Search Results (369)

This review examines the clinical and practical implications of embedding molecular profiles directly into the 2023 FIGO staging system for endometrial carcinoma, in the context of the 2025 ESGO/ESTRO/ESP guidelines. The primary purpose is to navigate a central conflict in modern oncology: how to deliver increasingly personalized care while maintaining a globally accessible, equitable, and standardized cancer classification system. The 2023 FIGO update represents a paradigm shift from the traditional dualistic model (Type I versus Type II) by allowing molecular findings to redefine stage itself. While this integration offers clear benefits, it introduces significant challenges. First, the system depends on advanced molecular testing, creating a “rich-poor” divide where patients in resource-limited settings are systematically overtreated because testing is unavailable. Second, stage becomes unstable, changing with sequential histologic and molecular re-review, which causes confusion for patients and clinicians. Third, the system lumps prognostically distinct histotypes (Serous, Clear Cell, Carcinosarcoma, and Grade 3 Endometrioid) into a single aggressive stage, obscuring meaningful differences in survival. Fourth, it relies on subjective parameters such as “substantial” lymphovascular space invasion, for which no standardized definition exists, leading to high inter-observer variability. After analyzing these controversies, the review proposes a pragmatic solution: decouple anatomical staging from molecular risk stratification. Staging should remain a purely anatomical, universally applicable descriptor of tumor extent, while molecular and histologic data are used separately within a dynamic risk assessment model, as suggested by the European guidelines. This dual-track approach preserves global comparability, reduces inequity, and maintains diagnostic stability, while still enabling personalized treatment where advanced diagnostics are available. Full article

The transition of adsorbent materials from laboratory synthesis to industrial application requires a rigorous assessment of their durability under high concentrations. This study evaluates composite alginate hydrogels incorporating mill scale-derived magnetite (Fe₃O₄), activated carbon, and L-ascorbic acid (Fe₃O₄/AC/VitC alginate hydrogels) for the detoxification of highly concentrated chromium effluents. We investigated the operational limits of these hydrogel bubbles through three distinct scenarios: (1) Single-Batch Adsorption–Regeneration Cycling in Fresh Cr(VI) Solutions, (2) Sequential Reuse of Single-Batch Hydrogel Bubbles in the Same Effluent for Complete Cr(VI) Removal, and (3) the Multi-Batch Treatment Capacity Test for highly concentrated Cr(VI) loads. The composite demonstrated exceptional robustness, maintaining >80% removal efficiency over five cycles for 100 mg/L Cr(VI) without chemical treatment. For higher loads (150–400 mg/L), a simple regeneration protocol effectively restored performance, reducing Cr(VI) levels to below stringent discharge limits (<0.25 mg/L). Furthermore, in “worst-case” scenarios involving synthetic solutions (2500 mg/L) and real electroplating wastewater (~2000 mg/L), a multi-batch approach achieved complete abatement within 8–9 cycles. Notably, the treatment simultaneously neutralized the effluent pH from ~1.0 to 7.0, confirming the potential of this waste-derived material as a resilient, multi-functional solution for complex industrial wastewater management. Beyond performance, a techno-economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility of industrial-scale production. The results indicate that by utilizing industrial-grade reagents and waste-derived precursors, the production cost of the dry adsorbent can be estimated at ~45 EUR/kg. These findings confirm the potential of this material as a cost-effective, multi-functional solution for SMEs struggling with high operational costs and stringent environmental regulations. Full article

