathering and evaporation rock dissolution as secondary factors, and human activity having a weak influence. The findings provide new insights into the understanding of the hydrochemical evolution process and its controlling factors in closed lakes, offering valuable data support and theoretical basis for the ecological restoration and sustainable management of closed lakes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Flow and Transport Modeling in Aquifer Systems)
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23 pages, 8057 KiB  
Article
Hydrochemical Dynamics and Water Quality Assessment of the Ramsar-Listed Ghodaghodi Lake Complex: Unveiling the Water-Environment Nexus
by Ganga Paudel, Ramesh Raj Pant, Tark Raj Joshi, Ahmed M. Saqr, Bojan Đurin, Vlado Cetl, Pramod N. Kamble and Kiran Bishwakarma
Water 2024, 16(23), 3373; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233373 - 23 Nov 2024
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2568
Abstract
Human activities and climate change increasingly threaten wetlands worldwide, yet their hydrochemical properties and water quality are often inadequately studied. This research focused on the Ghodaghodi Lake Complex (GLC) and associated lakes in Nepal, a Ramsar-listed site known for its biodiversity and ecological [...] Read more.
Human activities and climate change increasingly threaten wetlands worldwide, yet their hydrochemical properties and water quality are often inadequately studied. This research focused on the Ghodaghodi Lake Complex (GLC) and associated lakes in Nepal, a Ramsar-listed site known for its biodiversity and ecological significance. The study was conducted to assess seasonal water quality, investigate the factors influencing hydrochemistry, and assess the lakes’ suitability for irrigation. Forty-nine water samples were collected from the GLC in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Nineteen physicochemical parameters, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and major ions (calcium ‘Ca2+’, magnesium ‘Mg2+’, and bicarbonate ‘HCO3’), were analyzed using standard on-site and laboratory methods. Statistical methods, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), T-tests, and hydrochemical diagrams, e.g., Piper, were adopted to explore spatial and seasonal variations in water quality, revealing significant fluctuations in key hydrochemical indicators. Results showed marked seasonal differences, with pre-monsoon TDS levels averaging 143.1 mg/L compared to 78.9 mg/L post-monsoon, underscoring evaporation and dilution effects. The hydrochemical analysis identified Ca2+-HCO3 as the dominant water type, highlighting the influence of carbonate weathering on GLC’s water composition. Gibbs, mixing, and Piper diagram analysis supported these findings, confirming the predominance of HCO3, with Ca2+ and Mg2+ as the main cations. Additionally, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were consistently below 1, confirming excellent irrigation quality. These findings provided critical data for policymakers and stakeholders, supporting sustainable wetland management and aligning with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals relevant to environmental conservation, i.e., clean water and life on land. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Assessment of River Basins)
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19 pages, 5638 KiB  
Article
Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater and Their Significance in Arid Inland Hydrology
by Zhengqiu Yang, Litang Hu, Haiyan Ma and Wang Zhang
Water 2023, 15(9), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091641 - 23 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3211
Abstract
Phreatic groundwater hydrochemistry is important for sustainable water utilization and ecological stability in arid regions. Based on the test data from collected water samples, this study explored the phreatic groundwater recharge, hydrochemical evolution, and quality of the Sugan Lake Basin using hydrogeochemical, isotopic, [...] Read more.
Phreatic groundwater hydrochemistry is important for sustainable water utilization and ecological stability in arid regions. Based on the test data from collected water samples, this study explored the phreatic groundwater recharge, hydrochemical evolution, and quality of the Sugan Lake Basin using hydrogeochemical, isotopic, and multivariate statistical analyses. The stable isotopic results showed that the phreatic groundwater in the alluvial fan, plain, and wetland areas of the basin generally originated from modern water, and the phreatic groundwater in the piedmont was mainly recharged by paleowater under low-temperature conditions. Carbonate is the dominant mineral in the regional rock weathering process. Phreatic groundwater in the piedmont is controlled by mineral dissolution and cation exchange; however, phreatic groundwater in other areas of the basin is significantly affected by river infiltration. This indicates that the hydrochemical regime of phreatic groundwater is sensitive to natural river flow without disturbing human activity. Class I–V groundwater samples accounted for 2.86%, 25.71%, 34.29%, 14.29%, and 22.86%, respectively. Total dissolved solids, total hardness, sulfate, chloride, nitrite, Na, Fe, Hg, and Cr VI are important factors that determine groundwater quality. This study deepens the understanding of phreatic groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and hydrologic cycles in the Sugan Lake Basin and provides background values of hydrochemistry without human interference for further study in arid inland basins. Full article
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35 pages, 2750 KiB  
Review
Nitrogen Removal from Agricultural Subsurface Drainage by Surface-Flow Wetlands: Variability
by Lipe Renato Dantas Mendes
Processes 2021, 9(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010156 - 15 Jan 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3198
Abstract
Agriculture has long been considered a great source of nitrogen (N) to surface waters and a major cause of eutrophication. Thus, management practices at the farm-scale have since attempted to mitigate the N losses, although often limited in tile-drained agricultural catchments, which speed [...] Read more.
