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22 pages, 7129 KiB  
Article
Acoustic Shell Optimization in Opera Houses for Concert Halls
by Umberto Derme, Silvana Sukaj and Amelia Trematerra
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 5943; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115943 - 25 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 548
Abstract
Opera houses are often used as concert halls with the use of a temporary acoustic shell set on stage. In most cases, the shell shape and its position in the fly tower are decided by theatre technicians, after evaluating the concert programme and [...] Read more.
Opera houses are often used as concert halls with the use of a temporary acoustic shell set on stage. In most cases, the shell shape and its position in the fly tower are decided by theatre technicians, after evaluating the concert programme and considering the conductor and the musicians’ requests, without being supported by an acoustic analysis. This paper describes the acoustic shell influence on the acoustic field of a baroque theatre when changing its dimensions and the orchestra staff, with and without the choir, when the theatre is used as a concert hall. The “Opera di Roma” case study is presented, and the main acoustic parameters’ trends and their sensitivity are analyzed. The shell layout optimization, which is suggested in the prediction analysis of the case study, does not coincide with the ones preferred by the musicians. The main reasons for this controversial result are explained in the paper, underlining the rules determining the musicians’ opinions during the acoustic design and/or analysis process, to better focalize the applied acoustics activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Architectural Acoustics and Noise Control)
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22 pages, 8192 KiB  
Article
An Examination of Temporary Shelter Units in Terms of Minimum Standards: The Case of the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake
by Zehra Aslan, Kader Demiröz and Sevda Demiröz Yıldırım
Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3587; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083587 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 908
Abstract
Disasters can be defined as natural, technological, and human-induced events that cause loss of life and socio-economic impacts in societies and stop normal life. Türkiye faces many disasters. The loss of life and economic losses caused by these disasters vary according to the [...] Read more.
Disasters can be defined as natural, technological, and human-induced events that cause loss of life and socio-economic impacts in societies and stop normal life. Türkiye faces many disasters. The loss of life and economic losses caused by these disasters vary according to the type of disaster. Earthquakes are the natural disasters that affect Türkiye the most. Described as the disaster of the century, the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes occurred on 6 February 2023 at 04:17 and 13:24 Turkish time. These earthquakes, with epicenters in Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) and Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) with magnitudes of Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6, affected 11 provinces including Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, and Malatya, killing 50,399 people and damaging 1,279,727 buildings. One of the most significant challenges following earthquakes is the issue of housing, which is addressed through the implementation of temporary housing units. This study aimed to evaluate the temporary shelter areas created after the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes within the framework of regulations and standards in Türkiye and internationally. The study data were collected through direct observation and participant observation. For this purpose, the “Vali Saim Çotur Tent City”, which is located in the central Onikişubat district of Kahramanmaraş and is the second largest tent city, was examined. As a result of the examination, it was concluded that the tent city did not comply with national and international standards. Based on the findings and results of this study, it is recommended that disaster plans are revised and training programs organized for practitioners in order to prevent similar mistakes in future disasters. Full article
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37 pages, 8437 KiB  
Article
Innovative Land Bank Models for Addressing Vacant Properties in Japan: A Case Study of Six Approaches
by Bowen Yin and Yoko Shimizu
Land 2025, 14(4), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040674 - 22 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1074
Abstract
In Japan, vacant houses are widely recognized as a significant societal challenge. At the same time, the problems associated with vacant lots and land with unknown ownership are escalating and are expected to worsen in the future. In response, community organizations such as [...] Read more.