Background: Accurate prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is limited by biological heterogeneity and the absence of formal per-patient uncertainty quantification for treatment-response prediction. This study introduces a multi-layer evidence fusion framework combining gene expression profiling and clinical features with distribution-free uncertainty quantification. Methods: The proposed framework integrates four evidence layers—WGCNA co-expression eigengenes, ssGSEA pathway scores, bootstrap-stable prognostic genes, and the International Prognostic Index—through AUC-proportional reliability discounting and sequential Dempster–Shafer fusion. The primary endpoint was three-year overall survival (OS₃yr) as a surrogate for R-CHOP treatment response. Inductive conformal prediction (ICP, ε = 0.10) was applied to provide per-patient uncertainty sets with a distribution-free coverage guarantee. Training used GSE10846 (n = 223, Affymetrix); external validation used GSE181063 (n = 479, Illumina). Results: The proposed framework achieved internal AUC = 0.808 (95% CI [0.750, 0.863]), significantly outperforming logistic stacking (AUC = 0.786, p = 0.0009) and unweighted DS fusion (AUC = 0.767, p = 0.037). External AUC = 0.791 was statistically comparable to logistic stacking (DeLong p = 0.21). AUC-proportional discounting reduced inter-source conflict K^- by 75% (0.093→0.023). ICP achieved 90.1% internal and 94.6% external coverage; 43.5% of training patients received uncertain predictions ({S,R}). Conclusions: The proposed framework provides an uncertainty-aware approach for multi-layer genomic–clinical evidence fusion in DLBCL, with cross-platform discrimination validated on an independent Illumina cohort. Full article

Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) offer significant potential to enhance energy efficiency and reduce reliance on SO₂ and other chemical preservatives, aligning with current sustainability and health demands. This work evaluates PEF industrial viability for wine stabilisation through a multidisciplinary pilot-scale approach (108 L/h). A sulfur-free comparative trial evaluated four sequential bipolar PEF treatments (20–23 kV/cm; 19–34 kJ/kg) against stabilisation with a commercial chitosan–glucan complex. PEF caused significant effects on microbial kinetics: B. bruxellensis was successfully maintained below the detection limit and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were undetected by the end of the trial. Standard oenological parameters showed no relevant changes, except for lactic acid dynamics, corroborating LAB knockdown. Regarding metal ion migration into the food matrix, Fe, Ni, and Cr were assessed. No significant variations were found for Fe and Ni compared to the control group; all elements presented residual concentrations compatible with international regulatory guidelines. Sensory analysis revealed that PEF-treated wines exhibited lower perceived bitterness and higher colour intensity, driven by B. bruxellensis proliferation in control wines. In total, 75% of panellists preferred PEF wines. OPEX analysis demonstrates industrial competitiveness for medium-to-large scale, reducing consumable costs over 10-fold (0.6064 vs. 6.50 €/hL), excluding initial CAPEX. These findings validate multi-stage, pilot-scale PEF as a competitive and electrochemically safe technology to transition toward sustainable reduced-SO₂ or SO₂-free winemaking. Full article

Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 pathway have improved outcomes in advanced gastric cancer; however, substantial heterogeneity in treatment response remains. Current prediction strategies mainly rely on pretreatment biomarkers, which provide static assessments and may not capture the evolving interactions between tumor progression and host immunity. This study aimed to develop a dynamic prediction framework integrating longitudinal clinical trajectories and immune remodeling for continuous risk assessment during PD-1 inhibitor therapy. Methods: This retrospective study included 171 patients with gastric cancer receiving PD-1 inhibitor-based treatment. A landmark analysis framework was established using sequential 28-day follow-up windows to predict subsequent progressive disease (PD) or recurrence based on available clinical and immune information. Three nested models were developed: a baseline model (M0), a dynamic clinical model (M1), and an immune-integrated model (M2) incorporating longitudinal lymphocyte subset features. Model performance was evaluated using discrimination, calibration, and internal validation with patient-level resampling strategies. Results: Predictive performance improved progressively with incorporation of longitudinal information. The ROC AUC increased from 0.559 (95% CI, 0.429–0.690) in M0 to 0.737 (95% CI, 0.613–0.852) in M1 and 0.786 (95% CI, 0.681–0.883) in M2. Dynamic clinical information significantly improved discrimination compared with baseline prediction (ΔAUC = 0.178, p = 0.025), while additional immune features further enhanced risk stratification (ΔAUC = 0.049, p = 0.040). Interpretation analysis identified tumor burden evolution, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio trajectories, and immune functional axes involving T-cell, innate cytotoxicity, and humoral immunity as major contributors to risk estimation. Landmark analyses demonstrated the feasibility of continuously updating PD/recurrence risk during treatment. Conclusions: This study establishes a dynamic landmark prediction framework integrating longitudinal clinical trajectories and immune remodeling for continuous risk assessment during PD-1 inhibitor therapy. Dynamic clinical and immune features provided complementary predictive information beyond baseline characteristics, supporting an adaptive approach for precision immunotherapy monitoring in gastric cancer. Full article