Agriculture has long been considered a great source of nitrogen (N) to surface waters and a major cause of eutrophication. Thus, management practices at the farm-scale have since attempted to mitigate the N losses, although often limited in tile-drained agricultural catchments, which speed up the N transport, while minimizing natural removal in the landscape. In this context, surface-flow constructed wetlands (SFWs) have been particularly implemented as an edge-of-field strategy to intercept tile drains and reduce the N loads by re-establishing ecosystems services of previously drained water ponded areas. These systems collect the incoming water volumes in basins sufficiently large to prolong the hydraulic residence time to a degree where biogeochemical processes between the water, soil, sediments, plants, macro and microorganisms can mediate the removal of N. Despite their documented suitability, great intra and inter-variability in N treatment is still observed to date. Therefore, it is essential to thoroughly investigate the driving factors behind performance of SFWs, in order to support their successful implementation according to local catchment characteristics, and ensure compliance with N removal goals. This review contextualizes the aforementioned issue, and critically evaluates the influence of hydrochemistry, hydrology and biogeochemistry in the treatment of N by SFWs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas, Water and Solid Waste Treatment Technology)
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26 pages, 7036 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Main Geochemical Processes Affecting Surface Water and Groundwater in a Low-Lying Coastal Area: Implications for Water Management
by Nicolas Greggio, Beatrice M. S. Giambastiani, Pauline Mollema, Mario Laghi, Donato Capo, Giovanni Gabbianelli, Marco Antonellini and Enrico Dinelli
Water 2020, 12(6), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061720 - 16 Jun 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5085
Abstract
Hydrogeochemical analyses were carried out to identify geochemical processes occurring in the low-lying coastal aquifer of Ravenna, North Adriatic Sea (Italy). The area is characterized by a complex coexistence of several environments: coastal dunes, paleodunes, pine forests, freshwater wetlands, rivers, brackish lagoons, gravel [...] Read more.
Hydrogeochemical analyses were carried out to identify geochemical processes occurring in the low-lying coastal aquifer of Ravenna, North Adriatic Sea (Italy). The area is characterized by a complex coexistence of several environments: coastal dunes, paleodunes, pine forests, freshwater wetlands, rivers, brackish lagoons, gravel pit lakes, reclaimed lands, agricultural fields and industrial areas. Water quality is of primary importance for the sustainability of these, areas and a full understanding of geochemical processing is fundamental for their management. A total of 104 water samples was collected from groundwater wells and surface water bodies, and analyzed for the major and trace elements (TEs). Field measurements of chemical-physical parameters were carried out by a multiparameter device XS PCD650; major elements were analyzed following the Italian National Environmental Agency standards (APAT-IRSA 2003), while TEs were analyzed by ICP-AES/ICP-MS. The major findings include: organic matter degradation in salinized and anoxic conditions; TEs concentrations related to water–sediment interactions, i.e., adsorption, ion exchange, redox reactions, mineral dissolution and precipitation; anthropogenic contamination from pesticides and fertilizers use; pollution from industrial district; TEs enrichments and depletion due to groundwater salinization and water management practices; comparison of TEs concentrations with respect to national and international thresholds. The findings can provide water managers and local authorities with a comprehensive framework of the coastal water hydrochemistry, allowing a better understanding of the effects of current management practices and the design of mitigation measures to reduce water resource deterioration in the studied coastal area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring and Management)
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18 pages, 8514 KiB  
Article
Recharge–Discharge Relations of Groundwater in Volcanic Terrain of Semi-Humid Tropical Highlands of Ethiopia: The Case of Infranz Springs, in the Upper Blue Nile
by Fenta Nigate, Marc Van Camp, Alemu Yenehun, Ashebir Sewale Belay and Kristine Walraevens
Water 2020, 12(3), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030853 - 18 Mar 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5635
Abstract
The major springs in the Infranz catchment are a significant source of water for Bahir Dar City and nearby villages, while sustaining the Infranz River and the downstream wetlands. The aim of the research was to understand the hydrogeological conditions of these high-discharge [...] Read more.