In Japan, vacant houses are widely recognized as a significant societal challenge. At the same time, the problems associated with vacant lots and land with unknown ownership are escalating and are expected to worsen in the future. In response, community organizations such as NPOs (nonprofit organizations), neighborhood associations, and government agencies have been central in increasing efforts toward effectively utilizing and managing these vacant properties. This study analyzed six cases supported by the MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) under the Land Bank initiative, with two cases involving land readjustment and four involving temporary use. A detailed examination of these pilot efforts and their application methods clearly highlights the necessity of integrating land management with urban planning. Furthermore, it has been found that there are several challenges in the Land Bank initiative, including difficulties in assessing market value, ownership issues, and the need for broad coordination. These findings provide important implications for improving Japan’s management of vacant land and houses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Planning and Landscape Architecture)
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8 pages, 198 KiB  
Opinion
Improving Zoo Exhibit Design: Why We Need Temporary Exhibit Design
by James Edward Brereton, Jon Coe and Eduardo J. Fernandez
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6010019 - 13 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2047
Abstract
Good enclosure design is central to the improvement of conditions for animals housed in zoos and aquaria, yet the study of a priori enclosure design or post hoc through Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is somewhat limited in the scientific literature. The concept of trialing [...] Read more.
Good enclosure design is central to the improvement of conditions for animals housed in zoos and aquaria, yet the study of a priori enclosure design or post hoc through Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is somewhat limited in the scientific literature. The concept of trialing novel exhibit components before enclosure construction, through a process known as Temporary Exhibit Design (TED), was recently proposed as a strategy to prevent problems that often occur as a result of untested exhibit creation, with a view to ultimately improve welfare outcomes and reduce subsequent exhibit redevelopment. In this paper, we consider the potential input required from three key enclosure design stakeholders: the animal, the visitor, and zoo staff. We also consider the potential benefits for each of these stakeholders when participating in TED, alongside the wider zoo organizational benefits. TED has the potential to reduce construction costs and post-construction redevelopment, enhance animal welfare, and ensure that educational messages are effectively communicated. Full article
24 pages, 2384 KiB  
Article
Emergency Architecture: Application of the Active House Protocol for the Indoor Comfort Prediction in Post-Disaster Shelters
by Marco Bellomo, Simona Colajanni and Manfredi Saeli
Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2290; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052290 - 6 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1532
Abstract
The design of post-emergency shelters is critical for mitigating the impacts of the numerous disasters occurring globally. Unfortunately, these shelters are frequently constructed with insufficient attention to comfort levels and minimum standards for temporary refuge. This study examines wooden post-emergency shelters, which have [...] Read more.
The design of post-emergency shelters is critical for mitigating the impacts of the numerous disasters occurring globally. Unfortunately, these shelters are frequently constructed with insufficient attention to comfort levels and minimum standards for temporary refuge. This study examines wooden post-emergency shelters, which have become increasingly common in various refugee camps and regions worldwide. Using the Active House Protocol, a comprehensive comparative analysis of indoor comfort is conducted to propose innovative approaches to global design challenges, particularly in developing countries. To minimize the negative effects of disasters and increase sustainability, it is essential to explore the feasibility of designing comfortable shelters despite numerous obstacles, such as the limited availability of low-cost materials and the lack of skills of the local workforce. Various shelter configurations are analyzed, revealing that structures made from natural materials and designed with careful consideration of air circulation yielded the highest comfort values. Additionally, the study finds that wooden structures do not always provide the best solution, contrary to common practice. Inadequate comfort standards can lead to distress and psychological stress among occupants, highlighting the necessity to improve design and construction practices to ensure the well-being of disaster-affected populations. Finally, this study provides guidelines on the minimum requirements for the development of post-disaster shelters, advocating for solutions that are both simple and effective in rapidly addressing the critical situations that arise following disasters. Full article
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32 pages, 16584 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Strategies for Improving Humanitarian Construction Through BIM and Climate Analysis
by Mwikilwa Mukamba Gladdys, Bigirimana Gentil and Ping Cao
Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041556 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1103
Abstract
The growing need for effective and sustainable solutions in humanitarian construction has prompted scholars and practitioners to explore technical approaches that address the challenges of natural disasters, health emergencies, armed conflicts and migratory flows. These solutions often encompass temporary shelters, durable shelters and [...] Read more.
