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Open AccessArticle

Production of Nanocellulose from Sugarcane Bagasse and Development of Nanocellulose Conjugated with Polylysine for Fumonisin B1 Toxicity Absorption

by Parichat Thipchai, Korawan Sringarm, Winita Punyodom, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee, Rangsan Panyathip, Chaiwat Arjin and Pornchai Rachtanapun

Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131881 - 1 Jul 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4883

Abstract

The present study aimed to extract nanocellulose (NC) from sugarcane bagasse agricultural waste through a chemical method (sulfuric acid hydrolysis and ultrasonication). Subsequently, the nanocellulose product was conjugated with polylysine (NC–PL) and assessed for its efficacy in reducing the toxicity of Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by fungi commonly found in corn, wheat, and other grains. Experimental results confirmed the successful conjugation of NC and PL, as evidenced by FTIR peaks at 1635 and 1625 cm⁻¹ indicating amide I and amide II vibrations in polylysine (PL). SEM analysis revealed a larger size due to PL coating, consistent with DLS results showing the increased size and positive charge (38.0 mV) on the NC–PL surface. Moreover, the effect of FB1 adsorption by NC and NC–PL was evaluated at various concentrations (0–200,000 μg/mL). NC–PL demonstrated the ability to adsorb FB1 at concentrations of 2000, 20,000, and 200,000 μg/mL, with adsorption efficiencies of 94.4–100%. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were utilized to assess NC and NC–PL cytotoxic effects. This result is a preliminary step towards standardizing results for future studies on their application as novel FB1 binders in food, food packaging, and functional feeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Their Emerging Applications)

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13 pages, 1234 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

X-ray Reflectivity Study of Polylysine Adsorption on the Surface of DMPS Monolayers

by Aleksey M. Tikhonov, Victor E. Asadchikov, Yury O. Volkov, Boris S. Roshchin, Alexander D. Nuzhdin, Kirill I. Makrinsky and Yury A. Ermakov

Membranes 2022, 12(12), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121223 - 2 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2627

Abstract

The results of a systematic study on the adsorption of polylysine molecules of different lengths on the surface of a 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DMPS) monolayer in the liquid (LE) and condensed (LC) states are presented. A compressibility diagram and the Volta potential were recorded with the Langmuir monolayer technique and further analyzed with the empirical approach. The structure of the monolayer films with adsorbed polypeptides was studied with synchrotron X-ray reflectometry. Two- and three-layer slab models describe the reflectivity data fairly well and reveal both the significant structural changes and the dehydration of the polar groups induced by all polylysines used at the maximal coverage of the monolayer interface in both the LE and LC states. On the one hand, in the LE phase of the monolayer (area per molecule A ≅ 70 Ǻ²), the integrated electron density of the lipid headgroup region is approximately half the density contained in the clean monolayer. This indicates both significant compaction and dehydration in the polar groups of the lipids, caused by the adsorption of polypeptides. On the other hand, in the LC state (A ≅ 40 Ǻ²), the degree of the hydration of the polar region is similar to that for the initial DMPS monolayer. However, both the electron density and the thickness of the head group region differ significantly from the values of these parameters for the clean monolayer in the LC state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Regulation of Protein Function)

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22 pages, 2477 KB

Open AccessReview

Heterogeneity in Lateral Distribution of Polycations at the Surface of Lipid Membrane: From the Experimental Data to the Theoretical Model

by Rodion J. Molotkovsky, Timur R. Galimzyanov and Yury A. Ermakov

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6623; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216623 - 3 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2830

Abstract

Natural and synthetic polycations of different kinds attract substantial attention due to an increasing number of their applications in the biomedical industry and in pharmacology. The key characteristic determining the effectiveness of the majority of these applications is the number of macromolecules adsorbed on the surface of biological cells or their lipid models. Their study is complicated by a possible heterogeneity of polymer layer adsorbed on the membrane. Experimental methods reflecting the structure of the layer include the electrokinetic measurements in liposome suspension and the boundary potential of planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) and lipid monolayers with a mixed composition of lipids and the ionic media. In the review, we systematically analyze the methods of experimental registration and theoretical description of the laterally heterogeneous structures in the polymer layer published in the literature and in our previous studies. In particular, we consider a model based on classical theory of the electrical double layer, used to analyze the available data of the electrokinetic measurements in liposome suspension with polylysines of varying molecular mass. This model suggests a few parameters related to the heterogeneity of the polymer layer and allows determining the conditions for its appearance at the membrane surface. A further development of this theoretical approach is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Mechanics of Soft Materials)

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13 pages, 7181 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Biological Hydrogel: Swelling Behaviors Study in Salt Solutions with Different Ionic Valence Number

by Yu Wang, Guidong He, Zheng Li, Jiachuan Hua, Maoqi Wu, Jixian Gong, Jianfei Zhang, Li-tong Ban and Liang Huang

Polymers 2018, 10(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10020112 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7806

Abstract

In this paper, poly γ-glutamic acid/ε-polylysine (γ-PGA/ε-PL) hydrogels were successful prepared. The γ-PGA/ε-PL hydrogels could be used to remove Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cr³⁺ from aqueous solution and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The performance of hydrogels were estimated under different ionic concentration, temperature, and pH. The results showed that the ionic concentration and the pH significantly influenced the swelling capacity of γ-PGA/ε-PL hydrogels. The swelling capacities of γ-PGA/ε-PL hydrogels were decreased with the increase of the ionic concentration. However, the swelling capacity of the γ-PGA/ε-PL hydrogel was increased with the increase of the pH. The swelling kinetics indicated that γ-PGA/ε-PL hydrogels presented a more limited swelling degree in metal ion solutions with higher ionic valence numbers than in ion solutions with lower ionic valence numbers. However, the swelling kinetics of γ-PGA/ε-PL hydrogels showed that they proposed a satisfactory description in NaCl and CaCl₂ solutions. The adsorption process was fitted with a pseudo-second-order rate equation model. Moreover, the desorption kinetics of γ-PGA/ε-PL hydrogels showed that they could release most of the adsorption ions. Considering the biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ionic-sensitive properties, we propose that these γ-PGA/ε-PL hydrogels have high potential to be used in environmental protection, medical treatment, and other related fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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