Detection of brain tumors through MRI scans is a difficult and crucial process since medical imaging is complex and there are not enough experts to analyze these images in many countries. The timely detection of diseases such as gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary tumors is critical because delayed detection may have adverse impacts on the patient’s condition and result in incorrect treatment. These difficulties are why automated deep learning models were introduced to help diagnose brain tumors. In this research, we introduce a multi-stage sequential pipeline for brain tumor classification, localization, explainability, and report generation in a radiologist-style structured format based on MRI imaging data, with each stage trained and evaluated independently on its respective dataset. Specifically, an Xception-based classifier was used to classify MRI images into one of four classes, achieving 98.96% accuracy and an F1-score of 0.9876. To enhance interpretability, the Grad-CAM technique was used to visualize image patches the model used during prediction. If the tumor was present, U-Net was used to perform localization, giving a Dice score of 0.7835 and an IoU of 0.6919 with the use of T1-weighted MRI images. Finally, the obtained features were passed as input to a QLoRA fine-tuned language model that generates structured radiology reports, including such components as Technique, Findings, and Impression.The proposed framework was evaluated on a hold-out subset of publicly available T1-weighted MRI data, achieving LLM-as-a-Judge scores of 4.92/5 for accuracy and 4.95/5 for fluency. These results suggest that the proposed approach is promising and provide an initial proof of concept. However, additional validation on independent multi-center datasets and multimodal MRI data is still needed before considering its use in clinical practice. Full article

Hip fractures are among the most devastating fragility fractures, associated with excess mortality, disability, loss of independence, and substantial healthcare costs. Although age-standardized incidence has declined in several high-income countries, absolute case numbers continue to rise because of population aging. This review summarizes contemporary PubMed-indexed evidence on the epidemiology, risk stratification, and prevention of proximal femoral fractures, with emphasis on hip-fracture outcomes rather than vertebral or composite endpoints alone. We discuss secular trends, FRAX-based case findings and screening, non-pharmacologic strategies, pharmacologic therapy, and health-system interventions relevant to both primary and secondary prevention. Among non-pharmacologic measures, long-term balance-challenging and resistance-based exercise has the most consistent evidence for reducing falls and likely contributes to fracture prevention, whereas multifactorial interventions, home hazard modification, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and hip protectors are best targeted to selected high-risk populations and care settings. Among medications, bisphosphonates, denosumab, and romosozumab-based sequential strategies show the strongest evidence for reducing hip-fracture risk, while teriparatide and abaloparatide have important roles in very-high-risk patients despite less direct hip-fracture evidence. Menopausal hormone therapy reduces hip fractures in younger postmenopausal women but is limited by extra-skeletal risk, and selective estrogen receptor modulators are primarily vertebral-fracture agents. A major message of this review is that effective prevention depends not only on drug efficacy but also on implementation. Fracture liaison services, orthogeriatric co-management, prompt treatment after fragility fracture, and sustained adherence support are essential to close persistent care gaps. Preventing hip fractures therefore requires an integrated, risk-stratified approach that combines skeletal protection, falls prevention, and reliable health-system delivery. Full article

