Search Results (103)

Background: Estimating race times for open-water swimming based on pool swimming times could be useful for talent identification and training optimisation. We aimed to compare the swimming speeds of the world’s top and other swimmers in the 2023 Aquatics Championship men’s 10 km OWS race. Methods: Sixty-five swimmers were divided into four groups: G1 (1st–10th positions), G2 (11st–30th positions), G3 (31st–47th positions), and G4 (48th–65th positions). Swimming speed, stroke frequency (SF), and stroke length (SL) for each lap (laps 1–6) were recorded. Critical speed (CS) was calculated from each participant’s personal best times in the 400, 800, and 1500 m freestyle events in the pool. Swimming speed against CS was calculated (%CS). Results: The top performance group (G1) maintained their swimming speed from beginning (lap 1, 1.53 m/s) to end (lap 6, 1.50 m/s), at 92.7 ± 1.9% of CS, characterised by longer SL (1.26 m) and lower SF (72.86 rpm). G3 and G4 were unable to maintain their swimming speed, which decreased from G3: 97.64 ± 1.62% and G4: 96.10 ± 1.96% of CS at lap 1 to G3: 88.39 ± 3.78% and G4: 85.13 ± 5.04% at lap 6. This reduction in swimming speed is consistent with the increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism reported in previous studies under similar conditions. Conclusions: Race pacing for maintaining speeds of 92%CS throughout the race could be an important resilient index in open-water swimming. %CS might be a useful index for estimating the athletic performance level in open-water swimming. Full article

Objective: As performance progression provides an essential indicator for talent selection and development, this study aimed to compare annual swimming performance progression between different competitive levels and to establish benchmarks for long-term athlete development. Methods: Annual best times of swimmers who competed up to the age of 21 years and achieved over 450 World Aquatics points were extracted from the database of European Aquatics. A total of 13,310 male and 7798 female pool swimmers of all race distances were grouped into three performance levels. Results: The results showed a continuous decline in annual performance progression throughout the years across all race distances (all p < 0.001) and in both sexes. There were differences between performance level across the age groups for all race distances in male swimmers, but only for the 100–400 m races in females (p < 0.05). Absolute performance showed significant main effects for level and age over all race distances for both sexes (all p < 0.001). Conclusions: Annual performance progression of swimmers consistently decreases across the competitive lifetime in both sexes, regardless of race distance and performance level. The event-specific benchmarks should be used as a framework to set realistic goals for both sexes and swimmers of different competitive levels, as well as to guide swimmers throughout their careers. Full article

Background: In recent years, comprehensive analyses using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) have been conducted to identify genetic factors related to athletic performance. In this study, we investigated the association between genetic variants and elite wrestling status across multiple ethnic groups using a genome-wide genotyping approach. Methods: This study included 168 elite wrestlers (64 Japanese, 67 Turkish, and 36 Russian), all of whom had competed in international tournaments, including the Olympic Games. Control groups consisted of 306 Japanese, 137 Turkish, and 173 Russian individuals without elite athletic backgrounds. We performed a GWAS comparing allele frequencies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between elite wrestlers and controls in each ethnic cohort. Cross-population analysis comprised (1) identifying SNPs with nominal significance (p < 0.05) in all three groups, then (2) meta-analyzing overlapped SNPs to assess effect consistency and combined significance. Finally, we investigated whether the most significant SNPs were associated with gene expression in skeletal muscle in 23 physically active men. Results: The GWAS identified 328,388 (Japanese), 23,932 (Turkish), and 30,385 (Russian) SNPs reaching nominal significance. Meta-analysis revealed that the ATP2A3 rs6502758 and UNC5C rs265061 polymorphisms were associated (p < 0.0001) with elite wrestling status across all three populations. Both variants are located in intronic regions and influence the expression of their respective genes in skeletal muscle. Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate gene polymorphisms associated with elite wrestling status in a multi-ethnic cohort. ATP2A3 rs6502758 and UNC5C rs265061 polymorphisms may represent important genetic factors associated with achieving an elite status in wrestling, irrespective of ethnicity. Full article

