Search Results (1,270)

Abdominal pain is a common presentation in the emergency department (ED). Ultrasound is the first-line diagnostic imaging modality for right upper quadrant pain. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a focused examination that can be performed at the patient’s bedside to evaluate acute and emergent biliary pathology. The advantages of POCUS include avoiding the potential safety risks associated with transporting critically ill patients, no exposure to ionizing radiation, potentially reduced costs, and rapid diagnosis. This narrative review synthesizes key sonographic findings and techniques for emergent and non-emergent biliary diseases that physicians should recognize at first glance. We present significant and interesting images of cholelithiasis, acute cholecystitis, emphysematous gallbladder, choledocholithiasis or sludge, Mirizzi syndrome, post-operative biliary obstruction, gallbladder polyps, biliary neoplasms, and malignant-appearing lesions or masses. Finally, this review integrates POCUS into clinical pathways to guide decisions regarding additional abdominal imaging, such as computed tomography or radiology-performed ultrasound, and surgical consultation. Full article

Background: Temporalis muscle thickness (TMT) measured on routine neuroimaging has emerged as a radiological marker of sarcopenia, but its prognostic value in acute ischemic stroke is not well defined. This systematic review examined whether TMT is associated with functional status, swallowing outcomes, and mortality after acute ischemic stroke. Methods: A PRISMA-guided systematic review identified observational studies (2000–2025) reporting TMT and at least one clinical outcome in adults with acute ischemic stroke. PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched. Two reviewers independently screened records and extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, with justification relative to prognostic-factor tools. Due to heterogeneity in TMT definitions and outcome measures, findings were synthesized narratively. Results: Four cohorts, including 1361 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 69.7 years, and 53.9% were male. Study-level mean TMT ranged from 5.2 to 6.35 mm; among the 704 patients in cohorts that reported TMT-defined sarcopenia status, prevalence was 51.8% (365/704). Across studies, lower TMT or TMT-defined sarcopenia was associated with poorer functional outcomes and higher mortality, independent of age and stroke severity. In one thrombectomy cohort, each 1-mm increase in TMT increased the odds of functional independence (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.27). In contrast, each 1-mm increase reduced 90-day mortality (adjusted OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54–0.93). Lower TMT also predicted prolonged nasogastric tube dependence. Conclusions: TMT is a simple CT- or MRI-based measure that is consistently associated with disability, dysphagia, and survival after acute ischemic stroke. Current evidence is observational and supports further prospective validation and measurement standardization rather than immediate routine decision-making use. Full article

Background: Osteitis pubis (OP) is a recognized contributor of anterior pelvic and groin pain, particularly in athletic populations, and is currently included within the wider spectrum of pubic-related groin pain. Despite the growing body of literature, clinical management is still challenging and controversial. Significant conceptual confusion persists among related clinical entities; few reviews address the real-world clinical decision-making process; and a poorly defined “grey area” exists between conservative and surgical treatment strategies. Objectives: This extensive narrative review aimed to clarify key unresolved issues in the management of osteitis pubis by examining the available evidence to: (1) distinguish osteitis pubis from other causes of pubic-related groin pain; (2) evaluate the clinical criteria guiding progression through conservative treatment strategies; and (3) define the role and limitations of intermediate interventions between conservative and surgical management. Methods: An extensive narrative search of PubMed/MEDLINE for publications dated through 4 August 2026 was performed. Clinical studies, consensus statements, systematic and narrative reviews, randomized and nonrandomized trials, observational studies, and case series addressing epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, imaging, conservative treatment, intermediate interventions, surgery, and return to sport were considered. Reference lists of relevant articles were also screened to identify additional studies. Eligibility criteria, evidence directness, and design-specific methodological limitations were described. Results: The current literature shows considerable heterogeneity in terminology, diagnostic criteria, and imaging interpretation, with inconsistent clinico-radiological correlation. Pubic-related groin pain is a clinical regional classification, whereas OP is used here as an author-proposed clinico-radiological phenotype. Conservative management remains the first-line treatment; however, uniform criteria for defining treatment progression and failure are lacking, and much treatment evidence is indirect or derived from mixed groin-pain populations. Injection-based and other interventional therapies are widely used as diagnostic and therapeutic tools despite limited and heterogeneous evidence. Surgical treatment is reserved for selected refractory cases, although indications and techniques vary considerably across studies. Recent evidence further stresses the frequent coexistence of adductor, aponeurotic, inguinal, and hip-related abnormalities and the need to identify a clinically concordant pain generator before treatment escalation. Conclusions: This review offers a decision-oriented synthesis and proposes an evidence-informed clinical framework. Organizing the available evidence within a coherent diagnostic and therapeutic framework supports individualized clinical decision-making and identifies priorities for future high-quality studies. Full article