Dairy wastewater is an agro-industrial effluent characterized by elevated concentrations of organic matter, nutrients and suspended solids, posing environmental risks when inadequately treated. This study assessed the feasibility of a simultaneous Scenedesmus obliquus–Lemna minor co-cultivation system within a single, shared bioreactor for the treatment of modified dairy wastewater, comparing its performance against the two individual monocultures. Raw dairy wastewater was subjected to sequential heat treatment, ultrasound and filtration, which significantly altered its physicochemical composition (p < 0.05) prior to cultivation. Experiments were conducted in parallel laboratory-scale open reactors over 14 days with periodic sampling. The mixed system achieved the highest removal efficiencies (95.3% COD, 91.3% TOC, 97.1% NO₃-N and 94.6% PO₄-P), with rapid pollutant reduction during the first 3–6 days followed by a slower stabilization phase. Despite these high removal efficiencies, the final COD concentration remained relatively high in absolute terms, indicating that the system is best suited as an on-site pretreatment step at the dairy facility, reducing the organic and nutrient load prior to discharge into the municipal sewerage network for further treatment at a municipal WWTP. The recovered microalgal biomass was nutrient-rich and exhibited preliminary biofertilizer potential, as reflected in the positive growth trends observed in two of the three tested Lactuca sativa L. cultivars, although these did not reach statistical significance relative to controls. Overall, the integrated system represents an effective, low-impact approach combining pollutant removal, biomass valorization and circular bioeconomy principles. Full article

Background: Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is increasingly recognized as a clinically relevant marker of male reproductive potential and has been associated with impaired embryo development, miscarriage, and suboptimal assisted reproductive technology outcomes, particularly in selected infertile populations. Because conventional sperm-preparation methods do not directly target molecular sperm damage, combined selection strategies such as density gradient centrifugation (DGC) and annexin V-based magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) have been proposed to enrich spermatozoa with improved DNA integrity before intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Regardless of their more favorable functional characteristics, the optimal sequence for combining these methods remains uncertain. Methods: This study presents a hybrid analysis combining a structured review of 25 published studies with original prospective observational laboratory data. The review examined the effects of DGC, MACS, and sequential combined protocols on SDF, conventional semen parameters, and reported assisted reproduction outcomes, with particular attention to the unresolved question of sequencing order. In parallel, a blinded observational cohort of 67 infertile men with baseline SDF of at least 30% underwent sequential DGC followed by MACS, with SDF measured before and after processing using the sperm chromatin dispersion test (Halosperm ^® assay). Results: Across the reviewed literature, combined DGC/MACS approaches generally reduced SDF more than single-step preparation, although the magnitude of benefit varied across assays, patient populations, and laboratory protocols. Some studies also reported improvements in embryo quality and pregnancy-related outcomes, but these data were derived mainly from retrospective or small comparative cohorts, and no large randomized head-to-head trials were identified comparing DGC→MACS with MACS→DGC for fertilization, miscarriage, or live-birth outcomes. In the observational cohort, DGC→MACS was associated with a significant mean absolute SDF reduction of 19.42% +/− 9.4% (p < 0.0001). Most patients (85.1%) achieved post-treatment SDF values below the 30% threshold. Conclusions: Combined DGC/MACS sperm preparation, supported by the data in our study sequence, appears promising for reducing SDF in selected infertile men, particularly those with elevated baseline SDF. However, the optimal sequencing strategy and its impact on major reproductive endpoints remain uncertain and require better standardized comparative clinical studies. Full article

Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune skin disease driven by persistent inflammation and immune dysfunction that severely impairs quality of life and is associated with serious comorbidities, including psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and depression. Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests an association between psoriasis and an increased risk of certain malignancies, such as breast cancer (BC) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), although the strength and consistency of these associations vary across study designs, and the underlying thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Several therapeutic approaches, including topical therapies, conventional systemic drugs (e.g., methotrexate and cyclosporine), and biological agents have been investigated for their potential associations with malignancy risk. However, the available evidence is heterogeneous and influenced by disease severity, treatment duration, cumulative exposure, and patient-related confounding factors. While some epidemiological studies have reported associations between conventional therapies and selected skin or hematological malignancies, combined or sequential treatment regimens further complicate the interpretation of treatment-related cancer risk. Similarly, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been associated with higher reported rates of lymphoma and non-melanoma skin cancer than tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors (TNFi-α) in some observational studies. Recent studies also highlight the clinical utility of inflammatory markers, specifically the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR) ratio, and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), for monitoring systemic inflammation and treatment response, while certain therapies may additionally influence CVD risk. Despite these advances, substantial heterogeneity across observational studies, meta-analyses, and Mendelian randomization analyses preclude definitive conclusions regarding causality. Overall, this review synthesizes the current epidemiological and mechanistic evidence linking psoriasis, chronic inflammation, therapeutic interventions, cancer risk, and cardiovascular comorbidities, while highlighting the need for large prospective studies and standardized analytical approaches. Full article

