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Keywords = tolyltriazole

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13 pages, 2293 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen Evolution in Battery Electric Vehicle Coolants During Accidental Leakage: The Impact of Corrosion Inhibitors and Electrical Conductivity
by Luciane Sopchenski, Sander Clerick, Guy Buytaert, Serge Lievens, Theodoros Kalogiannis, Annick Hubin and Herman Terryn
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 6168; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116168 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 442
Abstract
Efficient thermal management is critical to the performance and acceptance of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). In the event of coolant leakage, contact between conventional water–glycol coolants and polarized battery components may induce hydrogen evolution via electrolysis, posing a serious safety hazard. This study [...] Read more.
Efficient thermal management is critical to the performance and acceptance of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). In the event of coolant leakage, contact between conventional water–glycol coolants and polarized battery components may induce hydrogen evolution via electrolysis, posing a serious safety hazard. This study investigates the impact of copper corrosion inhibitors and coolant electrical conductivity on hydrogen gas formation through linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) using copper electrodes. Results indicate that commonly used corrosion inhibitors—Tolyltriazole (TTZ), Benzotriazole (BTZ), and Sodium Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT-Na)—do not significantly reduce hydrogen evolution, even in synergistic combinations. On the other hand, lowering the coolant electrical conductivity markedly decreased hydrogen evolution, with a linear reduction in cathodic current observed in low-conductivity coolants due to the reduced ionic mobility of the electrolyte. Low-conductivity BEV coolant (86 µS/cm) presented a cathodic current density 96% lower than a high-conductivity ICE coolant (2577 µS/cm) at the same overpotential. These findings suggest that optimizing coolant conductivity is a more effective mitigation strategy than relying on corrosion inhibitor formulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates and Key Techniques of Battery Safety)
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17 pages, 6896 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Behavior of Alloyed Cast Iron in Ethylene Glycol-Based Engine Coolants at Elevated Temperature
by Gaurav Argade, Anusha Chilukuri, Justin Perry, Monica Viers, Jacob Steenhoek, Jacob Debusk, Chinpei Wang and Corey Trobaugh
Coatings 2021, 11(3), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030357 - 21 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4480
Abstract
For enhanced engine performance, corrosivity of the engine coolants would play a significant role. In this work, corrosion investigation was performed on cast iron material in pre-mixed engine coolant environment to understand the threshold limits of contaminants. The pre-mixed coolant contained combination of [...] Read more.
For enhanced engine performance, corrosivity of the engine coolants would play a significant role. In this work, corrosion investigation was performed on cast iron material in pre-mixed engine coolant environment to understand the threshold limits of contaminants. The pre-mixed coolant contained combination of organic additives viz. sebacate (SA), 2-ethylhexanoate (2-EH), and tolyltriazole (TTA) with varying concentrations of chloride contaminant. Constant immersion of cast iron samples in engine coolant with different chloride levels at 90 °C was followed by room temperature electrochemical tests. The potentiodynamic polarization tests showed no instability until 100 ppm chloride additions exposed up to 28 days. At lower frequencies in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra, inhibition layer characteristics changed from highly capacitive to highly resistive and concurrently a sharp decrease in charge transfer resistance was observed with time for samples exposed to >100 ppm chloride levels. In the longer duration corrosion tests, higher pit depths with increased number density of attacks were observed for cast iron samples exposed to engine coolants containing >100 ppm chloride. For elevated temperature exposures a threshold limit of <200 ppm chloride was established for cast iron samples. Full article
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15 pages, 2005 KiB  
Article
Photocatalytic Transformations of 1H-Benzotriazole and Benzotriazole Derivates
by Marco Minella, Elisa De Laurentiis, Francesco Pellegrino, Marco Prozzi, Federica Dal Bello, Valter Maurino and Claudio Minero
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(9), 1835; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091835 - 14 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4722
Abstract
Benzotriazoles are a new class of organic emerging pollutants ubiquitously found in the environment. The increase of their concentration to detectable values is the consequence of the inability of the Conventional Waste Water Plants (CWWPs) to abate these products. We subjected 1H-benzotriazole (BTz), [...] Read more.