Introduction: Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis is an uncommon invasive fungal infection caused by Basidiobolus ranarum, an environmental mould endemic to the arid south-west of Saudi Arabia and to a handful of other hot, dry regions. Its non-specific presentation routinely invites misdiagnosis as inflammatory bowel disease, tuberculosis or malignancy, and extension to the biliary tree is decidedly rare. Case Presentation: We report a 25-year-old Saudi woman who developed chronic watery diarrhoea and pronounced weight loss two months after her first delivery. Severe microcytic anaemia, leukocytosis, a very high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and multisegmental colonic wall thickening were initially attributed to inflammatory bowel disease complicated by Clostridioides difficile colitis. She subsequently required cholecystectomy for acalculous cholecystitis and then deteriorated, with gastric outlet obstruction and collections at the gallbladder bed. Re-examination of the gallbladder specimen revealed broad, pauci-septate hyphae enveloped by the Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon, and culture yielded an isolate phenotypically identified as B. ranarum. Voriconazole followed by itraconazole achieved near-complete clinical and radiological recovery. Discussion: We hypothesise that the early puerperium could represent a possible, though as yet unproven, window of susceptibility to this infection. Conclusions: In endemic regions, gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis should be considered when presumed inflammatory bowel disease behaves atypically; deep tissue sampling is often decisive, and prolonged triazole therapy can achieve an excellent outcome. Full article

Objectives: We aim to assess the 5-year clinical outcomes of a cylindrical-conical implant system with a progressive thread design and a sandblasted, acid-etched surface and its fixed prostheses under routine clinical conditions. Methods: This retrospective single-center cross-sectional follow-up study included patients treated with implants with a progressive thread design and an internal butt-joint connection between January 2019 and August 2020 at a specialist referral practice in Germany. Of 112 patients treated, 44 (94 implants with fixed restorations) attended the five-year recall. Outcomes were the Functional Implant Prosthodontic Score (FIPS), peri-implant tissue health parameters (bleeding on probing, suppuration, dehiscence, width of keratinized mucosa, and other signs of inflammation), marginal bone level on periapical radiographs, and implant survival. Results: All 94 implants available for examination remained in situ at five years, corresponding to 100% survival among recalled implants. Mean FIPS was 7.6 out of 10 (interproximal 1.3, occlusion 1.8, design 1.6, mucosa 1.4, bone 1.5). Bleeding on probing was absent in 37.2% of implants and present at ≥3 of 6 sites in 30.9%; suppuration was absent in all cases. Bleeding was descriptively more frequent where keratinized mucosa was narrow: implants with <2 mm bled at nearly three times as many sites as those with ≥2 mm. No implant showed a marginal bone level ≥2.0 mm apical to the shoulder. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this retrospective cross-sectional follow-up study, the implant system with a progressive thread design demonstrated favorable 5-year prosthodontic, biological and radiological findings under referral-practice conditions. Full article