Background: Calcium formulations are important nutritional interventions for improving insufficient calcium intake and assisting in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In vitro and in vivo performance may be influenced by dosage form, calcium source, and formulation composition. In this study, an integrated approach combining in vitro dissolution, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic evaluations was used to compare the comprehensive performance of nine calcium formulations and related functional components. Methods: The nine samples were coded as CS-1 to CS-9 according to a predefined order. Calcium release characteristics were determined under simulated gastrointestinal pH conditions using a flow-through cell system. Calcium concentrations in rat plasma, feces, and urine were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to evaluate calcium exposure, excretion, and retention. Meanwhile, the bone-protective effects of different calcium preparations were assessed in a retinoic acid-induced osteoporotic ICR mouse model, and the pharmacodynamic performance of calcium citrate and various bone-derived peptide preparations was investigated in a calcium-deficient female Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat model. Results: CS-1 exhibited rapid and nearly complete calcium release in simulated gastric fluid and showed a relatively favorable dissolution profile under sequential gastrointestinal pH conditions. Calcium balance analysis indicated that calcium retention in rats was relatively higher after administration of CS-1. Animal experiments showed that different calcium sources and bone-derived peptide preparations improved bone-related parameters to varying degrees, among which CS-1 produced relatively consistent improvements in bone microarchitecture and biomechanical properties. As a functional component of the CS-1 formulation, salmon bone-derived ingredients showed activity in the comparative pharmacodynamic evaluation, suggesting that they may contribute to the overall bone-protective effect. Conclusions: Different calcium formulations showed distinct profiles in dissolution behavior, calcium retention, and bone-protective effects. Among the tested samples, CS-1 demonstrated relatively favorable overall performance, which may be related to its liquid dosage form and salmon bone-derived functional components. Full article

Drought stress is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and distribution, with severe drought leading to plant mortality. This study investigates the physiological mechanisms underlying drought-induced mortality in one-year-old seedlings of the valuable timber tree species Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang, aiming to clarify the relative roles of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. A 51-day controlled pot experiment was conducted to simulate progressive drought using 10 experimental groups (n = 6): a well-watered control and four drought treatment groups harvested at key physiological stages. Stage I (baseline) corresponded to a relative soil water content of approximately 89%. Stage II (photosynthetic cessation) was reached after approximately 15 days of water withholding, at a relative soil water content of approximately 60% and a predawn leaf water potential of approximately −3.4 MPa. Stage III (complete leaf wilting) was reached after approximately 36 days of water withholding. Stage IV (stem browning) occurred at a relative soil water content of approximately 18%, after approximately 45–51 days of water withholding. We systematically measured key physiological parameters, including leaf water potential, gas exchange parameters, the percentage loss of xylem conductivity in stems, and the concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates (including soluble sugars and starch) in different tissues. Results showed that stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate approached zero when leaf water potential fell to approximately −3.4 MPa. Stem percentage loss of xylem conductivity increased significantly with advancing drought, exceeding 75% at complete leaf wilting and reaching over 98% at stem browning, reflecting a near-complete loss of xylem hydraulic conductance. Concurrently, non-structural carbohydrate concentrations underwent transient accumulation during early drought, reflecting sink-limited carbon dynamics, followed by progressive depletion. Notably, partial non-structural carbohydrate reserves persisted even at the stem browning stage, suggesting that these reserves may have become physically inaccessible or metabolically unavailable rather than entirely exhausted. The findings point to a tightly coupled, sequential interaction between hydraulic failure and carbon starvation across the drought progression. The findings will provide a scientific basis for evaluating drought tolerance, informing adaptive management practices, and ensuring the sustainable cultivation of P. bournei under future climate scenarios. Full article

