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15 pages, 2463 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress on Catalytic of Rosin Esterification Using Different Agents of Reactant

by Mardiah Mardiah, Tjokorde Walmiki Samadhi, Winny Wulandari, Aqsha Aqsha, Yohanes Andre Situmorang and Antonius Indarto

AgriEngineering 2023, 5(4), 2155-2169; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5040132 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5294

Abstract

Gum rosin is an important agricultural commodity which is widely used as a raw material for various industries. However, gum rosin has low stability, crystallizes easily, and tends to oxidize. This is due to carboxyl groups and conjugated double bonds in gum rosin’s structure. Therefore, to reduce these weaknesses, it is necessary to modify the rosin compound to achieve better stability via the esterification process. This paper surveys esterification agents such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, methanol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), allyl group, and starch Rosin ester. The product is used in the manufacture of pressure-sensitive adhesives, drug delivery, solder flux for electronic devices, as a plasticizer, and as a coating agent in fertilizers. In general, the esterification reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids is very slow without a catalyst. Heterogeneous catalysts have the advantage of controlling size, structure, spatial distribution, surface composition, thermal-chemical stability, and selectivity. Among the catalysts for gum rosin esterification are ZSM-5, Fe₃O₄, ZnO, Calcium, TiO₂, Kaolin, and Al₂O₃, among others. Different catalysts and esterification agents can produce various physical and chemical properties of rosin ester and will result in specific rosin ester products, such as glycerol ester, pentaerythritol ester, methyl ester, glycol ester, allyl ester, and acid starch-based rosin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Technologies, and Applications)

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16 pages, 3876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Films Based on Thermoplastic Starch Blended with Pine Resin Derivatives for Food Packaging

by Cristina Pavon, Miguel Aldas, Juan López-Martínez, Joaquín Hernández-Fernández and Marina Patricia Arrieta

Foods 2021, 10(6), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061171 - 23 May 2021

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 5821

Abstract

Completely biobased and biodegradable thermoplastic starch (TPS) based materials with a tunable performance were prepared for food packaging applications. Five blends were prepared by blending TPS with 10 wt%. of different pine resins derivatives: gum rosin (GR), disproportionated gum rosin (RD), maleic anhydride-modified gum rosin (CM), pentaerythritol ester of gum rosin (LF), and glycerol ester of gum rosin (UG). The materials were characterized in terms of thermo-mechanical behavior, surface wettability, color performance, water absorption, X-ray diffraction pattern, and disintegration under composting conditions. It was determined that pine resin derivatives increase the hydrophobicity of TPS and also increase the elastic component of TPS which stiffen the TPS structure. The water uptake study revealed that GR and LF were able to decrease the water absorption of TPS, while the rest of the resins kept the water uptake ability. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that GR, CM, and RD restrain the aging of TPS after 24 months of aging. Finally, all TPS-resin blends were disintegrated under composting conditions during the thermophilic incubation period (90 days). Because of the TPS-resin blend’s performance, the prepared materials are suitable for biodegradable rigid food packaging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Bioeconomy: Novel Processes and Materials for Food Preservation)

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19 pages, 7640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Films Based on Mater-Bi^® Compatibilized with Pine Resin Derivatives: Optical, Barrier, and Disintegration Properties

by Miguel Aldas, Cristina Pavon, José Miguel Ferri, Marina Patricia Arrieta and Juan López-Martínez

Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091506 - 7 May 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4337

Abstract

Mater-Bi^® NF866 (MB) was blended with gum rosin and two pentaerythritol esters of gum rosin (labeled as LF and UT), as additives, to produce biobased and compostable films for food packaging or agricultural mulch films. The films were prepared by blending MB with 5, 10, and 15 wt.% of each additive. The obtained films were characterized by optical, colorimetric, wettability, and oxygen barrier properties. Moreover, the additives and the MB-based films were disintegrated under composting conditions and the effect of each additive on the biodegradation rate was studied. All films were homogeneous and optically transparent. The color of the films tended to yellow tones due to the addition of pine resin derivatives. All the formulated films presented a complete UV-transmittance blocking effect in the UVA and UVB region, and those with 5 wt.% of pine resin derivatives increased the MB hydrophobicity. Low amounts of resins tend to maintain the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) values of the neat MB, due to its good solubilizing and compatibilizing effects. The disintegration under composting conditions test revealed that gum rosin completely disintegrates in about 90 days, while UT degrades 80% and LF degrades 5%, over 180 days of incubation. As expected, the same tendency was obtained for the disintegration of the studied films, although Mater-Bi^® reach 28% of disintegrability over the 180 days of the composting test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Modification of Bio-Based Polymers, Blends and Composites)