Benzotriazoles are a new class of organic emerging pollutants ubiquitously found in the environment. The increase of their concentration to detectable values is the consequence of the inability of the Conventional Waste Water Plants (CWWPs) to abate these products. We subjected 1H-benzotriazole (BTz), tolyltriazole (TTz), and Tinuvin P (TP, a common UV plastic stabilizer) to photocatalytic degradation under UV-irradiated TiO2 in different conditions. The principal photoformed intermediates, the relationship between the degradation rate and the pH, the degree of mineralization, and the fate of the organic nitrogen were investigated. Under the adopted experimental conditions, all the studied substrates were rapidly photocatalytically transformed (the maximum degradation rates for BTz and TTz were (3.88 ± 0.05) × 10−2 and (2.11 ± 0.09) × 10−2 mM min−1, respectively) and mineralized (the mineralization rate for BTz and TTz was 4.0 × 10−3 mM C min−1 for both substrates). Different from the 1,2,4-triazole rings that are not completely mineralized under photocatalytic conditions, 1H-benzotriazole and tolyltriazole were completely mineralized with a mechanism that involved a partial conversion of organic nitrogen to N2. The photocatalytic process activated by UV-irradiated TiO2 is an efficient tool to abate 1H-benzotriazole and its derivatives, avoiding their release in the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photocatalytic Nanomaterials for Pollutant Remediation)
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11 pages, 1757 KiB  
Article
Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Voltammetric Sensing of Benzotriazoles in Water
by Alessandra Muschietti, Núria Serrano, Cristina Ariño, M. Silvia Díaz-Cruz and José Manuel Díaz-Cruz
Sensors 2020, 20(7), 1839; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071839 - 26 Mar 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3095
Abstract
Benzotriazoles (BZTs) are high production volume industrial chemicals that are used in various applications such as corrosion inhibitors, antifreeze agents, and UV radiation stabilizers. Given their potential ecotoxicological implications for different ecosystems and in human health, as well as their poor biodegradability, they [...] Read more.
Benzotriazoles (BZTs) are high production volume industrial chemicals that are used in various applications such as corrosion inhibitors, antifreeze agents, and UV radiation stabilizers. Given their potential ecotoxicological implications for different ecosystems and in human health, as well as their poor biodegradability, they are of increasing concern. In this study, a new voltammetric method using commercial screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) has been developed for the sensing of BZTs in water samples to help in their environmental monitoring. To this end, different types of SPEs based on carbon nanoallotropes and copper were tested under several experimental conditions to determine the two BZTs most frequently detected in the environment: 1H-benzotriazole (BZT) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (Me-BZT, tolyltriazole) as model compounds for BZTs. Carbon nanofibers electrodes exhibited the best performance, allowing detection limits as low as 0.4 mg L−1 for both BZTs, with repeatability and reproducibility of ca. 5%. The applicability of the method was tested through the determination of BZT in spiked drinking water samples, suggesting its suitability for the sensing of samples heavily polluted with BZTs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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13 pages, 2098 KiB  
Article
Behavior of Organic Micropollutants During River Bank Filtration in Budapest, Hungary
by Zsuzsanna Nagy-Kovács, Balázs László, Ernő Fleit, Katalin Czichat-Mártonné, Gábor Till, Hilmar Börnick, Yasmin Adomat and Thomas Grischek
Water 2018, 10(12), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121861 - 14 Dec 2018
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6043
Abstract
This paper summarizes results from a half-year sampling campaign in Budapest, when Danube River water and bank filtrate were analyzed for 36 emerging micropollutants. Twelve micropollutants were detected regularly in both river water and bank filtrate. Bisphenol A, carbamazepine, and sulfamethoxazole showed low [...] Read more.
This paper summarizes results from a half-year sampling campaign in Budapest, when Danube River water and bank filtrate were analyzed for 36 emerging micropollutants. Twelve micropollutants were detected regularly in both river water and bank filtrate. Bisphenol A, carbamazepine, and sulfamethoxazole showed low removal (<20%) during bank filtration on Szentendre Island and Csepel island, whereas 1H-benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, diclofenac, cefepime, iomeprol, metazachlor, and acesulfame showed medium to high removal rates of up to 78%. The concentration range in bank filtrate was much lower compared to river water, proving the equilibration effect of bank filtration for water quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficiency of Bank Filtration and Post-Treatment)
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