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a common, prognostically unfavorable manifestation of advanced gastrointestinal and gynecological malignancies whose treatment is constrained by the blood-peritoneal barrier, which limits drug penetration even when cytoreductive surgery is combined with systemic chemotherapy. This review evaluates current intraperitoneal treatment modalities and emerging technologies for overcoming this limitation, based on recent clinical trials and meta-analyses identified through Scopus and PubMed. We sequentially examine conventional intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC); hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in ovarian, gastric, and colorectal cancers, with attention to patient selection and the peritoneal cancer index as determinants of survival benefit; pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) and its electrostatic precipitation variant (ePIPAC); and photodynamic and photothermal therapy for tumor treatment. Novel strategies are also discussed, including IPC combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, optical dosimetry, and nanomedicine-based drug delivery as tools for improving treatment precision. Overall, management of PC is transitioning toward a personalized, multimodal approach: HIPEC and PIPAC provide standardized platforms for regional therapy, but future progress depends on integrating advanced drug delivery systems, immunotherapy, and real-time intraoperative monitoring, with standardization of protocols through large multicenter trials remaining a priority for translating these modalities into clinical practice. Full article

Background and Clinical Significance: Severe pediatric spastic equinovarus may significantly impair positioning, orthotic tolerance, hygiene management, caregiver-assisted mobilization, and assisted standing activities. In children with severe cerebral palsy, clinically meaningful outcomes frequently include reduction in caregiver burden and facilitation of daily care rather than restoration of autonomous gait. Ultrasound-guided cryoneurolysis has recently emerged as a minimally invasive option for focal spasticity management, although procedural workflow and tolerability remain challenging in severe deforming patterns. Case Presentation: We report a CARE-compliant same-patient bilateral technical comparison in a 9-year-old child with severe spastic cerebral palsy and bilateral dynamic equinovarus refractory to intensive rehabilitation and repeated botulinum toxin treatment. Baseline severity was consistent with GMFCS level IV. One lower limb was treated using the proposed posterior single-window ultrasound-guided cryoneurolysis approach through a single posterior proximal-calf window, whereas the contralateral limb underwent a conventional multi-point supine strategy. The posterior single-window approach enabled sequential targeting of multiple motor branches through a single posterior access corridor under continuous ultrasound guidance. The procedure required approximately 1 mL of 2% lidocaine without additional sedation and was completed in approximately 4 min, whereas the conventional supine strategy required multiple access points, repeated probe repositioning, minimal conscious sedation with midazolam, and approximately 20 min. At follow-up, lower-limb spasticity improved from approximately MAS 3 toward MAS 2, passive ankle angle, measured as the tibia–foot angle with 90° corresponding to the neutral ankle position, improved from approximately 80° to 95°, and semitendinosus-related hypertonia was reduced. Clinically meaningful improvement in positioning, hygiene management, assisted standing, and rehabilitation handling was observed. Caregiver-reported satisfaction and procedural tolerability were qualitatively perceived as better with the posterior single-window approach. Conclusions: The proposed posterior single-window cryoneurolysis strategy may represent a technically simplifying and clinically relevant minimally invasive approach for severe pediatric spastic equinovarus. Further prospective studies are required to confirm reproducibility, safety, and long-term outcomes. Full article

We present a computational proof of concept, inspired by a recent patent developed by Nikolai Suchkov and Siegfried Wahl (European Patent Office EP4179957A1), of a virtual multi-eccentric Hartmann–Shack (HS) aberrometer for simultaneous measurement of peripheral ocular aberrations. The simulated system records nine wavefronts distributed within a region of approximately 20° around the fovea and is evaluated under ideal and realistic conditions, including speckle and illumination inhomogeneities in HS sensor images. Aberrations are quantified by two approaches: a traditional centroid-based method and a custom-made ResNet convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on simulated HS images. Results show that speckle markedly degrades traditional reconstructions for eccentric points, whereas the CNN (trained with speckled data) exhibits greater robustness and accuracy across all nine wavefronts. This model serves as a proof of concept toward a physical multi-eccentric aberrometer that acquires nine wavefronts in a single shot, thereby eliminating sequential point-by-point acquisition, reducing measurement time, and limiting motion-induced variability between measurements. The approach has potential applications in evaluating ocular treatments and in longitudinal studies of ametropias where peripheral aberrations are implicated. Full article