Background: Urinary cytology is routinely used as an adjunct to cystoscopy in the diagnosis and surveillance of urothelial carcinoma. Although it has high specificity for high-grade tumors, its sensitivity for low-grade papillary lesions is limited. Activating mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene are frequently encountered in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and may provide a complementary molecular method for detecting tumors that are not identified by conventional cytology. Objective: To compare conventional urinary cytology with urinary detection of the FGFR3 hotspot mutations S249C and R248C in patients undergoing evaluation for urothelial carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This single-center prospective pilot study included adult patients with clinically and radiologically confirmed bladder tumors evaluated between February 2022 and December 2023. Voided urine specimens were collected before cystoscopy or urinary tract instrumentation. Urine cytology was performed after centrifugation, conventional smear preparation, alcohol fixation, and Papanicolaou staining, with interpretation according to The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology. DNA extracted from paired urine specimens was analyzed for the FGFR3 S249C and R248C hotspot mutations using TaqMan mutation-detection assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Histopathological examination of transurethral resection, bladder biopsy, or radical surgical specimens served as the reference standard. Results: Twenty-six patients were included, with a mean age of 69.2 ± 11.5 years; 24 patients (92.3%) were male. At least one FGFR3 mutation was detected in 17 patients (65.4%), whereas nine patients (34.6%) had no detectable mutation. The S249C mutation was identified in three patients, while the R248C mutation was detected in nine patients, 5 patients were positive for both mutations. Full article

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) and vision–language models (VLMs) have rapidly entered medicine, demonstrating promising performance in clinical reasoning, radiology report generation, and visual question answering (VQA). However, many current multimodal architectures and pretrained visual backbones remain fundamentally rooted in two-dimensional (2D) image processing, even though major clinical imaging modalities, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and echocardiography, are inherently volumetric or temporal. This narrative review examines the transition from 2D vision–language systems to volumetric multimodal AI, tracing the evolution from 2D and slice- or projection-based approaches through sequential and video-like methods to three-dimensional (3D) vision foundation models and native 3D VLMs/MLLMs. We examine their representational and computational trade-offs, evaluation gaps, and clinically grounded benchmarks. Approaches differ substantially in how they represent and preserve 3D information. Slice- and projection-based methods offer computational efficiency but may discard spatial context, whereas sequential and native volumetric approaches increasingly model relationships across the full imaging study. Recent 3D foundation models and multimodal systems demonstrate the feasibility of reusable volumetric representations and language-enabled 3D image interpretation, but face barriers in computational cost, training-data scale, evaluation methodology, and clinical reliability. Only 53% of Med-Gemini-3D reports were judged clinically acceptable, and natural language processing (NLP) metrics such as BLEU and ROUGE correlate poorly with diagnostic correctness. True 3D multimodal medical intelligence remains in its early stages. Future progress requires efficient volumetric representation strategies, clinically grounded evaluation frameworks, standardized benchmarks, and robust cross-institution validation. Full article

The incidental discovery of focal liver lesions (FLLs) has reached unprecedented levels due to the widespread use of high-resolution imaging, yet unenhanced ultrasound often lacks the specificity required for definitive characterization. This review identifies Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) as a transformative diagnostic pillar for common benign focal liver lesions (BFLLs). By utilizing strictly intravascular second-generation microbubble agents, CEUS enables continuous, real-time visualization of microvascular hemodynamics. This high temporal resolution allows clinicians to identify pathognomonic vascular signatures, such as the “iris-diaphragm” centripetal fill-in of hemangiomas and the rapid centrifugal “spoke-wheel” hyperperfusion characteristic of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Critically, this review highlights the unparalleled safety profile of CEUS. Because microbubbles are not excreted by the kidneys and carry no risk of nephrotoxicity, CEUS is an essential diagnostic option for patients with renal failure. Furthermore, the lack of ionizing radiation and the ability to perform examinations bedside provide a safe and versatile solution for pregnant patients and those with contraindications to traditional cross-sectional imaging. This review serves as a comprehensive informational framework, equipping clinicians with detailed pathological, clinical, and radiological insights into common entities like hemangiomas, FNH, and hepatocellular adenomas (HCA). It correlates fundamental histological features—such as the “map-like” glutamine synthetase staining in FNH—with essential clinical management strategies. While multiparametric MRI remains the premier tool for complex subtyping and molecular mapping—particularly for differentiating hepatocellular adenoma variants—CEUS is established as a cost-effective and radiation-free initial diagnostic solution. This review equips clinicians with a comprehensive framework of pathological, clinical, and radiological insights to optimize the management of common benign hepatic incidentalomas. Full article