The growing need for effective and sustainable solutions in humanitarian construction has prompted scholars and practitioners to explore technical approaches that address the challenges of natural disasters, health emergencies, armed conflicts and migratory flows. These solutions often encompass temporary shelters, durable shelters and multifunctional buildings designed to balance rapid deployment, cultural sensitivity and environmental sustainability. However, the assessment of sustainability in humanitarian construction remains insufficiently defined due to the complexities of crises, the variability of local materials and the impact of local climatic conditions. This study aims to bridge this gap by integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) and simulation tools such as COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 to study sustainable strategies for humanitarian housing. Using case studies aligned with IFRC, UNHCR and CRL (Red Cross of Luxembourg) family shelter standards, the research assessed a Climate and Local Skill-Centered Design (CLCD) by examining the performance of key design elements, including wall material emissivity and reflectance, natural lighting, and energy efficiency within the context of indoor thermal comfort. Simulation results revealed that wall finishing material reflectance significantly influences average daylight factors (D), with variations of 2% to 5% linked to lower reflectance values and changes in the window-to-floor ratio (WFR). Conversely, thermal comfort metrics indicated minimal variations in heat discomfort hours, maintaining indoor temperatures between 19 °C and 25 °C, consistent with ASHRAE Standard 55 thermal comfort criteria. This paper underscores the importance of integrating advanced IT tools and green local techniques and materials to optimize humanitarian housing for health, comfort and environmental performance, offering actionable insights for future humanitarian sustainable designs. Full article
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11 pages, 763 KiB  
Article
Outcome of Facial Nerve Integrity After Parotid Gland Surgery With and Without Intraoperative Monitoring: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study
by Giulio Cirignaco, Gabriele Monarchi, Enrico Betti, Mariagrazia Paglianiti, Lisa Catarzi, Alessandro Tel, Luigi Angelo Vaira, Paolo Balercia and Giuseppe Consorti
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(4), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14041156 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1299
Abstract
Background: Facial nerve injury is one of the most concerning complications of parotid gland surgery, with temporary and permanent dysfunction rates varying widely in the literature. This study aimed to identify factors associated with facial nerve injury during surgery for benign parotid [...] Read more.
Background: Facial nerve injury is one of the most concerning complications of parotid gland surgery, with temporary and permanent dysfunction rates varying widely in the literature. This study aimed to identify factors associated with facial nerve injury during surgery for benign parotid tumors and assess the protective efficacy of intraoperative nerve monitoring (NIM) in preventing nerve injury. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 329 patients who underwent parotid gland surgery between 2010 and 2023. Data collected included patient demographics, tumor characteristics (size, location, histology), surgical parameters (operation time, NIM usage), and postoperative nerve function evaluated using a modified House–Brackmann scale. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests and logistic regression, were employed to identify predictors of facial nerve outcomes. Results: Facial nerve injury occurred in 5.2% of patients, comprising 4.6% temporary and 0.6% permanent damage. Tumors located in the deep and inferior lobes significantly increased the risk of facial paralysis/palsy (p = 0.035), while tumor size and histology showed no significant associations. Using NIM significantly reduced the risk of facial nerve injury (p < 0.05; OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.25–0.50). Age was also identified as a significant predictor of nerve dysfunction (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings emphasize the importance of NIM in mitigating facial nerve injury, especially in anatomically complex tumor locations. Tailored surgical approaches based on tumor location and patient-specific factors, combined with the routine use of NIM, are recommended to optimize nerve preservation and improve postoperative outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Techniques and Breakthroughs in Head and Neck Surgery)
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16 pages, 321 KiB  
Article
Health Deficits Among People Experiencing Homelessness in an Australian Capital City: An Observational Study
by Susan J. Gordon, Nicky Baker, Tania S. Marin and Margie Steffens
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(2), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22020135 - 21 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1416
Abstract
People experiencing, or at risk of, homelessness face challenges that result in poorer health outcomes compared to those in stable housing. This study provides the results of over 40 health measures that capture the health status of a group of people in temporary [...] Read more.