The Relative Age Effect (RAE) refers to the advantage that relatively older athletes within the same age group may have in sports. While this phenomenon has been widely documented in numerous disciplines, its presence in orienteering remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to analyse the existence of RAE among Spanish orienteers selected for international competitions organised by the International Orienteering Federation (IOF) between 1987 and 2023. A total of 384 participations (225 male, 159 female) were examined across the European Youth Orienteering Championships (EYOC), Junior World Orienteering Championships (JWOC), and the European and World Orienteering Championships (EOC + WOC). The distribution of birth dates by quartiles and semesters was compared using chi-square tests, Cramér’s V, Z-tests, and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The results revealed a significant RAE in male athletes, particularly in JWOC, where those born in the first quartile were up to 3.77 times more likely to be selected than those in the third quartile. In contrast, no significant associations were found in female athletes, which may reflect structural or developmental differences related to sex. These gender-based disparities highlight the importance of integrating sex-specific considerations into selection policies. Overall, the findings suggest a selection bias favouring relatively older males, which may hinder the development of late-born talent. Therefore, it is recommended that selection criteria be reassessed to ensure fairer and more inclusive talent identification and development in youth and elite orienteering. Full article

(1) Background: Research examining the combined influence of anthropometric characteristics, chronological age, and training age on motor performance in handball is limited. Given the sport’s demands and the participation of both adolescent and adult athletes, understanding these relationships is essential for talent identification, personalized training, and long-term athlete development. This study aimed to explore how these variables affect motor performance indicators such as speed, agility, and explosive power. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 29 male handball players. Anthropometric data (height and body weight), chronological age, and training age were collected. Motor performance was assessed using a 30 m sprint, a vertical jump test, and an agility test. (3) Results: Chronological age showed a strong positive correlation with training age (r = 0.819), and moderate correlations with height, body weight, vertical jump, agility, and sprint time. Training age was moderately correlated with vertical jump (r = 0.465) and agility (r = 0.439). Height and body weight were positively associated with sprint time. BMI exhibited low but consistent correlations with all motor tests. Regression analysis revealed that height significantly predicted sprint performance (β = 0.401, p = 0.033), while BMI was not a significant predictor. No significant regression models were found for agility or vertical jump performance. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that both chronological and training age influence certain aspects of motor performance in handball players. Height may serve as a useful predictor of sprint ability, but anthropometric indicators such as BMI appear insufficient for explaining performance in agility or explosive power tasks. These findings support the use of multidimensional and individualized approaches in athletic assessment and training design. Full article

Objectives: The study aims to compare three distinct protocols—Moore, Mirwald, and the new BAUSport^TM SonicBone system—for predicting somatic maturation in youth athletes. Methods: The participants were female members of the Croatian national volleyball youth team (U-17) (n = 16). The study involved comprehensive measurements, including height, weight, sitting height, leg length, wrist diameter, hand joint diameter, hand grip strength, and ultrasound measurements for skeletal age assessment. Results: Correlation analysis showed moderate to strong correlations between the Moore and Mirwald skeletal age estimates, but both showed weaker correlations with the BAUSport^TM skeletal age. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed no significant difference between the Moore and Mirwald methods (p > 0.05); significant differences between both the Moore and Mirwald methods and the BAUSport^TM method (p < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed that height, weight, sitting height, leg length, wrist diameter, and hand joint diameter explained 69% of BAUSport^TM, with wrist diameter being the only significant predictor. While the Moore and Mirwald methods remain useful tools for estimating the timing of an athlete’s growth spurt, BAUSport^TM represents a potential advancement in skeletal age assessment. Further research is needed to validate BAUSport^TM across diverse populations and optimize its calibration to accommodate anatomical variations. Conclusions: The findings suggest that with further refinement, BAUSport^TM could become a new standard for monitoring skeletal development in youth athletes. Additionally, studies should explore comparative analyses with other emerging technologies, such as genetic markers, hormonal assessments, and MRI, for further understanding of biological maturation in talent identification. Full article

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of relative age on gross motor coordination (GMC) development, taking into account biological maturity and sex. Methods: 729 participants aged 10 to 16 years completed three GMC tests newly designed to minimize the potentially confounding effects of physical fitness. The tests included a Hand-Foot coordination test, Dribbling-Targeting test (DT test), and a T balance and agility test (T test). Relative age was determined using birth quartiles: BQ₁ (January–March); BQ₂ (April–June); BQ₃ (July–September); and BQ₄ (October–December). Regarding biological maturity, the participants were categorized according to their estimated peak height velocity (pre- and post-PHV). Results: Relative age did not significantly impact the overall GMC score. In contrast, biological maturity emerged as a significant determinant of GMC, with post-PHV participants outperforming their pre-PHV counterparts in the three tests (p < 0.001). The results also showed a significant main effect of sex in the DT and T tests, i.e., in tasks involving dynamic coordination and agility, with boys consistently outperforming girls (p < 0.001). Significant biological maturity × sex interactions in the DT and T tests also indicated an advantage of boys over girls with advancing biological maturity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: these findings highlight the importance of considering biological maturity and sex rather than relative age in GMC development from childhood through adolescence. Full article