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19 pages, 8014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of PBAT Processability and Mechanical Performance by Blending with Pine Resin Derivatives for Injection Moulding Rigid Packaging with Enhanced Hydrophobicity

by Cristina Pavon, Miguel Aldas, Harrison de la Rosa-Ramírez, Juan López-Martínez and Marina P. Arrieta

Polymers 2020, 12(12), 2891; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122891 - 2 Dec 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 7883

Abstract

Polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) is a biodegradable polymer with good features for packaging applications. However, the mechanical performance and high prices of PBAT limit its current usage at the commercial level. To improve the properties and reduce the cost of PBAT, pine resin derivatives, gum rosin (GR) and pentaerythritol ester of GR (UT), were proposed as sustainable additives. For this purpose, PBAT was blended with 5, 10, and 15 wt.% of additives by melt-extrusion followed by injection moulding. The overall performance of the formulations was assessed by tensile test, microstructural, thermal, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results showed that although good miscibility of both resins with PBAT matrix was achieved, GR in 10 wt.% showed better interfacial adhesion with the PBAT matrix than UT. The thermal characterization suggested that GR and UT reduce PBAT melting enthalpy and enhance its thermal stability, improving PBAT processability. A 10 wt.% of GR significantly increased the tensile properties of PBAT, while a 15 wt.% of UT maintained PBAT tensile performance. The obtained materials showed higher hydrophobicity than neat PBAT. Thus, GR and UT demonstrated that they are advantageous additives for PBAT–resin compounding for rigid food packaging which are easy to process and adequate for industrial scalability. At the same time, they enhance its mechanical and hydrophobic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Plastics for Active/Intelligent Food Packaging)

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17 pages, 5525 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Pine Resin Derivatives as Sustainable Additives to Improve the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Injected Moulded Thermoplastic Starch

by Miguel Aldas, Cristina Pavon, Juan López-Martínez and Marina Patricia Arrieta

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2561; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072561 - 8 Apr 2020

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7840

Abstract

Fully bio-based materials based on thermoplastic starch (TPS) were developed starting from corn starch plasticized with glycerol. The obtained TPS was further blended with five pine resin derivatives: gum rosin (GR), disproportionated gum rosin (dehydroabietic acid, RD), maleic anhydride modified gum rosin (CM), pentaerythritol ester of gum rosin (LF), and glycerol ester of gum rosin (UG). The TPS–resin blend formulations were processed by melt extrusion and further by injection moulding to simulate the industrial conditions. The obtained materials were characterized in terms of mechanical, thermal and structural properties. The results showed that all gum rosin-based additives were able to improve the thermal stability of TPS, increasing the degradation onset temperature. The carbonyl groups of gum rosin derivatives were able to interact with the hydroxyl groups of starch and glycerol by means of hydrogen bond interactions producing a significant increase of the glass transition temperature with a consequent stiffening effect, which in turn improve the overall mechanical performance of the TPS-resin injected moulded blends. The developed TPS–resin blends are of interest for rigid packaging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Polymer Technologies for a Circular Economy)

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17 pages, 2855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Deeper Microscopic Study of the Interaction between Gum Rosin Derivatives and a Mater-Bi Type Bioplastic

by Miguel Aldas, Emilio Rayón, Juan López-Martínez and Marina P. Arrieta

Polymers 2020, 12(1), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010226 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 11475

Abstract

The interaction between gum rosin and gum rosin derivatives with Mater-Bi type bioplastic, a biodegradable and compostable commercial bioplastic, were studied. Gum rosin and two pentaerythritol esters of gum rosin (Lurefor 125 resin and Unik Tack P100 resin) were assessed as sustainable compatibilizers for the components of Mater-Bi^® NF 866 polymeric matrix. To study the influence of each additive in the polymeric matrix, each gum rosin-based additive was compounded in 15 wt % by melt-extrusion and further injection molding process. Then, the mechanical properties were assessed, and the tensile properties and impact resistance were determined. Microscopic analyses were carried out by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and atomic force microscopy with nanomechanical assessment (AFM-QNM). The oxygen barrier and wettability properties were also assayed. The study revealed that the commercial thermoplastic starch is mainly composed of three phases: A polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) phase, an amorphous phase of thermoplastic starch (TPSa), and a semi-crystalline phase of thermoplastic starch (TPSc). The poor miscibility among the components of the Mater-Bi type bioplastic was confirmed. Finally, the formulations with the gum rosin and its derivatives showed an improvement of the miscibility and the solubility of the components depending on the additive used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Bio-Based Polymers: Towards a Circular Bioeconomy)

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