The major springs in the Infranz catchment are a significant source of water for Bahir Dar City and nearby villages, while sustaining the Infranz River and the downstream wetlands. The aim of the research was to understand the hydrogeological conditions of these high-discharge springs and the recharge–discharge relations in the Infranz catchment. The Infranz catchment is covered by highly pervious and young quaternary volcanic rocks, consisting of blocky, fractured, and strongly vesicular scoriaceous basalt. At the surface, these rocks crop out as lineaments forming ridges, delimiting closed depressions in which water accumulates during the rainy season without causing surface runoff. Geology and geomorphology thus combine to produce very favorable conditions for groundwater recharge. Three groundwater recharge methods were applied to estimate groundwater recharge and the results were compared. Groundwater recharge was calculated to be 30% to 51% of rainfall. Rapid replenishment raises the groundwater level during the rainfall period, followed by a rapid decline during the dry season. Shallow local flow paths discharge at seasonal springs and streams, while more regional and deeper flow systems downstream sustain the high-discharge springs and perennial Infranz River. The uptake of 75% of spring water for the water supply of Bahir Dar City, local extraction for domestic and small-scale irrigation use from springs, rivers and hand-dug wells, encroaching farming, and overgrazing are exacerbating wetland degradation. Full article
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15 pages, 5384 KiB  
Article
The Impacts of Groundwater Chemistry on Wetland Vegetation Distribution in the Northern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
by Junju Zhou, Juan Xiang, Lanying Wang, Guoshuang Zhong, Guofeng Zhu, Chunfang Liu, Meihua Huang, Wei Feng, Qiaoqiao Li, Dongxiang Xue, Yaru Zhao and Li Lei
Sustainability 2019, 11(18), 5022; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11185022 - 13 Sep 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4140
Abstract
Groundwater chemistry has an important impact on the vegetation distribution in inland areas. An in-depth understanding of the impact of groundwater chemistry on vegetation can help in developing an effective management strategy to protect the inland ecosystem. The aim of this study was [...] Read more.
Groundwater chemistry has an important impact on the vegetation distribution in inland areas. An in-depth understanding of the impact of groundwater chemistry on vegetation can help in developing an effective management strategy to protect the inland ecosystem. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of groundwater chemicals on species diversity and the distribution characteristics of wetland plants at multiple scales based on the groundwater chemical data from 15 sampling points and the distribution data of 13 plants in the Sugan Lake Wetland in 2016. The results show that the groundwater of the Sugan Lake Wetland is weakly alkaline, with high salinity and hardness; the water chemical type is Na-SO4-Cl; the concentration of the major water chemical parameters is significantly different and is the highest in the northwest, followed by the southwest, and is the lowest in the east; with an increase in the groundwater depth, the concentration of major water chemical parameters first showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend; Artemisia frigida Willd, Poa annua L. and Triglochin maritimum L. were adapted to the environment with a higher ion concentration of the groundwater, and their salt resistance was the strongest; Blysmus sinocompressus and Polygonum are more adapted to the environment with lower salinity and hardness of groundwater; Thermopsis lanceolata has stronger adaptability to the ion concentration, salinity, and hardness of groundwater; other plants are adapted to environments where the ion concentration, salinity, and hardness of the groundwater are moderate. Full article
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5 pages, 685 KiB  
Article
Hydrographic And Hydrochemical Characteristics of the Landslide Lake Jazerske (Spišska Magura, Northern Slovakia)
by Tadeusz Molenda
Limnol. Rev. 2018, 18(2), 77-81; https://doi.org/10.2478/limre-2018-0008 - 29 Jun 2018
Viewed by 489
Abstract
This article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of this lake. Lake Jazerske is located in the Western Carpathians (Spiš Magura) in northern Slovakia. It occupies a depression that was formed at the foot of the main scarp of a landslide. Below the [...] Read more.
This article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of this lake. Lake Jazerske is located in the Western Carpathians (Spiš Magura) in northern Slovakia. It occupies a depression that was formed at the foot of the main scarp of a landslide. Below the lake, there are small intercolluvial depressions that have been transformed into wetlands (peat bogs). The studied lake is very small. Its area is 3600 m2 and its length is 85 m. The maximum depth of the lake is 7.2 m and its capacity is 17,000 m3. The lake is supplied by an inflow of groundwater via fractured aquifers. During periods of heavy rainfall and snow melting, the lake is also supplied by the water from surface runoff. On the main slope of the landslides, traces of ephemeral courses were also found. During the periods of increased supply (spring snow melting, summer rainfall), the outflow of water from the lake occurs both on the surface and underground. In terms of its hydrochemistry, the lake water represents the four-ion type–bicarbonate-sulphate-calcium-magnesium. The concentrations of various ions is characteristic of the shallow groundwater of the Carpathian flysch. The predominant cation, the average concentration of which is 52 mg dm−3, is calcium. The dominant anion is carbohydrates with an average concentration of 163 mg dm−3. What is interesting is the very low levels of chlorides, which do not exceed 2 mg dm−3. The electrolytic conductivity of the water flowing out of the lake ranged from 290 to 328 μS cm−1. Full article
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