Background: Early-maturing players tend to have physical advantages during formative stages, but it remains unclear whether these advantages translate into long-term professional success. This study examines how biological maturation influences participation and career trajectories in youth football. Methods: Anthropometric and competitive data were collected from 47 players (13.53 ± 1.08 years) in a top-tier academy during the 2010–2011 season. The maturation status was assessed using the Tanner–Whitehouse II RUS method, and the career outcomes were tracked in 2024–2025. Results: Early-maturing players showed higher anthropometric values and greater participation. However, late maturers were more likely to reach professional football (p = 0.003), with all players competing in the top five European leagues belonging to the late-maturing group. Conclusions: Early maturation does not guarantee professional success. Strategies such as bio-banding and personalized training can reduce biases and support talent development, highlighting the need for a more holistic approach to player evaluation. Full article

Youth soccer academies are dominated by the older players in each annual age cohort because they are judged to be better at the time of selection. Failing to identify talented players because they are simply younger in their cohort is a problem of both discrimination and poor practice. One potential method for addressing such biases is to develop and use age- and size-corrected assessments of individual players using traits closely associated with match success. In this study, we quantified the relationship between age and size with individual passing and control performance in six different tests for 170 players between 10 and 20 years old from a Tier 1 academy in Brazil. Passing tests were significantly repeatable and performance varied among tests (df = 5; F = 432.2; p < 0.001). Overall passing performance (PC_P1)—based on all tests—was significantly positively associated with age (R² = 0.42, t = 10.67; p < 0.001), height (R² = 0.19, t = 6.13; p < 0.001) and mass (R² = 0.23, t = 6.90, p < 0.001). In addition, tests of passing and control could discriminate among groups of differing playing levels (test 1: F_(2,116) = 55.2, p < 0.001; test 3: F_(2,116) = 12.0, p < 0.001). Normative algorithms from this study can be used to compare athletes during selection trials and against an elite group, after taking age and size into account, and using such algorithms could vastly reduce the insipid age-biases that plague youth football. Full article

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of growth and maturation (GAM) research in youth basketball. A systematic search of Web of Science (up to August 2024) identified 1160 records; after screening per bibliometric review guidelines, 141 relevant studies were selected. Descriptive analysis indicates an 11.59% annual increase in GAM publications since 2003, underscoring significant expansion of this field. The 576 authors contributing to these studies show a high degree of collaboration, averaging 5.42 co-authors per paper, and 52.60% of publications involve international partnerships. Citation network analysis reveals that GAM research on basketball players predominantly addresses sports performance, strength, and injuries. Core themes (e.g., maturity/maturation) are well integrated, while foundational topics such as growth, strength, and age, although central to the field, remain underexplored. These gaps highlight the need for more targeted investigations. Practically, the findings guide coaches, trainers, and sports administrators in designing developmentally appropriate training programs, implementing targeted injury-prevention strategies, and refining talent identification initiatives. By identifying key areas for further inquiry, this study seeks to strengthen youth basketball programs through growth-stage-specific training methods, optimized injury-prevention protocols, and a holistic approach to athlete development. Full article

Background: This cross-sectional study aims to clarify the relationship between coaches’ decisions and players’ relative age, biological maturation, and experience when identifying Under-14 (U14) players for the District and National Teams. Methods: A total of 360 male soccer players participating in the U14 national inter-association tournament, Lopes da Silva, were assessed. Birth dates were recorded, and players were categorized by birth quarter. Anthropometric measurements, fitness level (handgrip strength), and success indicators (performance evaluated by the coach, minutes played, and selection for the National Team) were documented, Maturation status was determined using bone age. Results: The majority of the sample was born in the 1st and 2nd quartiles regardless of maturation status. Morphological and functional differences between players born in different quartiles were no longer significant after controlling the effect of bone age. Late-maturing athletes played significantly fewer minutes. Among the players selected for the National Team, 89.9% were early or on-time maturers, and 92.9% were born in the first or second quartile of the year. While previous studies have shown reduced variability between bone and decimal age in the third and fourth quartiles, our findings indicate greater variability across all birth quartiles. Conclusions: Maturation status and relative age effect are crucial factors influencing coaches’ selection decisions. These findings highlight the need for a more equitable approach to talent identification, which should include track maturation bias avoiding the pursuit of short-term success and promoting long-term development programs for young soccer players. Undoubtedly, maturation status and relative age effect (RAE) play a significant role in a coach’s decision-making process. Full article