People experiencing, or at risk of, homelessness face challenges that result in poorer health outcomes compared to those in stable housing. This study provides the results of over 40 health measures that capture the health status of a group of people in temporary accommodation due to experiencing homelessness, aged 22 to 84 years, in an inner-city location, invited to participate in a comprehensive assessment of physical and psychological health. Evidence of accelerated ageing was found, with 44.2% of people being clinically frail, 63% having poor functional movement, and 36% having pain associated with oral health. Additionally, 90.6% of participants showed health risks due to nutritional deficiencies, over half reported poor sleep quality, 55.3% reported having psychological distress, and almost half reported fair or poor overall dental health. This study suggests a pathway to providing a relatively easily implemented series of health assessments to help respond to a group of underlying causes for accelerated ageing among a group of inner-city people experiencing homelessness. This work can be used to inform the prioritisation and development of community-based health services to address functional deficits that may contribute to accelerated ageing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Care Sciences)
17 pages, 257 KiB  
Article
Animal Abuse Investigations: Challenges and Recommendations to Improve Animal and Human Welfare
by Rebecca Niemiec and Lori R. Kogan
Animals 2024, 14(24), 3602; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14243602 - 13 Dec 2024
Viewed by 2171
Abstract
Animal cruelty is widespread, yet it is often overlooked by professionals as a form of trauma and not perceived as a serious crime. This study explores current challenges to the effective management of animal abuse and neglect cases in the state of Colorado, [...] Read more.
Animal cruelty is widespread, yet it is often overlooked by professionals as a form of trauma and not perceived as a serious crime. This study explores current challenges to the effective management of animal abuse and neglect cases in the state of Colorado, USA, to better understand systemic barriers and their impact on those involved, and offers concrete, practical suggestions for improvement. Interviews with 24 law enforcement and Bureau of Animal Protection (BAP) agents/staff were conducted, and an integrated thematic analysis method was utilized to inductively analyze participants’ responses to interview questions. The most common barriers to addressing animal cruelty cases identified by law enforcement/BAP personnel included (1) a lack of places to take removed animals and resources to care for them; (2) challenges working with the district attorney’s office; (3) a general lack of knowledge and training on how to address cases and the documentation required; and (4) insufficient enforcement personnel to conduct investigations and conduct required follow-up. Suggested changes include expansion of temporary housing options, additional training, expert investigators and social workers/mental health professionals, and possible amendments to state statutes. In addition, the use of a trauma-informed model is recommended to best meet the psychological needs of all those involved in animal welfare work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Public Policy, Politics and Law)
33 pages, 6357 KiB  
Article
A Holistic Analysis on Risks of Post-Disaster Reconstruction Using RStudio Bibliometrix
by Merve Serter and Gulden Gumusburun Ayalp
Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9463; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219463 - 31 Oct 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2178
Abstract
Post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) is a complex and unpredictable process, especially concerning the construction sector, where understanding associated risks is increasingly vital. This study investigates and evaluates the present condition of post-disaster reconstruction risk (RoPDR) and discerns research trends and deficiencies in the domain [...] Read more.
Post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) is a complex and unpredictable process, especially concerning the construction sector, where understanding associated risks is increasingly vital. This study investigates and evaluates the present condition of post-disaster reconstruction risk (RoPDR) and discerns research trends and deficiencies in the domain via a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis. The Web of Science (WoS) was preferred for its extensive repository of pivotal research publications and its integrated analytical capabilities for producing representative data. This study performed a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 204 peer-reviewed journal articles regarding the risks associated with post-disaster reconstruction from 1993 to 2024, utilizing the R statistical programming package RStudio Bibliometrix R version 4.3.1 to map the research landscape, identify literature gaps, and analyze rising trends. As a result of the analyses, the risks of post-disaster reconstruction were classified into four main clusters. Despite numerous studies exploring post-disaster reconstruction through diverse perspectives and methodologies, the associated risks of these projects remain inadequately analyzed. This inaugural bibliometric study in the realm of RoPDR utilizes novel techniques, such as the h-index, thematic mapping, and trend topic analysis, to attain a comprehensive understanding. Hence, the outcome of this study will aid scholars and practitioners in thoroughly comprehending the present condition and identifying prospective research directions. Full article
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21 pages, 529 KiB  
Article
On the Strategies and Efficiency of Care and Support Systems for Elderly Across Cantons in Switzerland
by Yashka Huggenberger, Joël Wagner and Gabrielle Wanzenried
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(10), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13100560 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 2063
Abstract
The Swiss Federal Council has formulated a policy requiring each canton to establish housing conducive to independent living during old age. Maintaining the independence of older adults at home rather than transitioning to more expensive institutional care has gained traction. This study investigates [...] Read more.