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death globally, despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment. Single biomarker approaches used clinically, such as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression levels, have limited capacity for predicting treatment response. Multimodal data analysis using artificial intelligence (AI) offers an innovative scope to integrate diverse data sources—including radiologic imaging, digital pathology, genomics, immunohistochemistry, and Cell Painting morphology—to improve clinical predictions. This review aims to examine multimodal AI applications across the lung cancer treatment landscape related to such data sources. We analyze technical architectures spanning convolutional neural networks for imaging, vision transformers for pathology, and graph neural networks for genomics. We discuss how integrating and learning from heterogeneous data sources requires cross-attention fusion mechanisms. We further analyze critical studies demonstrating that multimodal AI clinical applications achieve superior predictive performance compared to unimodal biomarker methods. Multimodal AI models can augment clinicians in treatment selection, longitudinal monitoring using circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and variant interpretation through morphological profiling. We propose developing a multimodal AI model to optimize precision oncology for lung cancer. Full article

Interventional radiology (IR) has reshaped contemporary management strategies for selected gynecological and obstetric disorders by introducing minimally invasive, organ-sparing therapeutic alternatives to conventional surgical approaches. This review examines the current applications of IR in the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids, pelvic congestion syndrome, placenta accreta spectrum, cesarean scar pregnancy, and selected gynecological malignancies requiring palliative or preoperative embolization. In addition, selected vascular conditions in pregnancy, including visceral and cerebral aneurysms, are discussed due to their high-risk clinical profile and growing relevance for endovascular management. These entities were chosen because of their substantial clinical relevance, risk of severe complications, and the expanding body of evidence supporting endovascular management. Techniques such as uterine artery embolization and ovarian vein embolization are associated with high technical success and meaningful symptom reduction, while simultaneously decreasing hospitalization time, perioperative morbidity, and convalescence compared with traditional surgery. In complex obstetric scenarios—including placenta accreta spectrum and splenic artery aneurysm—prophylactic balloon occlusion and endovascular embolization may significantly limit life-threatening hemorrhage and improve maternal prognosis in appropriately selected patients when implemented within a multidisciplinary setting; for splenic artery aneurysm in particular, this evidence currently derives from case reports and small case series rather than comparative trials. Imaging modalities, including ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography, are integral to diagnosis, patient qualification, procedural planning, and post-intervention monitoring. Although existing data generally confirm the safety and efficacy of interventional techniques, important limitations persist, including heterogeneous study populations, relatively small cohorts, and insufficient long-term reproductive follow-up. Greater standardization of clinical indications and procedural protocols, ongoing technological advancement, and well-designed multicenter trials are required to consolidate the evidence base. In gynecologic oncology, embolization techniques may provide effective hemorrhage control and facilitate surgical treatment in selected patients. In addition, uterine artery embolization has emerged as an important uterus-preserving adjunct in the management of cesarean scar pregnancy, although long-term reproductive (fertility) outcome data remain limited. IR is becoming an increasingly important component of modern gynecological care, supporting individualized, uterus-preserving, and less invasive therapeutic strategies; fertility preservation specifically is an important goal that, for several of the indications discussed, remains incompletely proven by long-term reproductive-outcome data. Full article