This study investigates the relative age effect (RAE) in Spanish orienteering, comparing birth distributions between the general population and federated athletes, as well as across different age groups. A cross-sectional and retrospective observational analysis was conducted on data from 34,718 athletes federated (female: n = 12,338; male: n = 22,380) with the Spanish Orienteering Federation (FEDO) between 2005 and 2023. Birth distributions by quartiles and semesters were compared with birth data from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. Chi-square tests, Z-tests for proportions, and odds ratio (OR) analysis were used to assess differences and the magnitude of the RAE. A significant RAE was found in the total population of federated athletes and the youth and male elite subgroups, with an over-representation of athletes born in the first semester of the year. The effect was small in magnitude but persistent in youth categories and intensified in the male elite category. In contrast, no significant RAE was observed in the female elite category. The RAE exists in Spanish orienteering, although its magnitude is smaller compared to other sports. The persistence of the RAE in the male elite category suggests that advantages accumulated in formative stages influence access to higher levels. Strategies to mitigate the impact of the RAE in talent identification and development are recommended. Full article

In addition to various physiological parameters that affect athletes’ performance and outcomes, anthropometric variables are also related to athletic performance. In particular, the length of the lower limbs is closely associated with human mobility and stride length, making it a crucial factor in various movement-based sports. Furthermore, favorable body proportions may vary depending on the sport, and a better understanding of how body proportions affect physical performance across different levels of athletes is needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between leg length and physical performance by measuring body dimensions (tibia and femur length) for athletes categorized by sports characteristics and performance levels. The study involved 312 athletes from 23 sports, divided into three activity levels. Anthropometric measurements of tibia and femur length were taken, and physical performance tests, including strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, agility, explosiveness, flexibility, and anaerobic power, were conducted in the laboratory. The relationships between variables (leg length × physical performance) were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Leg length via activity levels was verified through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing, including normality and homoscedasticity. Post hoc analysis (Tukey’s HSD test) was used to compare specific differences when significance was found. Statistical significance was accepted at the 0.05 level. As a result, an increase in lower limb length was found to have a relationship with physical performance components, including power (r = 0.302, p = 0.001), agility (r = −0.289, p = 0.001), endurance capacity (r = 0.168, p = 0.005), and anaerobic peak power (r = 0.265, p = 0.001). However, in the LD group, which consisted of athletes in static sports, no significant relationship was observed between lower limb length and physical performance components. However, in the LD group, which included static sports, no significant relationship was found between lower limb length and physical performance components. These findings may serve as foundational data for athlete talent identification and performance prediction. Full article

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of a sample of young international elite basketball players to create new reference values, using both somatotype and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA). Moreover, we analyze the influence of age and maturation on anthropometric characteristics. Anthropometric measures (stature, body mass, body circumferences, skinfold thicknesses, and diameters) have been collected in a sample of 153 young basketball players of different age categories. From these measures, the endo-, ecto-, and mesomorph somatotypes components were calculated. In addition, impedance measurements were performed with a hand-to-foot bioimpedance analyser, and, subsequently, BIVA was carried out and biological maturity was estimated. A principal component analysis (PCA) has been assessed to reduce somatotype dimensionality. Almost all the collected variables differed between age groups. As regards the somatotype, the majority of the athletes were mesomorph–ectomorphal and the degree of homogeneity of the sample was high; the somatotype is aligned with that of the older athletes. Strong relationships were observed between mesomorphy, age, and bio-electric phase angle. Moreover, a tolerance ellipse graph was proposed as a reference for young elite athletes in basketball, and a new PCA-based method with one component was created to synthesize somatotype contents (eigenvalue = 2.42, R² = 0.807). Reference values for basketball players are needed by researchers, coaches, and practitioners for the process of talent identification and development. There are too many biological features to easily account for during growth, and field personnel need synthetic and more reliable approaches. Full article

During their career, most professional players in team sports encounter club-to-club transfers (CCTs). Indeed, it is unusual for a player to remain with a single club throughout their professional career, making these transitions pivotal moments in elite sports environments. However, there is lack of knowledge as concerns the psychosocial skills involved when players encounter CCT challenges. The current study was concerned with integrating Social Adaptability Skills (SAS) simultaneously with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to assist athletes with overcoming CCT challenges. A linear mixed model analysis using the likelihood ratio test revealed significant improvements in SAS, p < 0.05. Furthermore, the main effect of period was significant F(2, 203.17) = 286.07, p < 0.001, indicating that the propensity to enact and deploy SAS varied across the measurement periods (pre-, post-, and retention-test). These findings suggest that ACT-based mindfulness interventions may play a crucial role in reinforcing athletes’ enactment of SAS in overcoming CCT challenges. Overall, the results confirm that the SAS educational intervention effectively equipped athletes with the necessary psychosocial attributes to navigate CCT challenges. This study provides a foundation for future research and practical applications, emphasizing the need for structured psychological support within talent development programs. Full article