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26 pages, 1977 KiB  
Article
Developing a Hybrid Morphological Analyzer for Low-Resource Languages
by Musica Supriya, Dinesh Acharya Udupi, Ashalatha Nayak and Arjuna Srirangapatna Raghavendra
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5682; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105682 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 1134
Abstract
Morphological analysis is the fundamental and preliminary task for Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, which involve speech and language. Kannada is a low-resource language belonging to the Dravidian language family, which is highly agglutinative and morphologically rich in nature, where dataset development is [...] Read more.
Morphological analysis is the fundamental and preliminary task for Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, which involve speech and language. Kannada is a low-resource language belonging to the Dravidian language family, which is highly agglutinative and morphologically rich in nature, where dataset development is happening rapidly due to the increasing demands of NLP tools. This study presents a hybrid approach that integrates rule-based and Transformer-based techniques, aiming to maximize their strengths while minimizing the respective limitations. In the Kannada language, the analysis of inflections has been challenging due to morphological richness, and to address this issue, 85 paradigms are created using Lttoolbox of Apertium. Further, a Transformer model is trained with the generated nominal data to generate the morphological analysis for the out-of-vocabulary inflections. The hybrid approach can be easily extended to new words as they are added to the dictionary. The obtained results are on a test set for inflections in Kannada precision: 0.924; recall: 0.925; and F1 score: 0.925. The main contributions include rule extraction for paradigm design at the word level, morphological analysis for nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, and indeclinables on a benchmark dataset and morphological analysis generation using the Transformer architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
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18 pages, 1431 KiB  
Article
Exploring a Multi-Layered Cross-Genre Corpus of Document-Level Semantic Relations
by Gregor Williamson, Angela Cao, Yingying Chen, Yuxin Ji, Liyan Xu and Jinho D. Choi
Information 2023, 14(8), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/info14080431 - 1 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
This paper introduces a multi-layered cross-genre corpus, annotated for coreference resolution, causal relations, and temporal relations, comprising a variety of genres, from news articles and children’s stories to Reddit posts. Our results reveal distinctive genre-specific characteristics at each layer of annotation, highlighting unique [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a multi-layered cross-genre corpus, annotated for coreference resolution, causal relations, and temporal relations, comprising a variety of genres, from news articles and children’s stories to Reddit posts. Our results reveal distinctive genre-specific characteristics at each layer of annotation, highlighting unique challenges for both annotators and machine learning models. Children’s stories feature linear temporal structures and clear causal relations. In contrast, news articles employ non-linear temporal sequences with minimal use of explicit causal or conditional language and few first-person pronouns. Lastly, Reddit posts are author-centered explanations of ongoing situations, with occasional meta-textual reference. Our annotation schemes are adapted from existing work to better suit a broader range of text types. We argue that our multi-layered cross-genre corpus not only reveals genre-specific semantic characteristics but also indicates a rich contextual interplay between the various layers of semantic information. Our MLCG corpus is shared under the open-source Apache 2.0 license. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Extraction and Language Discourse Processing)
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27 pages, 524 KiB  
Article
(Negative) Polarity Items in Catalan and Other Trans-Pyrenean Romance Languages
by M.Teresa Espinal and Ares Llop
Languages 2022, 7(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010030 - 7 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3883
Abstract
This paper identifies the set of properties that polarity items (PI), negative polarity items (NPI) and negative concord items (NCI) satisfy in Catalan, Aragonese, Benasquese and Occitan. It shows that in Catalan, gaire ‘much, many’ is a PI, pas ‘at all’ is an [...] Read more.
This paper identifies the set of properties that polarity items (PI), negative polarity items (NPI) and negative concord items (NCI) satisfy in Catalan, Aragonese, Benasquese and Occitan. It shows that in Catalan, gaire ‘much, many’ is a PI, pas ‘at all’ is an NPI with enriched meanings and indefinites such as ningú ‘anybody, n-body’ come in two sets, as both PIs and NCIs. It further shows that in the trans-Pyrenean Romance varieties studied here, a distinction must be made between indefinite pronouns such as dengún ‘anyone, n-one’ and scalar minimizers such as gota (lit. drop), which come in parallel PI and NCI sets, whereas NPIs such as brenca (lit. crumb) have developed an enriched meaning. This paper reveals the different status of pas across Catalan and other trans-Pyrenean Romance varieties either as an NPI at stage II of Jespersen’s cycle, which further constrains conventional implicatures, or as a negative operator. Full article
17 pages, 450 KiB  
Article
Undoing Wh-Movement: On the Need for Multiple Copies
by Jacek Witkoś
Philosophies 2021, 6(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6040099 - 2 Dec 2021
Viewed by 3420
Abstract
This contribution presents an outline of the current scholarly discussion of reconstruction with wh-movement, focussing on the Lebeaux Effect (LE) and wider aspects of reconstruction with wh-movement. It presents empirical problems for both the proposals based on the LE and the novel account [...] Read more.
This contribution presents an outline of the current scholarly discussion of reconstruction with wh-movement, focussing on the Lebeaux Effect (LE) and wider aspects of reconstruction with wh-movement. It presents empirical problems for both the proposals based on the LE and the novel account of movement and reconstruction based on the notion of Minimal Copy. It points out that particular copies may differ not only in size (i.e., they do or do not include the adjunct as a relative clause or PP) but also in content. It refers to an analysis, where copies left by movement are levelled with copies left by ellipsis and subject to the mechanism of Vehicle Change. An account of reconstruction including multiple copies and Vehicle Change predicts that the structural complexity of the wh-phrase and its distance from the offending c-commanding pronoun (embedding and obviation effects) should contribute to an amelioration of Condition C in addition to the LE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives of Generative Grammar and Minimalism)
29 pages, 1083 KiB  
Article
On Single and Two-Tiered Approaches to Control
by Lisa A. Reed
Languages 2020, 5(4), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages5040071 - 15 Dec 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3012
Abstract
In his most recent work, Landau suggests that control in impersonal passive constructions is cross-linguistically limited to attitude verbs and argues that this universal restriction offers convincing support for his two-tiered theory of control (TTC) over his earlier “single tier” Agree-based model. This [...] Read more.
In his most recent work, Landau suggests that control in impersonal passive constructions is cross-linguistically limited to attitude verbs and argues that this universal restriction offers convincing support for his two-tiered theory of control (TTC) over his earlier “single tier” Agree-based model. This paper further examines sentences involving control and passivization and argues that improved empirical coverage is achieved in this area by a single-tier Agree approach to control, one fundamentally different from Landau’s earlier analysis in its extension to control Reuland’s proposals reducing binding phenomena to Agree. Full article
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