Background/Objectives: Microtia is frequently associated with temporal bone malformations, but the extent to which external ear phenotype reflects underlying CT-defined anatomy remains uncertain. This study aimed to compare the relationships of Marx severity grading and Nagata morphological classification with temporal bone anatomy in patients with microtia. Methods: This retrospective study included 26 patients with 27 affected ears who had both preoperative external ear photographs and temporal bone computed tomography (CT) examinations. Each affected ear was classified according to the Marx and Nagata systems, and temporal bone anatomy was assessed using the modified Jahrsdoerfer CT scoring system. Associations were evaluated using Spearman rank correlation and permutation-based Jonckheere–Terpstra analysis, with an additional patient-level sensitivity analysis. Results: Considerable variation in Jahrsdoerfer scores was observed within external ear phenotypic categories, with substantial overlap between Marx Grades II and III and lower scores concentrated in Grade IV. The inverse association between Marx grade and Jahrsdoerfer score did not reach conventional statistical significance (ρ = −0.380, p = 0.051), whereas the Jonckheere–Terpstra test identified an overall decreasing trend (permutation p = 0.025). This trend no longer reached statistical significance in the patient-level sensitivity analysis. Nagata classification did not significantly discriminate CT-based radiological severity. Conclusions: Greater external auricular severity may be associated with less favorable temporal bone anatomy, but the relationship was not uniform across successive Marx grades. Marx and Nagata classifications provide complementary phenotypic information, but neither consistently reflected the extent of underlying temporal bone malformation. These preliminary findings emphasize phenotype–CT variability and support individualized CT-based anatomical assessment when imaging is clinically indicated. Full article

Background: Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL) is a rare disorder characterized by excessive epidural fat accumulation. Diagnosis may be challenging because imaging findings are frequently overlooked, and evidence-based management guidelines, particularly thoracic disease, remain limited. Case report: We present a case report of a 54-year-old male patient, who suffered from lower limb spastic paresis and associated muscle spasms (Nurick grade V). After a difficult diagnostic process, MRI of the thoracic spine confirmed dorsal/posterior spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL; Manjila grade IIb-α) extending from Th2 to Th9, with moderate thecal sac compression. A small Th6–Th7 intervertebral disc prolapse was also present, without evidence of scoliosis, syrinx, spinal cord edema, or myelomalacia. Following bilateral thoracic decompression and complete resection of the SEL tissue, the patient’s neurological function improved markedly, from Nurick grade V preoperatively to Nurick grade II at 11 months of follow-up. Consequently, bilateral laminectomy of the thoracic region was performed with total resection of the SEL tissue. Following surgery, the patient’s neurological symptoms improved markedly (Nurick grade II; 11 months postoperatively), and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of spinal epidural lipomatosis. Methods: We performed a systematic review of case reports of SEL occurring, or co-occurring in the thoracic region based on the literature identified on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, after using search terms: “(thoracic) AND (“spinal” OR “epidural”) AND (lipomatosis)” and filters: [English], [humans] and [year 2020–2026], with the accordance to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: We identified 21 cases of thoracic SEL from 19 articles. In 12 cases the patients were male, in 9 female. Reported etiological associations included type 1 diabetes mellitus, exogenous corticosteroid exposure, obesity/metabolic syndrome, Cushing syndrome, and CLOVES syndrome. Given the small, case-report-based sample, these findings should be considered reported associations rather than estimates of prevalence or independent risk factors. Surgical treatment of thoracic SEL can be accomplished by various techniques such as laminectomy (continuous or skip), laminoplasty, or minimally invasive procedures—including endoscopic spine surgery. Conclusions: Large-volume, multicenter studies with long-term clinico-radiological follow-up would be necessary to understand the natural history and treatment outcomes, and to form evidence-based guidelines for interventions. Our case report and findings highlight that thoracic SEL should be included in the differential diagnosis of unexplained compressive myelopathy, even when imaging studies are inconclusive. Rapid identification or possibly reversible causes of myelopathy and initiation of treatment can significantly relieve symptoms, so it is important to remember this disease in the diagnostic process. Full article