The Swiss Federal Council has formulated a policy requiring each canton to establish housing conducive to independent living during old age. Maintaining the independence of older adults at home rather than transitioning to more expensive institutional care has gained traction. This study investigates the heterogeneity of strategies arising from the autonomy granted to each canton. Using mandatory statistics from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office for 2020 on 1550 institutions for the elderly and 2546 at-home care providers, we rank the 26 cantons by permanent and temporary care and support, distinguishing between at-home and institutional care. We use univariate regressions to explain differences and perform efficiency analyses of the respective systems. We find that the French- and Italian-speaking cantons prioritise at-home care, while the German-speaking regions rely more on institutional care. The analyses reveal an inefficient stationary approach in German-speaking cantons, which often places elderly individuals with minimal care needs in institutions. Conversely, with an ambulatory approach favouring independence, cantons like Vaud and Valais prioritize counselling and at-home services, deferring entry into institutions and allowing for short convalescence stays. Our findings are relevant for governmental infrastructure planning and the property owners, investors, and property managers involved in senior housing decisions. Full article
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18 pages, 519 KiB  
Article
Beyond Permanent Residences: Measuring Place Attachment in Tempo-Local Housing Arrangements
by Leonie Wächter
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040173 - 15 Oct 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2234
Abstract
Current societal shifts, including increased mobility, advances in information technologies, and diverse lifestyles, are driving postmodern housing arrangements that prioritize mobility and flexibility. The traditional view of housing as fixed and stable is evolving to encompass temporary forms, including multi-locality, which are often [...] Read more.
Current societal shifts, including increased mobility, advances in information technologies, and diverse lifestyles, are driving postmodern housing arrangements that prioritize mobility and flexibility. The traditional view of housing as fixed and stable is evolving to encompass temporary forms, including multi-locality, which are often underestimated due to measurement challenges. Recognizing and integrating the potential of transient populations into urban societies is crucial to enhancing community cohesion and reducing social fragmentation. Therefore, the development of rootedness, emotional connection, and spatial identity should be analyzed in the context of temporary housing practices. Data collected through a representative survey in two major German urban regions in 2023 enable the validation of a four-dimensional place attachment scale, which includes the dimensions of place identity, place dependence, ambient bonding, and social bonding. Each dimension includes distinct elements of place-making constructions. The classification of four tempo-local housing types serves as the foundation for measuring how the temporal and spatial structure of housing arrangements influences emotional attachment to one’s place of residence. Interestingly, spatial mobility, when paired with temporal stability in each location, can cultivate deep connections, revealing an often-overlooked potential within this group. The results emphasize the significance of incorporating spatio-temporal dimensions of housing to foster inclusive, comprehensive, and diverse urban development. Full article
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27 pages, 1842 KiB  
Article
Airbnb and Urban Housing Dynamics: Economic and Social Impacts in Greece
by Dimitris Kourkouridis, Apostolos Rizos, Ioannis Frangopoulos and Asimenia Salepaki
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(3), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030148 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 7243
Abstract
This study examines the interplay between Airbnb and gentrification in Thessaloniki and Greece, focusing on their economic and social impacts on urban neighborhoods. Utilizing data from 110 online publications and qualitative insights from ten semi-structured interviews with real estate agents, Airbnb stakeholders, residents, [...] Read more.
This study examines the interplay between Airbnb and gentrification in Thessaloniki and Greece, focusing on their economic and social impacts on urban neighborhoods. Utilizing data from 110 online publications and qualitative insights from ten semi-structured interviews with real estate agents, Airbnb stakeholders, residents, and experts, the research provides a nuanced view of these dynamics. The findings suggest that Airbnb influences housing markets by driving up rental and home prices, potentially exacerbating housing scarcity and displacing vulnerable populations in gentrifying areas. While this aligns with the existing literature, the results remain tentative due to the complexities involved. The trend toward corporate-hosted short-term rentals appears to shift Airbnb away from its original community-focused model, though this shift is still evolving. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced changes, such as a move from short-term to long-term rentals and the conversion of commercial spaces to residential use, impacting neighborhood dynamics. However, these effects may be temporary and do not fully address broader housing issues. While an oversupply of Airbnb accommodations might stabilize rental prices to some extent, its impact on the overall housing crisis remains uncertain. Future research should investigate the long-term effects on housing affordability and social equity, considering the limitations of current findings. Full article
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22 pages, 3200 KiB  
Article
Migration as an Adaptation Measure to Achieve Resilient Lifestyle in the Face of Climate-Induced Drought: Insight from the Thar Desert in Pakistan
by Amir Hamza, Guoqing Shi and Babul Hossain
Water 2024, 16(18), 2692; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182692 - 22 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3287
Abstract
A significant number of people, either seasonally or permanently, migrate from the Thar Desert in Pakistan each year due to droughts caused by climate change. This study aims to investigate the determinants and consequences of these migration decisions, examine the effectiveness of migration [...] Read more.
A significant number of people, either seasonally or permanently, migrate from the Thar Desert in Pakistan each year due to droughts caused by climate change. This study aims to investigate the determinants and consequences of these migration decisions, examine the effectiveness of migration as a climate adaptation strategy, and identify challenges in adapting to these changes. Data were gathered from 400 migrated households in the Mithi sub-district. A mixed-method approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings revealed that threats to the standard of living, including lack of food and clean drinking water, unemployment, and limited educational and medical opportunities, were the primary reasons for permanent and temporary migration from ancestral locations. Migration significantly impacted the origin and destination regions, with positive or negative effects. Specifically, migrants identified various consequences for both the origin and destination communities, including population decline (63%), changes in age structure, increased demand for housing, economic fluctuations (73%), alterations in healthcare services, and increased psychological stress (77%). The study also revealed that individuals who migrated from the Thar Desert experienced improved conditions compared to their previous location, such as diversification of income sources, increased job stability, access to clean water and food, reduced health risks, and overall improvements in their living conditions. However, the destination communities faced significant challenges due to widespread resource depletion and environmental deterioration. Migrants encountered barriers to developing resilient livelihoods in destination areas, including lack of proper knowledge and information, institutional and government issues, environmental and technological challenges, and social and cultural issues. The study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive policies and sustainable solutions to address the root causes of migration and support the resilience of vulnerable populations. Full article
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26 pages, 7986 KiB  
Article
Construction 4.0 in Refugee Camps: Facilitating Socio-Spatial Adaptation Patterns in Jordan’s Zaatari Camp
by Dima Abu-Aridah and Rebecca L. Henn
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2927; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092927 - 16 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3190
Abstract
Though refugee camps are by definition “temporary”, many camps endure for decades, where individuals live full lives through childhood, marriage, children, grandchildren, and death. These settlements function no differently than cities in their social life, density, zoning, and operation, yet are “planned” through [...] Read more.
Though refugee camps are by definition “temporary”, many camps endure for decades, where individuals live full lives through childhood, marriage, children, grandchildren, and death. These settlements function no differently than cities in their social life, density, zoning, and operation, yet are “planned” through UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) templates for camps. The Zaatari camp in Jordan for Syrian asylum seekers, for example, holds a population of 80,000. Rather than viewing refugee camps as temporary human warehouses, this article demonstrates that camps are spaces where individuals build social networks and economic activities flourish. As such, the camp planning templates should include adaptive Construction 4.0 technologies for more socially flexible settlements, even if the camps are considered “temporary”. This case study research on the Zaatari camp illustrates how refugees adapt their built environment, identifying adaptation patterns that enhance both livability and sustainability. The work illustrates social and environmental changes that require adaptive housing configurations. The conclusion suggests linking modern tools in the construction industry to empirically derived planning objectives to be efficiently executed in moments of crisis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy, Digital and Sustainable Buildings and Cities)
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