Intraosseous arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the mandible are rare but potentially life-threatening vascular anomalies in childhood. We report the case of a 7-year-old girl with an initially misdiagnosed (“keratocystic”) lesion who presented with recurrent intraoral bleeding, swelling, and tooth loosening of the right mandible. Magnetic resonance and angiographic imaging revealed an extensive intraosseous mandibular AVM extending into the peri-mandibular soft tissues, with arteriovenous shunts and a venous aneurysm. Following emergency hemostasis and blood transfusion, a total of five staged interventional radiological embolization procedures were performed between 2023 and 2024. Acute bleeding episodes could be controlled; however, sustained remission was not achieved. During the course of treatment, the patient developed a submandibular abscess and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Histopathological examination demonstrated a vascular malformation without evidence of malignancy. Molecular genetic testing identified a somatic KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus) mutation. Due to insufficient response to interventional therapy, systemic treatment with the MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor trametinib was initiated to facilitate future surgical resection. Under this therapy, marked clinical and radiological improvement was observed with good tolerability. This case (3-year observation period) highlights the diagnostic risk of misinterpreting an osteolytic lesion, the importance of early diagnosis, the interdisciplinary staged and combined approach, the potential of molecular targeted therapy with an MEK inhibitor in treatment-refractory pediatric mandibular AVMs, and the continued relevance of surgical treatment strategies. These findings should be interpreted with appropriate caution and require validation in prospective studies. Full article

Background: Spermatocytic tumor (ST) is a rare non-GCNIS-derived testicular germ cell neoplasm that predominantly affects older men and generally follows an indolent course. Its occurrence in a cryptorchid testis is exceptionally uncommon. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, including studies published up to August 2026. The search used combinations of the terms “spermatocytic tumor”, “spermatocytic seminoma”, “cryptorchidism”, “undescended testis”, “immunohistochemistry”, “molecular features”, “magnetic resonance imaging”, and “treatment”. Results: A 56-year-old man presented with a painless left inguinal mass corresponding to a cryptorchid testis. Serum tumor markers were normal. MRI demonstrated a well-circumscribed heterogeneous lesion with pseudocystic areas and enhancement of the solid component. Radical inguinal orchiectomy was performed. Histopathological examination revealed the characteristic triphasic cellular population without GCNIS, lymphovascular invasion, or sarcomatous transformation. Immunohistochemistry showed SALL4 and CD117 positivity and absence of OCT3/4 and D2-40 expression, supporting the diagnosis of ST and its distinction from classical seminoma. No recurrence or metastatic disease was detected during 12 months of follow-up. Conclusions: ST arising in a cryptorchid testis represents an exceptionally uncommon presentation. Integration of clinical, radiological, morphological, and immunohistochemical findings is essential for accurate diagnosis and distinction from classical seminoma, thereby avoiding unnecessary additional treatment. Full article

Background: Prostatic adenoid cystic carcinoma/basal cell carcinoma (ACC/BCC) has been reclassified under the fifth edition of the World Health Organization’s classification of tumors, distinguishing it from basal cell cancer of the skin. This malignant neoplasm exhibits distinct biological characteristics that differ from those of typical prostatic adenocarcinoma. However, optimal clinical management of prostatic ACC/BCC remains uncertain because of its rarity and the limited evidence available. Methods: This study retrospectively reviews the treatment course of a 62-year-old male patient presenting with more than six months of dysuria. Initial management included transurethral plasmakinetic resection of the prostate (TUPKP), followed by robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. Postoperative fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated MYB rearrangement, providing molecular support for the pathological classification of prostatic ACC/BCC and facilitating diagnostic reclassification. Results: Pathological examination of the TUPKP specimen indicated poorly differentiated carcinoma, with findings consistent with prostatic ACC/BCC. Preoperative imaging showed an irregular soft-tissue lesion in the prostate/bladder neck region, without definite pelvic lymph node or distant organ metastasis. Histological analysis demonstrated cribriform structures and perineural invasion, while immunohistochemistry supported a basal cell phenotype; together with these findings, detection of MYB rearrangement via FISH supported reclassification of the tumor as prostatic ACC/BCC. Following radical surgery, adjuvant paclitaxel plus carboplatin was administered as an individualized empirical treatment in the absence of an established disease-specific standard. The patient completed six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy and remained clinically stable during follow-up, with no radiological evidence of recurrence at the latest evaluation. Conclusions: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of prostatic ACC/BCC and underscores the value of integrating molecular findings with histopathological and immunohistochemical features to support accurate tumor classification and individualized clinical management. MYB rearrangement may provide useful molecular support for diagnosis and classification; however, its biological and potential therapeutic significance in prostatic ACC/BCC requires further investigation in larger cohorts. Full article